Seroepidemiological study of human cysticercosis with blood samples collected on filter paper, in Lages, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2004-2005

INTRODUCTION: Human serofrequency of antibodies against Taenia solium antigens was determined and risk factors for cysticercosis transmission were identified. METHODS: Individuals (n=878) from periurban and rural locations of Lages, SC, were interviewed to gather demographic, sanitary and health information. Interviews and blood sample collections by finger prick on Whatman filter paper were performed from August 2004 to May 2005. Observation determined that 850 samples were suitable for analysis and were tested by ELISA using vesicular fluid of Taenia crassiceps heterologous antigen. To ensure the reliability of the results, 77 samples of the dried blood were matched with sera. The reactive samples were submitted to a serum confirmatory immunoblot (IB) test using purified Taenia crassiceps glycoproteins. RESULTS: The ELISA results for the dried blood and serum samples were statistically consistent. ELISA was positive in 186 (21.9%) out of 850 individuals. A group of 213 individuals were asked to collect vein blood for IB (186 with positive result in ELISA and 27 with inappropriate whole blood samples) and 130 attended the request. The IB was positive in 29 (3.4%) out of 850 individuals. A significant correlation (p = 0.0364) was determined among individuals who tested positive in the IB assay who practiced both pig rearing and kitchen gardening. CONCLUSIONS: ELISA with dried blood eluted from filter paper was suitable for cysticercosis population surveys. In Lages, human infection was associated with pig rearing and kitchen gardening. The prevalence index was compatible with other Latin American endemic areas.

Factors of poor prognosis of visceral leishmaniasis among children under 12 years of age. A retrospective monocentric study in Belo Horizonte, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2001-2005

INTRODUTION: A major concern with the visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is its high lethality rate, even with proper treatment. Low age, prior malnutrition, disease duration prior to diagnosis, severe anemia, fever for more than 60 days, diarrhea and jaundice are known poor prognostic factors. The goals of this study are to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of VL among children under 12 years of age and to identify the factors associated with VL poor outcome. METHODS: Two hundred and fifty children under 12 years of age with confirmed VL admitted to Hospital João Paulo II (FHEMIG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil, between January 2001 and December 2005 were evaluated retrospectively. The primary outcome was the poor clinical evolution: sepsis, and/or pneumonia, and/or urinary tract infection, and/or of bleeding (expect epistaxis), and/or severe neutropenia (neutrophil < 500 cells/mm3). Odds ratio (crude and adjusted) and its 95% confidence interval for each variable were calculated. Values less than 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Average age was 3.3 years (3.6 months-11.6 years), 71.2% were younger than 5 years and 47.2% lived in Metropolitan Area of Belo Horizonte. The mean fatality rate was 3.6%. Sixty-six (26.4%) patients presented poor evolution. After a multivariate analysis, age <18 months, abnormal respiratory physical examination on hospital admission, and platelets <85,000/mm3 remained associated with increased chance of poor evolution. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that patients aged between 12 and 18 months, with platelet counts bellow 85,000/mm3, and respiratory abnormalities at admission should be considered potentially severe.

Spatial distribution of leprosy in areas of risk in Vitoria, State of Espirito Santo, Brazil, 2005 to 2009

Introduction Leprosy remains a relevant public health issue in Brazil. The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of new cases of leprosy and to detect areas with higher risks of disease in the City of Vitória. Methods The study was ecologically based on the spatial distribution of leprosy in the City of Vitória, State of Espírito Santo between 2005 and 2009. The data sources used came from the available records of the State Health Secretary of Espírito Santo. A global and local empirical Bayesian method was used in the spatial analysis to produce a leprosy risk estimation, and the fluctuation effect was smoothed from the detection coefficients. Results The study used thematic maps to illustrate that leprosy is distributed heterogeneously between the neighborhoods and that it is possible to identify areas with high risk of disease. The Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.926 (p = 0.001) for the Local Method indicated highly correlated coefficients. The Moran index was calculated to evaluate correlations between the incidences of adjoining districts. Conclusions We identified the spatial contexts in which there were the highest incidence rates of leprosy in Vitória during the studied period. The results contribute to the knowledge of the spatial distribution of leprosy in the City of Vitória, which can help establish more cost-effective control strategies because they indicate specific regions and priority planning activities that can interfere with the transmission chain.

