Evaluation of preventive measures for mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Aracaju, State of Sergipe, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The main route of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children is from mother to child. The preventive measures established for the Aids Clinical Trial Group protocol 076 (ACTG 076) significantly reduces HIV vertical transmission rates. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the ACTG 076 protocol in the maternity units of State of Sergipe, Brazilian northeast. METHODS: This is a descriptive, retrospective study with a quantitative approach, with HIV positive women and children exposed, attending a Maternity reference for high-risk pregnancies. Data were obtained from patient records registered in the years 1994 to 2010. RESULTS: Amongst the 110 pregnant women and exposed newborns, the ACTG 076 protocol was fully utilized in only 31.8% of the participants. During the prenatal period, zidovudine (ZDV) was taken by 79.1% of the pregnant women. Only 49.1% of HIV seropositive patients used ZDV during delivery. Two (1.8%) children were considered infected and 50 (45.5%) do not have a conclusive diagnosis to date. CONCLUSIONS: There were significant deficiencies in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, including lack of compliance with the three phases of the ACTG 076 protocol; inadequacies in prenatal care; inappropriate mode of delivery and lack of adequate follow up of exposed children.

Cases distribution of leptospirosis in City of Manaus, State of Amazonas, Brazil, 2000-2010

INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by microorganisms of the genus Leptospira that affects several species of animals, including the human beings. The study described the confirmed cases of leptospirosis in Manaus, from 2000 to 2010. METHODS: A descriptive study based on secondary data analysis of Secretaria Municipal de Saúde (SEMSA), Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação SINAN and Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) analyzing the variables: age group, gender, clinical aspects and geographic area and lethality. RESULTS: Were reported 665 cases of leptospirosis, 339 were confirmed and 35 (10.3%) died. The largest number of cases occurred in May (16.8%), March (13.3%) and April (11.4%), a period of intense rainfall. The city areas with the greatest occurrence of the disease were South (26.6%), West (23.5%) and East (19.7%), areas of the greatest precariousness socio-environment. The largest number of cases, including deaths, occurred in the age group from 14 to 44.9 years (74%), being that 291 (85.8%) were male and 48 (14.1%) females. The most frequent symptoms were fever, myalgia, headache and jaundice. In relation to the social conditions were identified low education, poor housing, absence of sanitation and low income. CONCLUSIONS: In Manaus, despite the implementation of the Social and Environmental Program of Igarapés of Manaus (PROSAMIM), there are still areas that need a proper urbanization and improvements in socio-environmental conditions, reducing the level of exposure of the human beings that living in these locations.

Rotavirus G2P[4] and G2P[4]+[6] infections during norovirus gastroenteritis outbreak: summer season 2010, Brazil

IntroductionThis study aimed to monitor the seasonality of rotavirus infection, and gain insight into the variability of Brazilian strains.MethodsA total of 28 stool samples were analyzed from 698 revised cases of gastroenteritis during a norovirus outbreak in the summer of 2010 in Guarujá, Brazil. Diagnosis was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and sequencing.ResultsRotavirus infection was detected in 17.9% (5/28) of samples; 4 samples were G2P[4] genotype, and one G2P[4]+P[6] genotype. G2 and P[4] sequences showed a genetic relationship to strains from India and Russia, respectively.ConclusionsThe seasonal pattern of rotavirus may be a consequence of human activity apart from climate factors.

Current epidemiological profile of Chagasic megaesophagus in Central Brazil

Introduction Chagasic megaesophagus (CM) is the most common digestive manifestation of Chagas disease in Brazil, and the State of Goiás is one of the most affected regions. In recent decades, the Hospital das Clínicas (HC)/Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) has been a reference center for the study and treatment of CM. The objective of this study was to characterize the current epidemiological profile of patients with CM observed at the HC of the UFG from 1998 to 2010. Methods In total, 939 patient records were analyzed, and age, gender, place of birth, serology, symptoms and radiological classification according to Rezende et al. were analyzed. Results The median patient age was 55 years. Male patients were more (54%) prevalent than female patients. The prevalence of younger patients (less than 31 years of age) was 4.2%, but 82.1% of the younger patients were from State of Bahia. Patients older than 40 years were the majority (85.5%). The radiological groups were distributed as follows: Group I (35.9%), Group II (32.9%), Group III (17%) and Group IV (14.2%). Conclusions Compared with previous studies by the same group in 1975, 1994 and 1995, the number of younger patients decreased, and the frequency curve has shifted to older patients.

Syphilis seroprevalence estimates of Santa Catarina blood donors in 2010

Introduction Knowledge of blood donor characteristics is essential to better guide clinical and serological screening for hemotherapy. The objective of this study was to determine the syphilis seroprevalence and the associated factors of blood donors in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Methods This population-based study from the State of Santa Catarina used information obtained from blood donation records. We analyzed 83,396 blood donor records generated from donors who were considered eligible to donate between January and August 2010. The aim of the study was to estimate the syphilis seroprevalence and its relationship with educational level, age, gender, geographical region and having donated blood in the past 12 months. We used descriptive analyses and a Poisson regression to calculate the prevalence ratios for the variables of interest. Results We found a 0.14% overall seroprevalence and significant differences among the following: first-time blood donors (0.19%) versus repeat donors (0.03% to 0.08%); low educational levels (0.30%) versus medium and high educational levels (0.08% to 0.19%); and donors who did not report their residence (0.88%) or age (6.94%) versus those who did. Increased syphilis seroprevalence was also significantly associated with increased age. Conclusion High syphilis seroprevalence was associated with lower educational level, age, first-time donation and the failure to provide age or residence information.

