Câmara de volatilização: uma alternativa para avaliação da eficiência de amostragem de α- e β-endossulfam em fase gasosa

The efficiency of XAD®-2 resin in sampling the pesticides α and β-endosulfan from air contaminated in the laboratory was evaluated. Sampling efficiency ranged from 87 to 108% for α-endosulfan and from 71 to 84% for β-endosulfan with relative standard deviation lower than 19%. The pesticides were not detected in the second section of the cartridge showing the good retention capacity of XAD®-2 for these analytes. Method quantification limits were 0.32 and 0.34 µg m-3 for α and β-endosulfan, respectively. These results suggest that the proposed method may be useful for evaluating occupational exposure to these compounds.

Celioscopic liver biopsy in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

Endosurgery has been used for assessment of fish celomatic cavity, as well as for obtaining biopsies for organic analysis. Such minimally invasive access may also be used for the analysis of environmental impact on biomarkers of pollution. In Brazil, studies and literature regarding the use of celioscopy in fish are sparse. The purpose of the current study was to develop a two-port celioscopy technique to obtain liver biopsy in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Six adult female silver catfish were used. The animals were anesthetized and the inspection of the celomatic cavity were performed using a telescope and celioscopic-guided liver biopsy were taken using laparoscopic Kelly forceps. On the early postoperative period, the animals were released in a confined water reservoir where mortality could be checked. The liver samples were sent for histological assessment. There were no complications during surgery on early postoperative period. It was possible to visualize meticulously several organs (liver, spleen, stomach, pancreas, swim bladder, ovaries, bowel and transverse septum). In conclusion, the surgical technique and the anesthetic protocol proposed were suitable to perform liver biopsies in silver catfish and provided low morbidity.

Respostas de indivíduos jovens de Tibouchina pulchra Cogn. à poluição aérea de Cubatão, SP: fotossíntese líquida, crescimento e química foliar

Indivíduos jovens de Tibouchina pulchra, cultivados em condições padronizadas, foram colocados em três regiões de Cubatão para estudo dos possíveis efeitos dos poluentes aéreos sobre a fotossíntese, o crescimento e as concentrações foliares de ácido ascórbico, clorofila, nitrogênio, enxofre e flúor. As áreas de estudo foram: vale do rio Pilões (RP), considerada área de referência; Caminho do Mar (CM), próxima a indústrias petroquímicas e vale do rio Mogi (VM), próxima a indústrias siderúrgicas e de fertilizantes. Quatro plantas permaneceram em cada área por um período de seis meses. Em comparação com as plantas mantidas na área de referência (RP - 9,81 mimol.m-2.s-1), a fotossíntese líquida foi reduzida (p < 0,05) nas plantas que foram mantidas em VM (8,02 mimol.m-2.s-1), e não foi alterada em CM (9,29 mimol.m-2.s-1). Em VM, as plantas apresentaram redução do crescimento em altura e do conteúdo de ácido ascórbico, alteração no padrão de distribuição de biomassa entre as partes da planta e aumento das concentrações foliares de clorofila a e b, flúor, nitrogênio e enxofre. As plantas de CM apresentaram redução no crescimento em altura e diâmetro, aumento nas concentrações foliares de clorofila a e b, flúor, nitrogênio e enxofre. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as concentrações de poluentes ainda se encontram em níveis fitotóxicos em CM e VM, tendo sido mais altas em VM, durante o período de exposição.

Um novo conceito de monitoramento e comunicação ambiental: a rede européia para a avaliação da qualidade do ar usando plantas bioindicadoras (EuroBionet)

