In vitro and in vivo effects of Enterococcus faecalis CECT7121 on Toxocara canis

The aim of the present paper was to evaluate the larvicidal effect of Enterococcus faecalis CECT7121 (Ef7121) on the Toxocara canis cycle both in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro experiments, T. canis larvae were incubated with the supernatants of Ef7121 (EI) and mutant Ef7121 (EIm), in a pre-culture of Ef7121 (EII) and in a fresh culture with Ef7121 (EIII) and the Ef7121 mutant strain (EIIIm). The viability of the larvae was calculated after a 48 h incubation. A significant reduction of the viability of T. canis larvae was observed in EI, EII and EIII. A decrease of this inhibitory effect was observed in EIm and EIIIm (p = 0.008). In the in vivo experiments, mice were orally inoculated with three doses of Ef7121. To study the probiotic persistence in the intestine, the animals were sacrificed every four days and their intestines were dissected. The initial average bacterial levels were 9.7 x 10(4) for Ef7121 (colony forming units/g). At the end of the assay the levels were 1.46 x 10(4). No bacterial translocation was detected in mesenteric lymphatic nodules and spleen. Ef7121 interference with the biological cycle was evaluated in mice challenged with T. canis. The interference was significant when the mice were challenged with probiotic and T. canis simultaneously (p = 0.001), but it was not significant when the challenge was performed 15 days after administration of the bacterial inoculum (p = 0.06). In conclusion, Ef7121 possessed in vitro and in vivo larvicidal activity.

Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Southeast Brazil and its relationship with histological features

Data concerning the relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes and liver histology are scarce. The aim of this study was to compare HBV non-B and non-C genotypes according to demographic features, clinical status, HBV-DNA levels and liver histology in Rio de Janeiro. One hundred twenty one consecutive chronic HBV-infected patients were enrolled during two-year period and data were prospectively collected. Sera were tested for HBV genotyping using restriction fragment length polymorphism. Liver biopsy was obtained from patients with either increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or HBV-DNA levels. Genotype A was the most common, found in 82 (68%) patients, followed by F in 19 (15%), D in 17 (14%), B in one (1%) and C in two (2%). There was no association between HBV genotypes A, D and F and gender (p = 0.37), age (p = 0.78), race (p = 0.22), mode of infection (p = 0.94), HB "e" antigen status (p = 0.37) and HBV-DNA levels (p = 0.47). The ALT levels were lower in genotype D (75%) compared with A (47%) and F (55%) (p = 0.05). Liver biopsy showed lower inflammation [histological activity index (HAI) = 4] and fibrosis (F) (= 0) scores in genotype D than in genotypes A (HAI = 5, p < 0.001; F = 2, p = 0.008) or F (HAI = 5, p = 0.009; F = 2, p = 0.01). Genotype A was the most prevalent in chronic HBV-infected patients and genotype D patients presented with less intense liver disease.

Genetic compatibility between Anopheles lesteri from Korea and Anopheles paraliae from Thailand

To assess differentiation and relationships between Anopheles lesteri and Anopheles paraliae we established three and five iso-female lines of An. lesteri from Korea and An. paraliae from Thailand, respectively. These isolines were used to investigate the genetic relationships between the two taxa by crossing experiments and by comparing DNA sequences of ribosomal DNA second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and subunit II (COII). Results of reciprocal and F1-hybrid crosses between An. lesteri and An. paraliae indicated that they were compatible genetically producing viable progenies and complete synaptic salivary gland polytene chromosomes without inversion loops in all chromosome arms. The pairwise genetic distances of ITS2, COI and COII between these morphological species were 0.040, 0.007-0.017 and 0.008-0.011, respectively. The specific species status of An. paraliae in Thailand and/or other parts of the continent are discussed.

Ecology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sinai: linking parasites, vectors and hosts

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected clinical form of public health importance that is quite prevalent in the northern and eastern parts of Egypt. A comprehensive study over seven years (January 2005-December 2011) was conducted to track CL transmission with respect to both sandfly vectors and animal reservoirs. The study identified six sandfly species collected from different districts in North Sinai: Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus kazeruni, Phlebotomus sergenti, Phlebotomus alexandri, Sergentomyia antennata and Sergentomyia clydei. Leishmania (-)-like flagellates were identified in 15 P. papatasi individuals (0.5% of 3,008 dissected females). Rodent populations were sampled in the same districts where sandflies were collected and eight species were identified: Rattus norvegicus (n = 39), Rattus rattus frugivorous (n = 13), Rattus rattus alexandrinus (n = 4), Gerbillus pyramidum floweri (n = 38), Gerbillus andersoni (n = 28), Mus musculus (n = 5), Meriones sacramenti (n = 22) and Meriones crassus (n = 10). Thirty-two rodents were found to be positive for Leishmania infection (20.12% of 159 examined rodents). Only Leishmania major was isolated and identified in 100% of the parasite samples. The diversity of both the vector and rodent populations was examined using diversity indices and clustering approaches.

