TcruziDB, an Integrated Database, and the WWW Information Server for the Trypanosoma cruzi Genome Project

Data analysis, presentation and distribution is of utmost importance to a genome project. A public domain software, ACeDB, has been chosen as the common basis for parasite genome databases, and a first release of TcruziDB, the Trypanosoma cruzi genome database, is available by ftp from ftp://iris.dbbm.fiocruz.br/pub/genomedb/TcruziDB as well as versions of the software for different operating systems (ftp://iris.dbbm.fiocruz.br/pub/unixsoft/). Moreover, data originated from the project are available from the WWW server at http://www.dbbm.fiocruz.br. It contains biological and parasitological data on CL Brener, its karyotype, all available T. cruzi sequences from Genbank, data on the EST-sequencing project and on available libraries, a T. cruzi codon table and a listing of activities and participating groups in the genome project, as well as meeting reports. T. cruzi discussion lists (tcruzi-l@iris.dbbm.fiocruz.br and tcgenics@iris.dbbm.fiocruz.br) are being maintained for communication and to promote collaboration in the genome project

On a New Species of Hysterothylacium (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from Cauque mauleanum (Pisces: Atherinidae) by Brightfield and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Hysterothylacium geschei n. sp. (Nematoda, Anisakidae) is described from the intestine of Cauque mauleanum (Steindachner) (Pisces: Atherinidae) from Lake Panguipulli (39º43'S; 72º13'W), Chile. Eleven (78.6%) out of 14 fish were infected, with a mean intensity (range) of 14.4 (1-55) worms. The new species can be differentiated from the two previously described species of freshwater fishes from South America by the presence of lateral alae, the number of caudal papillae, and the length of the spicules, oesophagus, intestinal caecum, distance vulva-anterior extremity and the length ratio intestinal caecum: ventricular appendix. From the fishes examined in Lake Panguipulli, including the introduced salmonid species Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) and the authochthonous species Basilichthys australis Eigenmann (Atherinidae) and Percichthys trucha (Valenciennes) (Percichthyidae), only one specimen of P. trucha was found parasitized by a third-stage larva of this species.

Association of Lutzomyia columbiana (Diptera: Psychodidae) with a Leishmaniasis Focus in Colombia Due to Species of the Leishmania mexicana Complex

In Colombia, Leishmania mexicana has a scattered geographical distribution and no sand fly vectors have been associated with its transmission. During the present study, the anthropophilic sand fly Lutzomyia columbiana was found to be the only species collected using diverse methods, in a small focus of Le. mexicana in the municipality of Samaniego, SW Colombia. Ecological data indicate that this sand fly species is present in both peri and intradomestic habitats, where it readily bites man. Further evidence comes from experimental itnfections of wild-caught Lu. columbiana with Le. mexicana after feeding on itnfected hamsters. Based on these results, it is suggested that this sand fly is the most likely vector in the study area, suggesting the existence of a previously unknown sand fly-parasite association.

An ocellar "pupil" that does not change with light intensity, but with the insect age in Triatoma infestans

The simple eyes (ocelli) of recently emerged adult Triatoma infestans exhibit a narrow elongated "pupil", surrounded by a ring of brown-reddish pigment, the "iris". This pupil does not respond to changes in the illumination, but varies in size after the imaginal ecdysis. This change corresponds, internally, with the growth of the corneal lens and the associated retina up to an age of about 20 days. This has not been previously observed in an insect. The use of this characteristic for recognising young adults of this species is suggested.

Genetic diversity of Colombian sylvatic Trypanosoma cruzi isolates revealed by the ribosomal DNA

American trypanosomiasis is a common zoonosis in Colombia and Trypanosoma cruzi presents a wide distribution throughout the country. Although some studies based on enzyme electrophoresis profiles have described the population structure of the parasite, very few molecular analyses of genotipic markers have been conducted using Colombian strains. In this study, we amplified the non-transcribed spacer of the mini-gene by PCR, typing the isolates as T. cruzi I, T. cruzi zymodeme 3 or T. rangeli. In addition, the internal transcribed spacers of the ribosomal gene concomitant with the 5.8S rDNA were amplified and submitted to restriction fragment polymorphism analysis. The profiles were analyzed by a numerical methodology generating a phenetic dendrogram that shows heterogeneity among the T. cruzi isolates. This finding suggests a relationship between the complexity of the sylvatic transmission cycle in Colombia and the diversity of the sylvan parasites.