Apesar de todo o progresso alcançado na redução da emissão de poluentes atmosféricos durante as últimas décadas, a poluição do ar ainda representa um dos principais problemas ambientais nos centros urbanos da Europa. Plantas bioindicadoras têm um papel cada vez maior no controle da qualidade do ar, já que seu uso comprova e demonstra os efeitos negativos da poluição em seres vivos de uma maneira facilmente inteligível, inclusive para leigos. Em uma rede de municípios, o projeto pan-europeu EuroBionet utiliza plantas bioindicadoras para a avaliação de possíveis efeitos da poluição aérea. Através de um conceito de comunicação específico, os resultados científicos do projeto são traduzidos e divulgados de uma forma que chama a atenção do público em geral e que sensibiliza a população urbana. Desta forma, pretende-se induzir a uma mudança no comportamento e aumentar a aceitação de medidas corretivas. No presente trabalho, os objetivos científicos e de comunicação do projeto EuroBionet são apresentados. Os primeiros resultados da exposição de plantas de tabaco em dez cidades européias, durante os meses de agosto e setembro de 2000, demonstram um gradiente de impacto de ozônio do norte para o sul e centro da Europa, com efeitos leves na Escócia e Dinamarca e fortes nas plantas expostas na Itália, França, Áustria e sul da Alemanha.

Estudo anatômico foliar do clone híbrido 4430 de Tradescantia: alterações decorrentes da poluição aérea urbana

Estudos epidemiológicos mostram uma relação entre a poluição aérea em centros urbanos e a taxa de doenças respiratórias na sua população. Em São Paulo, a concentração dos principais poluentes aéreos é monitorada pela CETESB porém, tais dados não dão idéia do risco ao qual a população está sujeita; plantas bioindicadoras podem dar idéia deste risco. O clone híbrido 4430 de Tradescantia vem sendo utilizado em bioensaios (Trad-MCN, Trad-SH) que avaliam o efeito genotóxico de várias substâncias. Não há registros das potencialidades de bioindicação relativas à estrutura das folhas do clone. Este estudo objetivou estabelecer o padrão estrutural da folha do clone e verificar se existem características anatômicas afetadas pela poluição, que podem ser utilizadas como bioindicadoras. Para tanto, plantas do clone 4430 procedentes da EMBRAPA-Jaguariúna-SP (fora da influência da poluição da cidade de São Paulo -- material controle) foram cultivadas em condições padronizadas e expostas em três pontos distintos da cidade: Instituto de Botânica, Cerqueira César e Congonhas onde permaneceram por três meses. A análise da estrutura da folha mostrou que a mesma apresenta: epiderme uniestratificada com tricomas tectores e glândulares nas duas superfícies, estômatos diacíticos, mesofilo com parênquima lacunoso, frouxamente disposto, colênquima do tipo angular distribuído junto às nervuras, feixes vasculares colaterais e parênquima aquífero na região da nervura central. Qualitativamente não foram observadas variações entre as folhas provenientes dos quatro locais estudados porém, quantitativamente, foram encontradas reduções estatisticamente significativas no tamanho dos estômatos, no diâmetro do metaxilema e na espessura da folha, que podem ser atribuídas ao efeito da poluição. Tais parâmetros anatômicos podem ser utilizados como indicadores do efeito da poluição nessa planta e a mesma pode ser utilizada como bioindicadora do ponto de vista estrutural.

Pollen mother cells of Tradescantia clone 4430 and Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea are equally sensitive to the clastogenic effects of X-rays

The Tradescantia micronucleus test is a sensitive bioassay for mutagenesis that may be employed both under field and laboratory conditions. This test has been standardized mostly on the basis of the results obtained with clone 4430. However, this clone is not well adapted to tropical weather, frequently showing problems with growth and flowering. In addition, it is attacked by parasites and insects, a fact that limits its use in field studies aiming at the biomonitoring of air pollution. In the city of São Paulo, Tradescantia pallida (Rose) Hunt. var. purpurea Boom is widely distributed as an ornamental plant in gardens and along roadsides and streets, mostly because of its natural resistance and its easy propagation. In this report, we present dose-response curves indicating that the sensitivity of T. pallida and clone 4430 to X-radiation (1, 10, 25 and 50 cGy) is similar. The results confirm our previous suggestion that T. pallida represents a good alternative for in situ mutagenesis testing in tropical regions, especially biomonitoring studies in which the exposure conditions may not be fully controllable.

