Estudos sôbre nematóides Filarídeos: genótipo de Dipetalonema Diesing, 1861; valor dos gêneros Acanthocheilonema Cobbold, 1870 e Breinlia Yorke & Maplestone, 1926

The author divides the article in thee parts. In the first part he studies the literature on the genotype of Dipetalonema DIESING, 1861 - D. caudispina (MOLIN, 1858), and gives a new generic diagnosis of the Diesing's genus, based upon its type species. In the second one he studies the literature on the validity of Acanthocheilonema COBBOLD, 1870, and, comparing both generic defvinition and type-species description of Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides COBBOLD, 1870 and Dipetalonema caudispina (MOLIN, 1858), concludes that Cobbold's genus Acanthocheilonema must be, definitely, considered as a synonym of Dipetalonema DIESING, 1861. In the third part a comparative study, based on the literature, is made between generic definitions and type-species descriptions of Breinlia trichosuri (BREINL, 1913) and Dipetalonema caudipina (MOLIN, 1858), and the author concludes that Breinlia must be considered as a valid genus, distinguished from Dipetalonema, principally, by the morphology fo the longer spicule.

Phlébotomes du Nicaragua: I. Description de la femelle de Lutzomyia zeledoni Young et Murillo, 1984 (Diptera, Psychodidae), et implication épidémiologique de la présence de Lutzomyia longipalpis sur la façade Pacifique

Les auteurs décrivent la femelle de Lutzomyia zeledoni Young et Murillo, 1984 du Groupe Vespertilionis Theodor, 1965. Cette espèce a été capturée en milieu péridomestique en compagnie de Lutzomyia longpalpis Lutz et Neiva, 1912 répertorié pour la première fois du Nicaragua. Il est mis l'accent sur l'importance épidémiologique de cette dernière espèce récoltée en abondance dans plusieurs stations de la façade pacifique.

A new species of Probursata Bravo-Hollis, 1984 (Mogenea: Heteraxinidae: Heteraxininae) parasite of Oligoplites spp. (Osteichthyes: Carangidae) from the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Probursata brasiliensis n. sp., a gill filament parasite of carangid fishes, O. palometa (Cuvier), Oligoplites saurus (Bloch & Schneider), and O. saliens (Bloch), from the Brazilian coast, is described and illustrated. The new species differs from Probursata veraecrucis Bravo-Hollis, 1984, the type and only species of this genus by the presence of spines in the auricular expansions of the genital atrium, by the trifurcate supplementary process of the clamp's midsclerite, and by having a larger number of tests and clamps. This is the first record of the genus Probursata Bravo-Hollis, 1984, in the South Atlantic Ocean.

A Redescription of Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912), and Resurrection of L. neivai (Pinto, 1926) (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae)

Lutzomyia (Nyssomyia) intermedia (Lutz & Neiva) is redescribed, a neotype is designated, and a very similar species, L. (N.) neivai (Pinto, 1926), is resurrected; the male and the female are redescribed. The two species can be differentiated by differences in the spermathecae, common ducts and number of cibarial horizontal teeth of the females and in the size and proportions of several structures of both sexes. The known geographical distribution of both species is given.

Ultrastructure of the tegument of Prosorhynchoides arcuatus (Linton, 1900) Bray, 1984 (Trematoda, Bucephalidae)

The tegument of the adult form of Prosorhynchoides arcuatus (Linton, 1900) (Trematoda, Bucephalidae) from the intestine of Pomatomus saltator (L.) from the Atlantic coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil was studied by transmission electron microscopy. The tegument consists of two layers: an external, constituted by a syncytium, containing spines, unicilliated papillae, inclusion bodies and mitochondria and an internal, consisting of a muscular layer and mononucleated tegumental cells.