Cladistic analysis of the Neotropical genera Cerqueirellum Py-Daniel, 1983, Coscaroniellum Py-Daniel, 1983 and Shelleyellum Py-Daniel & Pessoa, 2005 (Diptera: Simuliidae)

Females of simuliid black flies are haematophagous insects and vectors of several pathogenic agents of human diseases such as the filarial worms Mansonella ozzardi and Onchocerca volvulus. The genus Cerqueirellum is one of the most important groups of vectors of mansonellosis and onchocerciasis diseases in South America, and the genera Coscaroniellum and Shelleyellum are phylogenetically close to Cerqueirellum. There is not yet an agreement among authors about the generic classification of the species which compose these three genera, being all lumped by some taxonomists within Psaroniocompsa. A cladistic analysis of all species of Coscaroniellum, Cerqueirellum, and Shelleyellum, based on 41 morphological characters were done. Species closely related to Cerqueirellum were included in the analysis. The genera Cerqueirellum, Coscaroniellum and Shelleyellum were demonstrated as consistent basal entities and well-defined monophyletic clades.

A ocorrência de malária em quatro municípios do estado do Pará, de 1988 a 2005, e sua relação com o desmatamento

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a ocorrência de malária em quatro diferentes regiões representativas do estado do Pará, buscando suas possíveis relações com as taxas de desmatamento. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, com dados secundários, no período de 1988 a 2005, através de casos de malária registrados em quatro municípios do Estado (Anajás, Itaituba, Santana do Araguaia e Viseu), como também das taxas de desmatamento fornecidas pelo PRODES-INPE. Aplicou-se a técnica dos Quantis para se estabelecer cinco categorias ou classes de incidência da malária para cada município, sendo gerado posteriormente um IPA representativo para o Estado. De 1988 até 1994, as curvas de incidência de malária acompanham os números de desmatamento. A partir de 1995, evidenciaram-se anos consecutivos com altos índices de ocorrência da doença logo após os períodos de altas taxas de desmatamento, como registrado nos anos de 1995, 2000 e 2004. Percebeu-se que após a época de intenso desmatamento, os casos de malária variaram entre alto e muito alto no seu padrão de incidência, apontando que o desmatamento pode ser um fator de incremento na frequência e aumento no número de pessoas infectadas no estado do Pará.

Produção brasileira em periódicos psiquiátricos de alto fator de impacto em 2005

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a produção científica brasileira, no ano de 2005, nas 20 revistas de psiquiatria com maior fator de impacto (FI) segundo o Journal of Citation Report (JCR), 2004. MÉTODOS: Do total de 90 periódicos com FI variando de 11,207 até 0,13, selecionamos todos os artigos dos periódicos com FI acima do percentil 75 (n = 20). Avaliamos, entre esses artigos, quantos apresentavam pelo menos um autor brasileiro, quantos eram compostos por equipe exclusivamente brasileira ou tinham pelo menos o primeiro autor e/ou o autor sênior filiado à instituição nacional. Avaliamos também a respectiva distribuição das publicações por estados de acordo com a instituição de filiação do(s) autor(es). RESULTADOS: Entre 4.859 artigos avaliados, 54 (1,11%) tinham pelo menos um autor com afiliação a instituição brasileira e 22 tinham autor sênior brasileiro, excluindo-se as 32 publicações compostas exclusivamente por pesquisadores brasileiros. Ao se determinar a distribuição, por estados, da instituição de pesquisa à qual está(ão) vinculado(s) o(s) autor(res) brasileiro(s), São Paulo, com 34 publicações (55,73%), ficou na primeira posição, com predominância absoluta do eixo Sudeste-Sul (96,72%). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de as publicações brasileiras em psiquiatria terem apresentado aparente crescimento quantitativo e qualitativo, a produção científica da área é ainda pequena e altamente concentrada em alguns poucos estados.

Prevalência de suicídio no Sul do Brasil, 2001-2005

OBJETIVO: Descrever e avaliar a incidência de suicídio em indivíduos procedentes da Associação dos Municípios da Região de Laguna (Amurel), no período de 2001 a 2005. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com coleta de dados no Instituto Médico Legal (IML) de Tubarão, referentes a todos os óbitos ocorridos entre 2001 e 2005, que tiveram como causa de morte o suicídio. Para todos os casos inclusos no estudo, os dados foram retirados dos prontuários do IML por meio do preenchimento de uma ficha de dados. RESULTADOS: A idade média dos suicidas pesquisados ficou em 44 anos, com predomínio do sexo masculino (79,6%). A maioria dos casos não tinha união estável (38,8%) e utilizou com mais freqüência o enforcamento como método, com 68,4% dos óbitos. As profissões mais comuns entre os suicidas foram os serviços gerais e agricultores. A cidade com mais incidência foi Grão Pará com coeficiente de 20,2. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se que a incidência da região de Amurel está dentro das estatísticas catarinenses com coeficiente de 7,9. O principal método para cometer o suicídio foi o enforcamento, e os homens se matam quase quatro vezes mais que as mulheres.