Short-term exposure of mice to cigarette smoke and/or residual oil fly ash produces proximal airspace enlargements and airway epithelium remodeling

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with inflammatory cell reactions, tissue destruction and lung remodeling. Many signaling pathways for these phenomena are still to be identified. We developed a mouse model of COPD to evaluate some pathophysiological mechanisms acting during the initial stage of the disease. Forty-seven 6- to 8-week-old female C57/BL6 mice (approximately 22 g) were exposed for 2 months to cigarette smoke and/or residual oil fly ash (ROFA), a concentrate of air pollution. We measured lung mechanics, airspace enlargement, airway wall thickness, epithelial cell profile, elastic and collagen fiber deposition, and by immunohistochemistry transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), macrophage elastase (MMP12), neutrophils and macrophages. We observed regional airspace enlargements near terminal bronchioles associated with the exposure to smoke or ROFA. There were also increases in airway resistance and thickening of airway walls in animals exposed to smoke. In the epithelium, we noted a decrease in the ciliated cell area of animals exposed to smoke and an increase in the total cell area associated with exposure to both smoke and ROFA. There was also an increase in the expression of TGF-β1 both in the airways and parenchyma of animals exposed to smoke. However, we could not detect inflammatory cell recruitment, increases in MMP12 or elastic and collagen fiber deposition. After 2 months of exposure to cigarette smoke and/or ROFA, mice developed regional airspace enlargements and airway epithelium remodeling, although no inflammation or increases in fiber deposition were detected. Some of these phenomena may have been mediated by TGF-β1.

Frequency, diversity, and productivity study on the Aedes aegypti most preferred containers in the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

The most preferred containers by Aedes aegypti were studied April and July (rainy and dry periods) in two Manaus neighbourhoods. In all, 2,700 premises and 13,912 containers were examined, most (87%) recorded outdoors. Out of the 13,100 inspected premises, only 1.6% showed to be positive for Aedes aegypti, summing up to 7,916 collected samples. Most frequently found containers outdoors in either neighbourhood regardless of rain or dry period were Bottles flasks and Storage, and indoors, Fixed, Flowerpots, and buckets. Productivity was estimated according to the number of premises and positive containers investigated, showing the actual container groups productivity. Considering both rainy and dry periods outdoors at Praça 14 the groups of Tyre, Flask, Bottle, Construction Equipment and Fixed, had the highest averages respectively. Construction Equipment and Flask groups were the most productive in Coroado in April. Flask, Construction Equipment and Storage groups stood out in July.

Low efficacy of azithromycin to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus, AM, Brazil

An open trial to evaluate the azithromycin efficacy in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients was carried out in Manaus (AM), where Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis is the main etiologic agent. Forty-one patients with skin lesions of less than 12 weeks duration, without specific treatment for the last three months and a positive imprint to Leishmania sp. were included. From these, 31 (75.6%) were male with median age of 30.2. All of them received a daily-single oral dose of 500 mg of azithromycin for ten days. At 25th day, 16 (39%) presented therapeutic failure and received intramuscular pentavalent antimonial, four were considered lost, 21, that had improved or were inaltered received another ten-day series of azithromycin and were monthly followed, but nine (21.9%) of them presented a poor clinical response and switched to intramuscular pentavalent antimonial on day 55. Of the 12 remaining cases evaluated on day 55, despite of clinical improvement, three asked for antimony therapy and 9 (21.9%) continued the follow-up but, only three were cured on 55th, 85th and 115th days, and six did not come back for final evaluation. The intention-treatment overall response rate was 22% and whole cure was seen in three (7.3%) of cases. Thus, azithromycin showed a low efficacy to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus.

Failure of both azithromycin and antimony to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus, AM, Brazil

A non-randomized controlled clinical trial was carried outin order to evaluate both azithromycin and antimony efficacy in cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus, AM, Brazil. Forty nine patients from both genders, aged 14 to 70, with cutaneous ulcers for less than three months and a positive imprint for Leishmania spp. amastigotes were recruited into two groups. Group I (26 patients) received a daily-single oral dose of 500 mg of azithromycin for 20 days and Group II (23 patients) received a daily-single intramuscular dose of 20 mg/kg of meglumine antimony, also for 20 days. Azithromycin cured three of 24 (12.5%) patients on days 60, 90 and 120 respectively whereas therapeutic failure was considered in 21 of 24 (87.5%) cases. In group II, antimony cured eight of 19 (42.1%) cases as follows: three on day 30, one each on day 60 and day 90, and three on day 120. Therapeutic failure occurred in 11 of 19 (57.9%) individuals. The efficacy of antimony for leishmaniasis was better than azithromycin but analysis for the intention-to-treat response rate did not show statistical difference between them. Although azithromycin was better tolerated, it showed a very low efficacy to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in Manaus.

