Doppler echocardiographic study in adolescents and young adults with sickle cell anemia

OBJECTIVE: Anatomical and functional assessment of the heart through Doppler and echocardiography in patients with cell anemia (SCA). METHODS: Twenty-five patients with SCA and ages ranging from 14 to 45 years were prospectively studied in a comparison with 25 healthy volunteers. All of them underwent clinical and laboratory evaluation and Doppler echocardiography as well.The measurements were converted into body surface indices. RESULTS: There were increases in all chamber diameters and left ventricle (LV) mass of the SCA patients. It was characterised an eccentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle. The preload was increased (left ventricle end-diastolic volume) and the afterload was decreased (diastolic blood pressure, peripheral vascular resistance and end-systolic parietal stress ESPS). The cardiac index was increased due to the stroke volume. The ejection fraction and the percentage of the systolic shortening , as well as the systolic time intervals of the LV were equivalent. The isovolumetric contraction period of the LV was increased. The mitral E-septum distance and the end-systolic volume index (ESVi) were increased. The ESPS/ESVi ratio,a loading independent parameter, was decreased in SCA, suggesting systolic dysfunction. No significant differences in the diastolic function or in the pulmonary pressure occurred. CONCLUSION: Chamber dilations, eccentric hypertrophy and systolic dysfunction confirm the evidence of the literature in characterizing a sickle cell anemia cardiomyopathy.

Bilateral carotid endarterectomy combined with myocardial revascularization during the same surgical act

The best surgical approach for the treatment of patients with severe cerebral artery disease and simultaneous serious coronary artery disease still remains controversial. In this report we present a case of a 72-year-old female patient admitted to the hospital with unstable angina. Triple coronary artery obstructive disease and severe bilateral carotid artery stenosis were diagnosed. A combined, simultaneous surgical procedure was performed. After total circulatory by-pass with a membrane oxygenator, the patient's body temperature was lowered to 32°C. During the cool-down period, three proximal anastomoses of segments of autologous saphenous veins were performed in the ascending aorta. Immediately afterwards, bilateral carotid endarterectomy was performed, followed by three distal anastomoses to coronary arteries. The patient showed a satisfactory post-operative outcome. It was concluded that the combination of moderate hypothermia, hemodilution with appropriate hemodynamic control, as used in this patient, was an effective method of cerebral protection. The simultaneous approach of carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery by-pass surgery should be seen as a safe option for the treatment of this type of patient.

Use of transesophageal echocardiography during implantation of aortic endoprosthesis (stent). Initial experience

OBJECTIVE: To report the role played by transesophageal echocardiography during implantation of self-expanding aortic endoprostheses (stent) at a hemodynamics laboratory. METHODS: Thirteen patients underwent stent implantation in the descending thoracic aorta with the aid of transesophageal echocardiography during the entire procedure. Indications for stenting were as follows: 8 aortic dissections, 2 true aneurysms, 2 penetrating atherosclerotic ulcers, and 1 traumatic pseudoaneurysm. RESULTS: No complications resulting from the use of transesophageal echocardiography were observed. In 12 patients, the initial result was considered appropriate, with total or partial resolution of the major lesion confirmed by a posterior examination. In 1 patient, the procedure was suspended after transesophageal echocardiography and angiography showed that the proximal aortic diameter was inappropriate. Transesophageal echocardiography contributed to clarifying relevant points, such as aortic diameter, anatomic detail of the intimal lesion, and location and size of the communicating orifice. In addition, it facilitated placing the stent in the target lesion, reduced the time of exposure to radiation and the use of contrast medium, and provided rapid identification of intercurrent events, possibly reducing the total duration of the procedure. CONCLUSION: The use of transesophageal echocardiography during placement of aortic stents seems appropriate. The actual advantages of the procedure will be defined in a comparative prospective study.

Biventricular pacing improves clinical behavior and reduces prevalence of ventricular srrhythmia in patients with heart failure

PURPOSE: To analyze the influence of biventricular pacing (BP) on clinical behavior, ventricular arrhythmia (VA) prevalence, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LV EF) by gated ventriculography. METHODS: Twenty-four patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB) and NYHA class III and IV underwent pacemaker implantation and were randomized either to the conventional or BP group, all receiving BP after 6 months. RESULTS: Sixteen patients were in NYHA class IV (66.6%) and 8 were in class III (33.4%). After 1-year follow-up, 14 patients were in class II (70%) and 5 were in class III (25%). Two sudden cardiac deaths occurred. A significant reduction in QRS length was found with BP (p=0.006). A significant statistical increase, from a mean of 19.13 ± 5.19% (at baseline) to 25.33 ± 5.90% (with BP) was observed in LVEF Premature ventricular contraction prevalence decreased from a mean of 10,670.00 ± 12,595.39 SD or to a mean of 3,007.00 ± 3,216.63 SD PVC/24 h with BP (p<0.05). Regarding the hospital admission rate over 1 year, we observed a significant reduction from 60. To 16 admissions with BP (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Patients with LBBB and severe heart failure experienced, with BP, a significant NYHA class and LVEF improvement. A reduction in the hospital admission rate and VA prevalence also occurred.