A Cladistic Analysis of Inaequalium (Coscarón & Wygodzinsky, 1984), with Information on Geographical Distribution (Diptera: Simuliidae)

The black flies of the genus Inaequalium present a Neotropical distribution, with Panama at the northern limit, and the Argentinian pampas at the southern, but do not occur in the Central Amazon. This study offers a cladistic analysis establishing a hypothesis of relationships between the species of Inaequalium. A total of 37 characters have been considered in order to establish the hypothetic phylogenetic relationships. Cerqueirellum (Py-Daniel, 1983) was considered as outgroup. Data were analyzed using Henning 86 version 1.5. Wich the ie* command and implicit enumeration a unique possible cladogram was obtained in Inaequalium with 52 steps, and a CI of 0.76 and RI of 0.81. Two well-defined clades was obtained in the resulting cladogram, the "botulibranchium" species-group, includes I. travassosi, I. souzalopesi, I. botulibranchium and I. petropoliense, and the "inaequale" species-group, includes I. rappae, I. nahimi, I. inaequale, I. leopoldense, I. subnigrum, I. diversibranchium, I. mariavulcanoae, I. nogueirai, I. beaupertuyi, I. clavibranchium and I. subclavibranchium.

Redescription of Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) and Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto, 1926) (Diptera: Psychodidae)

The phlebotomine sand flies Nyssomyia intermedia and Nyssomyia neivai are the probable vectors of American tegumentary leishmaniasis in the Southern and Southeastern regions of Brazil. These species form a complex, being difficult to separate between either females or males of the two members based on recognized morphological characteristics. Both N. intermedia and N. neivai are redescribed here in the search for characters that facilitate their correct identification. It was possible to differentiate females by means of spermathecal characteristics. Males could be separated with confidence by the tips of the genital filaments, which have the form of a deep spoon, the angle of the concavity being well accentuated in N. intermedia and much shallower in N. neivai.

Biology of the first generation of a laboratory colony of Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) and Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto, 1926) (Diptera: Psychodidae)

The phlebotomine sand flies Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) and Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto, 1926) are very close and may be involved in the transmission of Leishmania spp. Ross, 1903 in Brazil. The biology of the first laboratory-reared generations of these species, descended from insects captured in Além Paraíba (N. intermedia) and Corinto (N. neivai) in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, is described here. The captured females were fed on hamsters and maintained individually in rearing pots. Laboratory temperature and relative humidity were maintained at 25-26ºC and 80% respectively. The productivity of the first generation of N. intermedia was greater than that of N. neivai, and its development time clearly shorter, particularly for the second and third larval instars.

Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) and Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto, 1926) (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) geographical distribution and epidemiological importance

Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva 1912) and N. neivai (Pinto 1926) are possible vectors of tegumentary leishmaniasis in some regions of Brazil. Further, the latter was until recently, considered a junior synonym of the former. This study has the purpose of updating our knowledge of the geographical distribution of these species, based on specimens deposited at the collection of the Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Faculdade de Saúde Pública-Universidade de São Paulo, and on data presented by literature as also to associate this distribution with the cutaneous leishmaniasis cases reported. It has been reported that N. intermedia occurs in the states of the Northeastern Region, in Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, on the northern coast of São Paulo, in eastern Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Goiás, close to the border with Minas Gerais and Bahia. N. neivai occurs in the Southern Region, southern coast and in western São Paulo, southern and western Minas Gerais, southern Goiás, and southern Pará, beyond Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay. It is important to highlight that N. intermedia and N. neivai occur in sympatry in Minas Gerais and São Paulo. N. intermedia or N. neivai are predominant or are captured abundantly in several cutaneous leishmaniasis foci in the Southeastern and Southern regions of Brazil.

Mixed-function oxidases and esterases associated with cross-r esistance between DDT and lambda-cyhalothrin in Anopheles darlingi Root 1926 populations from Colombia