Multibacillary leprosy patients with high and persistent serum antibodies to leprosy IDRI diagnostic-1/LID-1: higher susceptibility to develop type 2 reactions

Leprosy inflammatory episodes [type 1 (T1R) and type 2 (T2R) reactions] represent the major cause of irreversible nerve damage. Leprosy serology is known to be influenced by the patient’s bacterial index (BI) with higher positivity in multibacillary patients (MB) and specific multidrug therapy (MDT) reduces antibody production. This study evaluated by ELISA antibody responses to leprosy Infectious Disease Research Institute diagnostic-1 (LID-1) fusion protein and phenolic glycolipid I (PGL-I) in 100 paired serum samples of 50 MB patients collected in the presence/absence of reactions and in nonreactional patients before/after MDT. Patients who presented T2R had a median BI of 3+, while MB patients with T1R and nonreactional patients had median BI of 2.5+ (p > 0.05). Anti-LID-1 and anti-PGL-I antibodies declined in patients diagnosed during T1R (p < 0.05). Anti-LID-1 levels waned in MB with T2R at diagnosis and nonreactional MB patients (p < 0.05). Higher anti-LID-1 levels were seen in patients with T2R at diagnosis (vs. patients with T1R at diagnosis, p = 0.008; vs. nonreactional patients, p = 0.020) and in patients with T2R during MDT (vs. nonreactional MB, p = 0.020). In MB patients, high and persistent anti-LID-1 antibody levels might be a useful tool for clinicians to predict which patients are more susceptible to develop leprosy T2R.

Prevalência da incontinência urinária em adultos e idosos hospitalizados

Este estudo objetivou verificar a prevalência da incontinência urinária em pacientes hospitalizados e identificar as associações estatísticas existentes entre os índices obtidos e algumas variáveis demográficas e clínicas da clientela. Os dados foram colhidos no Hospital Universitário da USP, junto a 77 pacientes internados em três diferentes clínicas. Os resultados indicaram prevalências total de 35% e parciais de 48%, 37% e 22% nas Clínicas Cirúrgica, Obstétrica e Médica, respectivamente. Correlações estatisticamente significativas foram verificadas entre a prevalência e disúria (r=0,19 e p=0,046), infecções urinárias (r=0,24 e p=0,019), tempo de internação (r=-0,32 e p=0,002) e sexo masculino (r=-0,27 e p=0,008).

Qualidade de vida de adultos com lesão medular: um estudo com WHOQOL-bref

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade de vida (QV) de adultos com lesão medular e identificar os domínios que podem influir na qualidade de vida. Para coletar os dados utilizou-se o WHOQOL-bref e um questionário com variáveis sociodemográficas. Participaram 47 sujeitos com média de idade de 42,95 anos, 91,5% do sexo masculino e 8,5% do feminino. Os domínios obtiveram os escores: físico (58,59%), psicológico (63,82%), social (68,79%) e ambiental (55,20%). Por meio de regressão linear múltipla, verificou-se a correlação dos escores dos domínios com a percepção da QV: físico (p < 0,187), psicológico (p < 0,399), social (p < 0,000) e ambiental (p < 0,008). Concluiu-se que a maioria (55,3%) dos participantes está insatisfeita com a QV e que os domínios social e ambiental apresentaram maior correlação com a QV.

Propriedades físicas e taxa de estratificação de carbono orgânico num Latossolo Vermelho após dez anos sob dois sistemas de manejo

Nos solos de textura argilosa e muito argilosa, a compactação das camadas superficiais constitui uma das limitações do solo sob plantio direto. Nestas condições, tem sido adotado o revolvimento periódico do solo. As rotações de culturas são indicadas para o manejo físico do solo em razão do maior aporte de matéria orgânica e bioporosidade do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar, num Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico, algumas propriedades físicas, os teores e a taxa de estratificação do carbono orgânico do solo (COS), após dez anos da instalação de dois sistemas de manejo do solo. Os sistemas de manejo de solo estudados foram: plantio direto com rotação de culturas (PD) e plantio direto com sucessão de culturas, realizando a escarificação do solo antes da semeadura da cultura de verão (PDR). Maiores valores de densidade do solo foram observados no PD e de macroporosidade e porosidade total no PDR. Nos dois sistemas, o volume de macroporos foi maior que 10 %, indicando que as condições de aeração foram adequadas para as raízes das plantas. A curva de retenção de água indicou que o PDR retém mais água que o PD em elevados potenciais, sendo similares para potenciais menores que -0,008 MPa. A resistência do solo à penetração (RP) foi maior no PD até à profundidade de 0,20 m, independentemente da umidade do solo. A partir dos resultados, verificou-se que, no PD, sob condições similares de secamento do solo, os valores de RP foram maiores do que no PDR, podendo atingir valores críticos ao crescimento das plantas. Assim, estratégias de manejo para conservar a umidade no solo são necessárias para manter a RP abaixo de valores impeditivos às plantas. Os teores de C-orgânico do solo foram maiores no PD até 0,10 m de profundidade, enquanto de 0,10-0,40 m, foram constatados maiores valores no PDR. A taxa média de estratificação de COS foi de 1,73 no PD, enquanto no PDR foi de 1,24. Os resultados evidenciam que a maior concentração de COS no PD pode resultar em condições físicas mais estáveis às culturas.