Primary coronary angioplasty in a nonagenarian

A woman aged 98 years entered the tertiary hospital service with a picture of acute myocardial infarction of the extensive anterior wall, which began 4 hours earlier. Due to the large myocardial risk area suggested by the electrocardiogram, the patient was taken to the hemodynamics laboratory for the performance of emergency coronary arteriography, which revealed occlusion in the proximal third of the anterior descending artery. Primary angioplasty followed by stent grafting was successfully performed. The patient had a satisfactory evolution (Killip I) and was discharged from the hospital on the seventh postinfarction day. We discuss here aspects of thrombolysis and coronary percutaneous interventions in the aged.

Effect of Propafenone on the Contractile Activity of Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Isolated in an Organ Chamber: Experimental Study in Rats

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of propafenone on the contractile function of latissimus dorsi muscle isolated from rats in an organ chamber. METHODS: We studied 20 latissimus dorsi muscles of Wistar rats and divided them into 2 groups: group I (n=10), or control group - we studied the feasibility of muscle contractility; group II (n=10), in which the contralateral muscles were grouped - we analyzed the effect of propafenone on muscle contractility. After building a muscle ring, 8 periods of sequential 2-minute baths were performed, with intervals of preprogrammed electrical stimulation using a pacemaker of 50 stimuli/min. In group II, propafenone, at the concentration of 9.8 µg/mL, was added to the bath in period 2 and withdrawn in period 4. RESULTS: In group I, no significant depression in muscle contraction occurred up to period 5 (p>0.05). In group II, a significant depression occurred in all periods, except between the last 2 periods (p<0.05). Comparing groups I and II only in period 1, which was a standard period for both groups, we found no significant difference (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Propafenone had a depressing effect on the contractile function of latissimus dorsi muscle isolated from rats and studied in an organ chamber.

Myocardial Bridges and their Relationship to the Anterior Interventricular Branch of the Left Coronary Artery

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between myocardial bridges and the anterior interventricular branch (anterior descending) of the left coronary artery. METHODS: The study was carried out with postmortem material, and methods of dissection and observation were used. We assessed the perimeter of the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery using a pachymeter, calculated its proximal and distal diameters in relation to the myocardial bridge, and also its diameter under the myocardial bridge in 30 hearts. We also observed the position of the myocardial bridge in relation to the origin of the anterior interventricular branch. RESULTS: The diameters of the anterior interventricular branch were as follows: the mean proximal diameter was 2.76±0.76 mm; the mean diameter under the myocardial bridge was 2.08±0.54 mm; and the mean distal diameter was 1.98±0.59 mm. In 33.33% (10/30) of the cases, the diameter of the anterior interventricular branch under the myocardial bridge was lower than the diameter of the anterior interventricular branch distal to the myocardial bridge. In 3.33% (1/30) of the cases, an atherosclerotic plaque was found in the segment under the myocardial bridge. The myocardial bridge was located in the middle third of the anterior interventricular branch in 86.66% (26/30) of the cases. CONCLUSION: Myocardial bridges are more frequently found in the middle third of the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery. The diameter of the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery under the myocardial bridge may be smaller than after the bridge. Myocardial bridges may not provide protection against the formation of atherosclerotic plaque inside the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery.

Doppler tissue imaging to assess systolic function in Chagas' disease

OBJECTIVE: To assess the usefulness of Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) for evaluating the systolic function of chagasic patients with and without electrocardiographic abnormalities, in comparision with echocardiographic study. METHODS: We studied 77 patients divided into 3 groups as follows: group 1 - control; group 2 - chagasic patients with normal electrocardiographic findings; and group 3 - chagasic patients with abnormal electrocardiographic findings. The following parameters were assessed: left ventricular dimensions and ejection fraction, left atrial dimensions and diastolic function on echocardiography. Systolic velocity and regional isovolumic contraction time (IVCTr) of the septal, anterior, lateral, posterior and inferior left ventricular walls were assessed on DTI. RESULTS: Left ventricular cavitary dimensions, ejection fraction and DTI systolic wave showed significant differences between groups 1 and 3 and between groups 2 and 3, which were not found between groups 1 and 2. IVCTr allowed a statistically significant discrimination among the 3 groups. CONCLUSION: DTI allowed discrimination among the different groups assessed, being superior to echocardiography in identifying early abnormalities of contractility, and, therefore, potentially useful for detecting incipient myocardial alterations in chagasic patients with normal electrocardiographic findings.

