Componentes genéticos aditivos e não aditivos em maracujazeiro-azedo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os componentes genéticos aditivos e não aditivos em caracteres qualitativos e produtivos de maracujazeiro, para determinar a ocorrência de efeitos genéticos dominantes. Foram estudados 12 híbridos F1, obtidos entre duas populações distintas, com uso do delineamento II de Comstock e Robinson. Durante o primeiro e o segundo ano (safrinha e primeira safra, respectivamente), foram avaliados os seguintes caracteres: número de frutos por planta, produção estimada, massa de fruto, massa de casca, massa de polpa, comprimento longitudinal, diâmetro equatorial, espessura de casca, teor de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez titulável total e coloração da polpa. A produção do biênio 2004/2005 foi estimada a partir do número total de frutos, multiplicado pela massa média dos frutos. Foram observados efeitos de dominância e, portanto, de heterose, no primeiro ano, para massa de matéria fresca, massa de polpa, massa de casca e diâmetro equatorial do fruto e, no segundo ano, para diâmetro equatorial do fruto e coloração da polpa. Houve predominância dos efeitos aditivos para número de frutos e massa de fruto. Os valores de herdabilidade são indicativos de que a população avaliada pode ser utilizada para a formação da população-base, para promover seleção recorrente.

Digestibilidad aparente de ingredientes de origen vegetal y animal en la cachama

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los coeficientes de digestibilidad aparente de materia seca (MS), proteína y energía de alimentos de origen animal y vegetal, utilizados en raciones para cachama (Piaractus brachypomus). Fueron formuladas 15 dietas experimentales, compuestas por 69,5% de una dieta referencia semipurificada, 0,5% de óxido de cromo y 30% del ingrediente a evaluar. En cada experimento, fueron utilizados 90 peces que se alimentaron durante cinco días con la correspondiente dieta; al quinto día, los animales fueron trasladados a tanques cónicos para recolección de heces. Los coeficientes de digestibilidad aparente (CDA) de proteína variaron de 92,1 a 84,7% entre los ingredientes proteicos de origen vegetal, de 85,0 a 68,5% en los proteicos de origen animal, y de 83,7 a 57,6% entre los de origen vegetal con baja proteína. Los CDA de energía de torta de soya, gluten de maíz, harina de yuca integral y de todos los ingredientes de origen animal arrojaron valores superiores a 76%. Los máximos CDA de MS variaron entre 71 y 78% y fueron observados en gluten, harina de yuca y en los ingredientes de origen animal. La cachama tiene alta capacidad para aprovechar eficientemente ingredientes de origen animal y vegetal.

Desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte alimentados com mistura de aditivos fitogênicos na dieta

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de misturas de aditivos fitogênicos na dieta de frangos de corte, sobre seu desempenho zootécnico e rendimento de carcaça. Foram avaliados 660 pintos de sexo misto, entre 1 e 42 dias de idade, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de 22 aves (11 machos e 11 fêmeas). Além do controle, foram avaliados tratamentos com antibiótico (10 ppm de virginiamicina) ou com misturas de aditivos fitogênicos: mistura A, 150 ppm de óleos essenciais de alecrim, cravo, gengibre e orégano; mistura B, 150 ppm de óleos essenciais de canela, sálvia, tomilho branco e óleo-resina de copaíba; e mistura A+B, 50% da mistura A e 50% da B. A mistura B proporcionou maior ganho de peso e melhor conversão alimentar das aves, no período de 36 a 42 dias de idade. No período total do experimento, o antibiótico e a mistura B proporcionaram maior ganho de peso das aves. O consumo de ração foi maior com o antibiótico do que com o controle. A mistura A+B e o tratamento controle proporcionaram maior rendimento de coxa+sobrecoxa e maior peso relativo do baço. As mistura B e A+B apresentam potencial como melhoradores de desempenho para frangos de corte.

Suplementação com aditivos nutricionais e minerais orgânicos no desempenho de bezerros Nelore recém-desmamados em pastagem