Trends in mortality due to ischemic heart disease in the municipality of Goiania, Brazil, during the years between 1980 and 1994

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trends of specific, standardized coefficients of mortality due to ischemic heart disease according to sex and age during the years 1980 and 1994 in the municipality of Goiania, GO, Brazil. METHODS: Data on deaths were retrieved from the Information on Mortality System of the Ministry of Health; population data were obtained from the Foundation of the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (IBGE). The trends of the specific coefficients were analyzed by triennia of the historical series, including individuals of both sexes from 25 years of age on, partitioned into 6 age groups of ten years intervals. The population data corresponding to the year 1980 were used as the standard for the calculation of each age group coefficient. Analyses were carried out by straight linear regression. RESULTS: Coefficients were greater for males in each triennium of the series and increased with age in both sexes. The study of the trends of the specific age coefficients of both sexes revealed a stable pattern of evolution up to the age of 65-74 years (P>0.05). From 75 years on, a clear-cut decline in mortality due to ischemic heart disease was shown by both sexes. The standardized coefficients also showed a significant decline (p<=0.05). CONCLUSION: The municipality of Goiânia is at present in a stage of epidemiological transition similar to that of developed countries, even though the observed decline is predominantly influenced by the mortality of older individuals (75 years of age or older).

Tendência temporal de letalidade hospitalar por infarto agudo do miocárdio: 1994-2003

OBJETIVO: Analisar a tendência temporal de letalidade atribuída ao infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) e se a mudança de conduta interferiu diretamente nesta letalidade. MÉTODOS: Avaliaram-se 1055 pacientes não selecionados internados em unidade coronariana de 1994-2003. Foram analisadas variáveis relacionadas ao perfil clínico e terapêutico. A análise estatística utilizou o amortecimento exponencial de séries temporais e outras técnicas como a regressão linear logística. RESULTADOS: A letalidade média foi de 10,8%, sendo 12% em 1994 e 7% em 2002 (p=0,000), uma redução relativa de 58%. Não houve variação significativa do perfil de risco dos pacientes. Eram 67,4% homens e 32,4% mulheres, com idade média de 60,93 e 64,84 anos, respectivamente e observou-se aumento significativo no percentual de cateterismos cardíacos (de 14% para 51%), na angioplastia realizada após 24 horas do infarto (de 2% para 33%), na cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (de 4% para 7%) e na angioplastia primária (de 4% para 11%) com p=0,000, p=0,021, p=0,000 e p=0,000, respectivamente, para tendência linear. Nas primeiras 24 horas houve aumento do uso de aspirina e betabloqueadores, de 78% para 100% e, de 33% para 76% (p=0,003 e p=0,004, respectivamente) ao longo dos anos. Após a análise, persistiram como determinantes de letalidade a terapia de reperfusão miocárdica, a utilização de aspirina e de betabloqueador nas primeiras 24 horas do IAM (p=0,010, p=0,024 e p=0,035, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: Houve queda da letalidade e a mudança de conduta no tratamento do IAM ao longo dos anos foi responsável pela redução da letalidade nesta série temporal.

Doutorado em cardiologia no Instituto do Coração da FMUSP, de 1994 a 2004: defesa e publicação

FUNDAMENTO: Um estudo avaliou a relação entre defesas de tese e publicações no âmbito de toda a Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP). Questiona-se a existência de diferenças entre diferentes áreas do conhecimento e no domínio do tempo. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar as publicações relacionadas às teses defendidas na pós-graduação do Instituto do Coração (InCor) da FMUSP. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um levantamento retrospectivo junto à pós-graduação de cardiologia da FMUSP, no período de 1994 a 2004. Inicialmente foram coletados dados de alunos que defenderam teses nesse período, de seus orientadores e das próprias teses. A seguir, cruzando informações da Medline® e Web of Science®, localizaram-se publicações desses autores e dados referentes às respectivas publicações. RESULTADOS: Nesse período, foram defendidas 268 teses, que resultaram em 195 publicações, no período de até dez anos após a defesa. As publicações ocorreram com mediana de um ano e nove meses após a sua defesa, com fator impacto mediano de 2,1 e uma mediana de 4 citações por trabalho. Não houve correlação com significância estatística em nenhum dos dados estudados. CONCLUSÃO: Uma porcentagem importante das teses é publicada. A publicação tem ocorrido de maneira cada vez mais precoce após a defesa. Esse fato pode estar relacionado ao sucesso das políticas das comissões de pós-graduação e à importância com que esse tema já é debatido atualmente, contribuindo para a melhoria da qualidade da pós-graduação.