Initial experience in Brazil with the Helex septal occluder for percutaneous occlusion of atrial septal defects

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the initial clinical experience with the Helex septal occluder for percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects. METHODS: Ten patients underwent the procedure, 7 patients with ostium secundum atrial septal defects (ASD) with hemodynamic repercussions and 3 patients with pervious foramen ovale (PFO) and a history of stroke. Mean age was 33.8 years and mean weight was 55.4 kg. Mean diameter by transesophageal echocardiography and mean stretched ASD diameter were 11.33 ± 3.3mm, and 15.2 ± 3.8mm, respectively. The Qp/Qs ratio was 1.9 ± 0.3 in patients with ASD. RESULTS: Eleven occluders were placed because a patient with 2 holes needed 2 devices. It was necessary to retrieve and replace 4 devices in 3 patients. We observed immediate residual shunt (< 2mm) in 4 patients with ASD, and in those with patent foramen ovale total occlusion of the defect occurred. No complications were noted, and all patients were discharged on the following day. After 1 month, 2 patients with ASD experienced trivial residual shunts (1mm). In 1 patient, we observed mild prolapse in the proximal disk in the right atrium, without consequences. CONCLUSION: The Helex septal occluder was safe and effective for occluding small to moderate atrial septal defects. Because the implantation technique is demanding, it requires specific training of the operator. Even so, small technical failures may occur in the beginning of the learning curve, but they do not involve patient safety.

Mixoma de átrio esquerdo: avaliação ecocardiográfica tridimensional

Mulher de 70 anos, com antecedentes de diabetes mellitus e hipertensão arterial sistêmica, em acompanhamento ambulatorial por anemia crônica após cirurgia corretiva de angiodisplasia de jejuno proximal, apresentou imagem de mixoma em átrio esquerdo em exame ecocardiográfico transtorácico de rotina. Foi submetida a investigação ecocardiográfica transesofágica multiplanar e a estudo ecocardiográfico tridimensional. O ecocardiograma tridimensional propiciou melhor detalhamento anatômico da tumoração. A paciente foi submetida a exérese da massa, com confirmação anatomopatológica. O ecocardiograma tridimensional mostrou ser técnica que apresenta contribuição adicional à investigação diagnóstica das cardiopatias estruturais.

Artéria coronária única submetida a angioplastia com implante de Stent

Relatamos caso de rara anomalia de artéria coronária direita saindo do terço médio da artéria descendente anterior com lesão obstrutiva ateromatosa proximal, imediatamente antes da emergência da coronária direita. O paciente foi submetido a angioplastia com implante de Stent na descendente anterior com sucesso. Há relatos de apenas 7 casos desta anomalia de distribuição na literatura, porém nenhum com tratamento de revascularização percutânea.

Doença aterosclerótica difusa desmascarada pela avaliação fisiológica invasiva da circulação coronária

Sabe-se que a aterosclerose coronária é um processo difuso, pouco visível à angiografia. Este artigo descreve um paciente com angina estável, três meses após infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM), e uma lesão severa na artéria descendente anterior (ADA), evidenciada pela cinecoronariografia. A reserva de fluxo fracionada do miocárdio (FFR), obtida através de medidas pressóricas intracoronárias, foi 0,37 durante a hiperemia máxima, demonstrando claramente a existência de isquemia. Um stent foi implantado na ADA e, a despeito do excelente resultado angiográfico, a FFR pós-stent foi apenas 0,75, o limite mínimo abaixo do qual existe isquemia. Quando a corda guia pressórica (pressure wire - PW) foi lentamente recuada da porção distal da ADA para sua porção proximal, notou-se um aumento contínuo e gradativo na pressão intracoronária, o que indica claramente aterosclerose difusa e não estenose focal. Não se notava gradiente no local do stent. O paciente foi mantido em tratamento médico e permanece assintomático até o momento.