In order to establish the insecticide susceptibility status for Anopheles darlingi in Colombia, and as part of the National Network on Insecticide Resistance Surveillance, five populations of insects from three Colombian states were evaluated. Standardised WHO and CDC bottle bioassays, in addition to microplate biochemical assays, were conducted. Populations with mortality rates below 80% in the bioassays were considered resistant. All field populations were susceptible to deltamethrin, permethrin, malathion and fenitrothion. Resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and DDT was detected in the Amé-Beté population using both bioassay methods with mortality rates of 65-75%. Enzyme levels related to insecticide resistance, including mixed function oxidases (MFO), non-specific esterases (NSE), glutathione S-transferases and modified acetylcholinesterase were evaluated in all populations and compared with a susceptible natural strain. Only mosquitoes from Amé-Beté presented significantly increased levels of both MFO and NSE, consistent with the low mortalities found in this population. The continued use of lambda-cyhalothrin for An. darlingi control in this locality has resulted in a natural resistance to this insecticide. In addition, DDT resistance is still present in this population, although this insecticide has not been used in Colombia since 1992. Increased metabolism through MFO and NSE may be involved in cross-resistance between lambda-cyhalothrin and DDT, although kdr-type nerve insensitivity cannot be discarded as a possible hypothesis. Additional research, including development of a kdr specific assay for An. darlingi should be conducted in future studies. Our data demonstrates the urgent need to develop local insecticide resistance management and surveillance programs throughout Colombia.

Em defesa da sociedade: a invenção dos cuidados paliativos e a produção de subjetividades

O artigo é uma reflexão teórica que faz parte de um estudo denominado Em Defesa da Sociedade: a invenção dos Cuidados Paliativos. Para articular tal discussão, utilizamos o manual de Cuidados Paliativos, publicado no ano de 2007 pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), entendendo-o como parte de um artefato capaz de produzir subjetividades e governar condutas. Nesse sentido, pretendemos descobrir como os discursos sobre os Cuidados Paliativos se articulam e efetuam a invenção de uma nova disciplina que funcionaria como uma estratégia biopolítica para defender a sociedade. A partir da análise textual do discurso instituído pelo manual, com o auxílio do referencial dos Estudos Culturais e sob a inspiração dos escritos de Michel Foucault, articulamos uma das possíveis leituras deste guia. Desta maneira observamos a (re)organização e a (re)invenção de uma disciplina que investe na subjetividade dos indivíduos constituindo aparatos de verdade que regulam e governam a população.

Formação em Enfermagem na Cruz Vermelha Brasileira na década de 1940: uma abordagem Foucaultiana*

RESUMO Objetivos Identificar e analisar os enunciados discursivos que caracterizam a formação de RH em enfermagem, na década de 1940 pela Cruz Vermelha Brasileira. Método A abordagem das fontes documentais se deu através dos pressupostos do Método Histórico, problematizado a partir do pensamento de Michel Foucault. Resultados Historicamente, a formação dos recursos humanos (RH) em enfermagem, sobretudo na década de 1940, foi influenciada por um modelo peculiar de ensino, o militar. A Cruz Vermelha Brasileira vinculava-se ao Ministério da Guerra e a formação em enfermagem tinha ênfase na conduta moral, na disciplina, no respeito à hierarquia, que culminava na produção de “corpos dóceis” femininos na enfermagem. Os atributos esperados da enfermeira se constituíam na tríade da formação da identidade profissional à época: abnegação, disciplina e obediência. Conclusão O referido modelo reverbera práticas na formação ainda arraigadas na atualidade, seja no âmbito da gestão, da assistência e do ensino na enfermagem.

Enfermeiras americanas do Serviço Especial de Saúde Pública e a formação de recursos humanos na Enfermagem Brasileira

RESUMO Objetivo Historicizar as mudanças na formação de recursos humanos em enfermagem no Brasil, no período de 1942 a 1961, a partir da presença de 35 enfermeiras americanas designadas para trabalhar em cooperação com o SESP. Método O estudo utilizou como fontes relatórios redigidos pelas enfermeiras, que descrevem suas impressões, sugestões e atividades desenvolvidas no país, e foram analisadas a partir da análise de discurso de Michel Foucault. Resultados O período mencionado foi marcado pela presença americana nos projetos de enfermagem desenvolvidos pelo Serviço Especial de Saúde Pública (SESP). Os discursos indicaram que o período foi marcado por muitas mudanças na enfermagem brasileira, em especial no que diz respeito à captação e formação de recursos humanos para a profissão. Conclusão Pode-se afirmar que elas, através de seus discursos e influência, foram centrais para a consolidação de um novo paradigma na formação de profissionais de enfermagem no Brasil.