HEAD LICE IN HAIR SAMPLES FROM YOUTHS, ADULTS AND THE ELDERLY IN MANAUS, AMAZONAS STATE, BRAZIL

A study of head lice infestations among young people, adults and elderly individuals was conducted from August 2010 to July 2013 in Manaus, AM, Northern Brazil. Hair samples collected from 1,860 individuals in 18 barber shops and beauty parlors were examined for the ectoparasite. The occurrence of pediculosis and its association with factors, such as sex, age, ethnicity, hair characteristics and the socioeconomic profile of salon customers, salon location and seasonal variation were determined. The overall occurrence rate was 2.84%. Occurrence was higher in hair samples from non-blacks and the elderly. Higher occurrence was also observed during kindergarten, elementary and junior education school holidays. The results indicate that the occurrence of head lice among young people, adults and the elderly in Manaus is relatively low compared to that determined in children and in other regions of the country. After children, the elderly were the most affected. The study also indicated the need to adopt additional procedures to improve surveys among the population with low or no purchasing power, which is usually the most affected by this ectoparasitic disease.

Description of a possible clonal expansion of Plasmodium vivax in Manaus - Amazonas - Brazil

Atypical P. vivax cases reported in Manaus municipality led us to detect a genetic isolate of P. vivax. Variable regions of SSUrRNA were examined from the initial time of infection and in the two recrudescences/relapses from a patient exhibiting chloroquine and primaquine resistance. A unique isolate, found at all stages of infection, suggests the presence of a clonal expansion.

Preliminary study of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus infection in Manaus Hospital, Amazonia Region, Brazil

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is considered a public health problem with a strong potential for dissemination and high rates of morbidity and mortality. In this study we describe bacteriological and epidemiological characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus in Manaus (Amazon region). During the one-year study period (2000-2001), sixteen cases of acute pyogenic multiple abscess were evaluated. Community-acquired S. aureus was identified as causative agent in 10 (62.5%) patients. The strains tested with antimicrobials by discs diffusion method, exhibited a high rate of sensitivity to cephalexin (100%), erythromycin (90%). Oxacillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus was 90%. No isolate was resistant to Vancomycin. To our knowledge, no series of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus in Manaus hospital has been published. Our partial results showed a high rate of antimicrobial sensitivity among community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus in the hospital of Tropical Medicine Institute of Manaus, Amazon Region.

Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection in Manaus, State of Amazonas, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Reduction in the vertical transmission of HIV is possible when prophylactic measures are implemented. Our objective was to determine demographic characteristics of HIV-infected pregnant women and the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. METHODS: A descriptive study was conducted using notification, and investigating data from the Notifiable Diseases Data System in the Brazilian State of Amazonas, between 2007 and 2009. RESULTS: During the study period, notification was received of 509 HIV-positive pregnant women. The vertical transmission was 9.9% (95% CI: 7.2-12.6%). The mean age of women was 27 years (SD: 5.7), and the majority (54.8%) had not completed elementary school (eighth grade). Diagnosis of HIV seropositivity was made prior to pregnancy in 115 (22.6%) women, during prenatal care in 302 (59.3%), during delivery in 70 (13.8%), and following delivery in 22 (4.3%). Four hundred four of these women (79.4%) had had prenatal care, with 79.4% of patients receiving antiretroviral during pregnancy and 61.9% of the newborn infants receiving prophylaxis. In the final multivariate logistic regression model, living in urban area [OR = 0.7 (95% CI: 0.35-0.89)] and having had prenatal care [OR = 0.1 (95% CI: 0.04-0.24)] remained as protective factors against vertical HIV transmission in this population. CONCLUSIONS: The relevance of adequate compliance with the measures already established as being effective in guaranteeing a reduction in HIV transmission within the maternal and infant population should be emphasized.