Avaliação tardia de endopróteses coronarianas com sirolimus: comparação da tomografia computadorizada por múltiplos detectores com a angiografia quantitativa e o ultra-som intracoronariano

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados da tomografia computadorizada por múltiplos detectores na avaliação dos resultados tardios de pacientes submetidos ao implante de endopróteses com sirolimus. MÉTODOS: Selecionamos 30 pacientes, previamente submetidos ao implante de stents com sirolimus com sucesso e com mais de seis meses de evolução. Todos foram submetidos à angiografia invasiva e ao ultra-som intravascular após a angiotomografia, feita com a injeção de 1,5 ml/kg de peso de meio de contraste iodado. RESULTADOS: A média dos diâmetros proximais de referência foi 3,01 ± 0,31 mm pela tomografia e 3,14 ± 0,31 mm pela angiografia (p = 0,04). Ao eliminarmos a artéria circunflexa da análise, a discrepância entre os dois exames deixou de ser significante -(tomografia= 3,01 ± 0,32 mm, angiografia= 3,10 ± 0,30 mm, p = 0,65). A média dos diâmetros distais de referência foi 2,86 ± 0,30 mm pela tomografia e 2,92 ± 0,32 pela angiografia (p = 0,25). A média do calibre mínimo no interior da endoprótese foi 2,85 ± 0,25 mm pela tomografia e 2,85 ± 0,29 mm angiografia (p = 0,27). A área de secção transversal mínima intra-stent foi 7,19 ± 1,47 mm² pela tomografia e 6,90 ± 1,52 mm² pelo ultra-som intracoronariano (p = 0,36), mas a correlação entre estas medidas era fraca (r= 0,33). CONCLUSÃO: A tomografia possibilita a avaliação qualitativa das endopróteses, a estimativa correta do diâmetro de referência proximal e distal dos vasos-alvo, além do calibre mínimo intra-stent. Sua correlação com as medidas feitas pelo ultra-som intracoronário, porém é menos intensa.

Dez anos de experiência com a operação de Ross

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados tardios de 10 anos com a operacão de Ross, analisando a sobrevida, incidência de reoperações e desempenho tardio do auto-enxerto pulmonar e homoenxerto da reconstrução da via de saída do ventrículo direito. MÉTODOS: Entre maio/1995 e fevereiro/2005, 227 pacientes com média de idade de 29,1±11 anos foram submetidos à operação de Ross. A etiologia prevalente foi a moléstia reumática em 61% dos casos. O auto-enxerto foi implantado com a técnica de substituição total da raiz em 202 casos, com cilindro intra-luminal em 20 e de forma subcoronariana em 5. A reconstrução da via de saída do ventrículo direito foi feita de forma convencional, com homoenxertos criopreservados (n= 160), com extensão proximal de pericárdio no homoenxerto (n= 41) e com homoenxertos decelularizados (n= 26). O tempo de seguimento pós-operatório variou de 1 - 118 meses ( média= 45,5 meses). RESULTADOS: A mortalidade imediata foi de 3,5% e a sobrevida tardia foi de 96,9%, aos 10 anos. Não houve episódio de tromboembolismo, constatando-se apenas dois casos de endocardite. Onze pacientes foram reoperados, por problemas envolvendo o auto e/ou homoenxerto, progressão de doença reumática mitral e insuficiência coronariana iatrogênica. Após 10 anos, 96,4% e 96,2% dos pacientes estavam livres de reoperação no auto-enxerto e no homoenxerto, respectivamente. Não foi observada dilatação tardia dos auto-enxertos.A reconstrução da via de saída do ventrículo direito com homoenxertos decelularizados diminuiu de forma significativa a incidência de gradientes tardios. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados tardios com a operação de Ross demonstraram excelente sobrevida tardia e baixa incidência de reoperações e morbidade tardia. Consideramos este procedimento a melhor opção no tratamento cirúrgico da valvopatia aórtica em crianças e adultos jovens.

Hematoma da aorta ascendente

É relatado o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino com idade de 71 anos, dando entrada no pronto-atendimento com palidez cutaneomucosa, acompanhada de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e dor torácica. Na investigação diagnóstica não foi evidenciada alteração compatível com isquemia miocárdica aguda. A radiografia de tórax evidenciava alargamento importante do mediastino. Ao ecocardiograma, a aorta ascendente media 47 mm, no nível do tronco pulmonar. Um dia após o eco, o paciente foi submetido a exame de ressonância magnética (RNM), quando se evidenciou aorta ascendente de 62 mm, sem evidenciar fluxo em falsa luz ou "flap" intimal, mas mostrando hematoma intramural da aorta ascendente, estendendo-se da raiz da aorta até um terço proximal do arco aórtico. Procedeu-se a correção cirúrgica, sendo realizada substituição da aorta ascendente e parte do arco aórtico (hemiarco), com preservação da valva aórtica pela suspensão das comissuras. Paciente evolui bem sem intercorrência, recebendo alta no nono dia de pós-operatório. Enfatizamos nesse relato de caso a semelhança do quadro clínico do hematoma intramural da aorta com o quadro de dissecção da aorta, a importância de se estabelecer diagnóstico correto e o melhor tratamento.