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de bezerros Nelore recém-desmamados em resposta à suplementação com aditivos nutricionais e minerais orgânicos no sal mineral proteinado, em pastagem de Urochloa brizantha 'Marandu', na época seca. Foram utilizados 112 bezerros com idade entre 7-8 meses e com 252±24 kg. Os animais foram divididos em pastos sob lotação rotativa e receberam os tratamentos: sal mineral proteinado (controle); e sal mineral proteinado com minerais na forma orgânica, com monensina ou com óleos funcionais. A cada ciclo de pastejo, foram calculados o consumo de suplemento, o ganho de peso e a eficiência; coletadas amostras de sangue para análise de minerais; e feitas ultrassonografias de carcaça. O consumo do tratamento com monensina foi inferior ao dos demais (0,47 kg por dia); os consumos dos tratamentos controle (0,82 kg por dia) e com óleo (0,8 kg por dia) foram semelhantes; e o do tratamento com minerais orgânicos foi superior ao dos outros (0,92 kg por dia). Diferenças entre os tratamentos não foram observadas para ganho de peso (0,123 kg por dia) e para eficiência (0,161). A área de olho de lombo (46,81 cm2) e a espessura de gordura subcutânea (0,77 mm) não diferiram significativamente entre os tratamentos. A adição de monensina diminui o consumo do suplemento, o que pode significar menor ingestão de proteína e prejuízo ao desempenho dos animais.

Estudo da influência da natureza de reticulantes e aditivos orgânicos sobre o comportamento de géis de quitosana

The physical-chemical process of swelling in water-based gel of natural polymers is investigated with the purpose of applying these systems to biomedical materials for controlled release of drugs. In this work we develop a study about the sol-gel transition of solutions of chitosan in the presence of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde like crosslinking agents and we have determined the effect of many aditives in the time of gelification from the elaborated sistems. The phisical-chemistry process of swelling of the formed gels was evaluated in function of the degree of crosslinking of the incorporated aditives and the pH. Gelling times of chitosan solutions were obtained using viscosimetric measurement, in the pre-gel state, as well as condutivity ones.The results obtained suggest that component concentration modifies the kinetic profile of the transition and the swelling behavior. Regarding H+ content, the gels were highly susceptible to swelling in acidic conditions, which characterize this system as pH - sensitive.

Deposição eletrolítica catódica e anódica simultâneas para minimizar interferências de cobre e chumbo na determinação espectrofotométrica de cádmio em água e alimentos via reação com Verde de Malaquita e iodeto

Simultaneous electrolytic deposition is proposed for minimization of Cu2+ and Pb2+ interferences on automated determination of Cd2+ by the Malachite Green-iodide reaction. During electrolysis of sample in a cell with two Pt electrodes and a medium adjusted to 5% (v/v) HNO3 + 0.1% (v/v) H2SO4 + 0.5 mol L-1 NaCl, Cu2+ is deposited as Cu on the cathode, Pb2+ is deposited as PbO2 on the anode while Cd2+ is kept in solution. With 60 s electrolysis time and 0.25 A current, Pb2+ and Cu2+ levels up to 50 and 250 mg L-1 respectively, can be tolerated without interference. With on-line extraction of Cd2+ in anionic resin minicolumn, calibration graph in the 5.00 - 50.0 µg Cd L-1 range is obtained, corresponding to twenty measurements per hour, 0.7 mg Malachite Green and 500 mg KI and 5 mL sample consumed per determination. Results of the determination of Cd in certified reference materials, vegetables and tap water were in agreement with certified values and with those obtained by GFAAS at 95% confidence level. The detection limit is 0.23 µg Cd L-1 and the RSD for typical samples containing 13.0 µg Cd L-1 was 3.85 % (n= 12).

Vitaminas lipossolúveis em alimentos: uma abordagem analítica

This study concerns certain problems inherent to the determination of fat-soluble vitamins in food, from extraction methods to identification and quantification. The discussion involves the main official and unofficial extraction methods coupled with spectrophotometric and HPLC techniques in which vitamins samples are obtained through liquid-liquid-solid and liquid-liquid-solid-solid extraction, indispensable to the analytical separation of different chemical compounds with vitamin functions. A saponification stage, possibly coupled with supercritical fluid extraction appears to be mandatory in the determination of vitamins A and E in their alcoholic forms. Alternative identification and quantification procedures are outlined: biological and chemical assays, analytical separations by HPLC (normal and reversed-phase), UV detection (all fat-soluble vitamins) and fluorescence detection (retinoids and tocopherols). Automation from sample preparation to quantification stages increases the data acquisition rate.

Utilização de técnicas eletroanalíticas na determinação de pesticidas em alimentos

The aim of this work is to discuss selected applications of electroanalytical techniques for the detection of pesticides in foods and beverages, published in the last ten years. The applications involved different working electrodes for the electroanalytical determination of pesticides, namely amperometric biosensors, cholinesterase-based biosensors, polymer-modified electrodes, ultramicroelectrodes and hanging mercury drop electrodes. They were used for several voltammetric and amperometric techniques in different analytical procedures for the detection and quantification of different classes of pesticides in different food matrices.