Species distribution and antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida spp. bloodstream isolates from Latin American hospitals

From March 1999 to March 2000, we conducted a prospective multicenter study of candidemia involving five tertiary care hospitals from four countries in Latin America. Yeast isolates were identified by classical methods and the antifungal susceptibility profile was determined according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards microbroth assay method. During a 12 month-period we were able to collect a total of 103 bloodstream isolates of Candida spp. C. albicans was the most frequently isolated species accounting for 42% of all isolates. Non-albicans Candida species strains accounted for 58% of all episodes of candidemia and were mostly represented by C. tropicalis (24.2%) and C. parapsilosis (21.3%). It is noteworthy that we were able to identify two cases of C. lusitaniae from different institutions. In our casuistic, non-albicans Candida species isolates related to candidemic episodes were susceptible to fluconazole. Continuously surveillance programs are needed in order to identify possible changes in the species distribution and antifungal susceptibility patterns of yeasts that may occurs after increasing the use of azoles in Latin American hospitals.

The involvement of tetA and tetE tetracycline resistance genes in plasmid and chromosomal resistance of Aeromonas in Brazilian strains

This study analyzed the involvement of tetA and tetE genes in the tetracycline resistance of 16 strains of genus Aeromonas, isolated from clinical and food sources. Polymerase chain reactions revealed that 37.5% of the samples were positive for tetA, and also 37.5% were tetE positive. One isolate was positive for both genes. Only the isolate A. caviae 5.2 had its resistance associated to the presence of a plasmid, pSS2. The molecular characterization of pSS2 involved the construction of its restriction map and the determination of its size. The digestion of pSS2 with HindIII originated two fragments (A and B) that were cloned separately into the pUC18 vector. The tetA gene was shown to be located on the HindIII-A fragment by PCR. After transforming a tetracycline-sensitive strain with pSS2, the transformants expressed the resistance phenotype and harbored a plasmid whose size was identical to that of pSS2. The results confirmed the association between pSS2 and the tetracycline resistance phenotype, and suggest a feasible dissemination of tetA and tetE among strains of Aeromonas. This study suggests the spreading tetA and tetE genes in Aeromonas in Brazil and describes a resistance plasmid that probably contributes to the dissemination of the resistance.

Lepromatous leprosy patients produce antibodies that recognise non-bilayer lipid arrangements containing mycolic acids

Non-bilayer phospholipid arrangements are three-dimensional structures that form when anionic phospholipids with an intermediate structure of the tubular hexagonal phase II are present in a bilayer of lipids. Antibodies that recognise these arrangements have been described in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome and/or systemic lupus erythematosus and in those with preeclampsia; these antibodies have also been documented in an experimental murine model of lupus, in which they are associated with immunopathology. Here, we demonstrate the presence of antibodies against non-bilayer phospholipid arrangements containing mycolic acids in the sera of lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients, but not those of healthy volunteers. The presence of antibodies that recognise these non-bilayer lipid arrangements may contribute to the hypergammaglobulinaemia observed in LL patients. We also found IgM and IgG anti-cardiolipin antibodies in 77% of the patients. This positive correlation between the anti-mycolic-non-bilayer arrangements and anti-cardiolipin antibodies suggests that both types of antibodies are produced by a common mechanism, as was demonstrated in the experimental murine model of lupus, in which there was a correlation between the anti-non-bilayer phospholipid arrangements and anti-cardiolipin antibodies. Antibodies to non-bilayer lipid arrangements may represent a previously unrecognised pathogenic mechanism in LL and the detection of these antibodies may be a tool for the early diagnosis of LL patients.

Significados atribuídos por puérperas às síndromes hipertensivas da gravidez e nascimento prematuro

Este estudo objetivou compreender os significados de puérperas sobre as síndromes hipertensivas da gravidez que tiveram como consequência o parto pré-termo. Participaram 70 mulheres com idade média de 28 anos e para 85,7% delas o parto ocorreu entre 32 e 36 semanas de gestação. Foi aplicado um questionário com questões subjetivas, com a finalidade de identificar os significados das síndromes hipertensivas da gravidez e do parto prematuro para puérperas. Os resultados foram analisados com base no referencial teórico metodológico da Teoria das Representações Sociais. Evidenciou-se a construção de uma representação social de caráter negativo, que teve como núcleo central a morte e como periféricos os aspectos negativos decorrentes dos riscos aos quais estiveram expostos mãe e feto durante a gravidez e o parto e, posteriormente, no período puerperal, com a hospitalização do filho na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal.

Biological cycle of Tenuipalpus heveae Baker (Acari, Tenuipalpidae) on leaflets of three rubber tree clones

Life cycle of Tenuipalpus heveae Baker (Acari, Tenuipalpidae) on leaflets from three rubber tree clones. The biological cycle of Tenuipalpus heveae Baker, 1945 (Tenuipalpidae), a potential rubber tree pest mite, was studied by the observation of individuals reared on leaflets of the clones GT 1, PB 235 and RRIM 600, in controlled environmental conditions. Three daily observations were done of 60 eggs on leaflets from each clone in order to verify the development of immature stages and the female oviposition. The fertility life table was constructed based in the collected data. Mites reared on PB 235 had faster rate of development, requiring less time in days, to double its population in number (TD), and had the highest values for egg production, female longevity, net reproductive rate (Ro), intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m) and finite rate of increase (λ). Lower reproductive values and the longest time necessary to reach adult stage were recorded for the mites on GT 1. In all studied clones, the deutonymphal phase had the highest viability, while the larval phase had the lowest, highlighted by the survivorship curve that indicated high mortality during this life stage. The clone PB 235 allowed the most suitable conditions for the development of T. heveae, followed by RRIM 600, while GT 1 was the less suitable substratum to rear this mite species.