Espectrofotometria derivativa: uma estratégia simples para a determinação simultânea de corantes em alimentos

A very simple spectrophotometric method is described for resolving binary mixture of the food colorants Sunset Yellow (INS 110) and Tartrazine Yellow (INS 102) by using the first derivative spectra with measurements at zero-crossing wavelengths. Before the spectrophotometric measurements, the dyes were sorbed onto polyurethane foam and recovered in N,N-dimethilformamide. Commercial food products (gelatine and juice powder) were analysed by using the proposed method and the HPLC technique. The results are in very good agreement and the differences between the methods is not statistically important. Therefore, the first-order derivative spectrophotometric method is accurate, precise, reliable and could be applied to the routine analysis of food samples.

Metodologias analíticas para determinação das fumonisinas em milho e alimentos à base de milho

Fumonisins are mycotoxins occurring worldwide, mainly in maize and maize-based food products, which could affect animal and human health. This paper reviews analytical methodologies for the determination of these fungal toxins in foods. It includes extraction, cleanup, derivatization procedures, detection, quantification, and confirmation procedures. Initial attempts at gas chromatographic methods and thin layer chromatography were supplanted by liquid chromatographic methods, mainly performed with fluorometric detection, or mass spectrometry detection, enabling the analysis of polar and thermolabile chemicals without chemical derivatization, which results in lower limits of detection. Alternative methods, such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assay or zone capillary zone electrophoresis, are also described.

Metodologia analítica para determinação de folatos e ácido fólico em alimentos

The aim of this work was to develop and to validate a methodology using HPLC for the simultaneous determination of folates and folic acid in foods. The limits of detection and the recovery rates for the vitamins in the certified reference materials were respectively 5 pg/mL and 94-108% for 5-MTHF, 7 pg/mL and 97-102% for THF, 30 pg/mL and 97.9-104% for 5-FTHF, 30 pg/mL and 95-107 for 10-FFA, 5 ng/mL and 97-102% for FA and 5 ng/mL and 98-103% for 10-MFA. Repeatability showed a coefficient of variation below 3.9% for all the vitamins. The proposed methodology was shown to be efficient when applied to different certified reference materials, namely pig's liver (BCR487), powdered milk (BCR421) and a vegetable mixture (BCR485).

Teores de corantes artificiais em alimentos determinados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

Synthetic dyes are much used in processed foods. HPLC was applied to different types of snacks, such as colored cereals, chocolate confetti, chewing gums and candies for the determination of those additives. In the case of artificially colored breakfast cereals, 71% of the samples exceeded the allowed limits. Regarding the portions recommended for consumption by the makers of two of the samples, the amounts exceeded those allowed by the Brazilian legislation. In the case of chocolate confetti and candies none of the samples showed higher amounts than those allowed. However 37% of the chewing gum samples presented larger contents than the authorized ones, and one sample contained five times more synthetic dyes than allowed.

Surfactina: propriedades químicas, tecnológicas e funcionais para aplicações em alimentos

Surfactin, a lipopeptide produced by strains of Bacillus subtilis, has been proved to be a suitable biosurfactant in several applications. For many years, it has been investigated mainly for oil recovery and environmental usage. Its chemical, technological and functional characteristics turn surfactin into an attractive compound for several utilizations. In this review we emphasize some aspects of surfactin as a new food ingredient and its potential pharmaceutical and health applications.

Modificação química e física do amido de quirera de arroz para aproveitamento na indústria de alimentos

The study evaluated the efficiency of chemical (phosphorylation) and physical (extrusion) modifications of the starch of broken rice. Results demonstrated a reduction in the moisture content of extruded and phosphorylated broken rice and an increase in the ash content of phosphorylated broken rice. Both phosphorylation and extrusion increased cold water binding capacity, swelling power, and solubility. Extruded and phosphorylated pastes were stable under refrigeration, but only extruded paste was stable when submitted to freezing. Phosphorylated paste had the lowest viscosity and the highest stability during heating, while the extruded one gelatinized without heating, but had higher losses during heating.

O estado da arte da cromatografia associada à espectrometria de massas acoplada à espectrometria de massas na análise de compostos tóxicos em alimentos

Chromatography combined with several different detection systems is one of the more used and better performing analytical tools. Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection gives highly selective and sensitive analyses and permits obtaining structural information about the analites and about their molar masses. Due to these characteristics, this analytical technique is very efficient when used to detect substances at trace levels in complex matrices. In this paper we review instrumental and technical aspects of chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the state of the art of the technique as it is applied to analysis of toxic substances in food.