Avaliação de atributos de Latossolo Bruno e de Terra Bruna Estruturada da região de Guarapuava, Paraná, por meio de sua energia refletida

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar espectralmente amostras de Latossolo Bruno e Terra Bruna Estruturada, provenientes de rochas vulcânicas ácidas na região Centro Sul do estado do Paraná, nas profundidades de 0-20 e 40-60 cm. Foram realizadas a caracterização, discriminação e previsão dos atributos desses solos por meio de sua energia refletida, obtidas em laboratório, pelo sensor IRIS, na faixa espectral de 400 a 2.500 nm. Foi possível discriminar os solos pela intensidade de reflectância e feições de absorção, apesar de apresentarem altos teores de óxidos de ferro, matéria orgânica e textura muito argilosa. A análise discriminante foi 100% eficiente na separação dos solos por sua energia refletida. A gibbsita, a matéria orgânica, a CTC e a tonalidade e a intensidade da cor foram os atributos dos solos que apresentaram equações múltiplas com coeficientes de correlação mais elevados, para sua previsão, por meio da energia refletida.

Atributos químicos e físicos de um cambissolo háplico Tb distrófico sob diferentes usos na Zona da Mata Mineira

O conhecimento de atributos químicos e físicos de solos nos mares de morros pode fornecer importantes subsídios ao planejamento sustentável dos seus recursos naturais. Nesse sentido, realizou-se a caracterização química e física de um Cambissolo Háplico Tb distrófico sob diferentes usos, no município de Visconde do Rio Branco, na Zona da Mata mineira. Foram avaliadas áreas com seringueira, laranja, cana, pastagem e mata. Seringueira, laranja e pastagem estão instaladas há 15 anos, e a cana, há 1,5 ano, sendo antes pastagem. Todos os usos agrícolas tiveram histórico com cana por aproximadamente 100 anos. A amostragem foi realizada em trincheiras, com três repetições, nas profundidades de 0 a 20 e 20 a 40 cm. Foram analisados as seguintes propriedades químicas: matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), pH em H2O, P, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Al3+, H + Al, SB, CTC efetiva (t), CTC a pH 7,0 (T), V, m e P-rem. As propriedades físicas analisadas foram: granulometria, densidade de partículas, densidade do solo, porosidade total, curva de retenção de água, resistência do solo à penetração e estabilidade de agregados em água, bem como as relações capacidade de água disponível/porosidade total (CAD/PT) e água retida na capacidade de campo/porosidade total (CC/PT). Os resultados demonstraram que o solo, em todos os usos, apresenta baixa fertilidade e caráter distrófico, com Al3+ dominando o complexo de troca, com exceção do solo sob cana, que apresenta fertilidade média e teores negligenciáveis de Al3+ trocável no complexo de troca. O uso agrícola do solo reduziu a MOS. As características físicas nos usos com seringueira e cana assemelharam-se às da mata, ao passo que laranja e pastagem mostraram degradação física, evidenciada pelos maiores valores de densidade e resistência do solo à penetração, e redução do espaço poroso e da estabilidade de agregados em água.

Propriedades físicas e químicas do solo em áreas com sistemas produtivos e mata na região da Zona da Mata mineira

Tendo em vista o potencial de produção e a extensão de área que ocupam os Latossolos, é de grande interesse estabelecer sistemas de manejo que não modifiquem o solo de forma a comprometer sua sustentabilidade. Nesse sentido, avaliaram-se as alterações em propriedades físicas e químicas de um Latossolo sob diferentes sistemas agrícolas na Zona da Mata mineira. Foram avaliadas áreas sob laranja, cana, pastagem e mata: as de laranja e pastagem têm mais de 20 anos de uso; a de cana é anterior (100 anos). A cana é remanescente de uso histórico por aproximadamente 120 anos. A amostragem foi realizada em trincheiras, nas profundidades de 0,0 a 0,2 e 0,2 a 0,4 m. Foram analisadas as características químicas: matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), pH em H2O, P disponível, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Al3+, H + Al, soma de bases (SB), CTC efetiva e total (t) e saturação por bases (V), e P-remanescente. As características físicas analisadas foram: textura, densidade de partículas, densidade do solo, porosidade total, curva de retenção de água, resistência do solo à penetração e estabilidade de agregados em água, bem como a relação capacidade de campo/porosidade total (CC/PT). Para análise dos dados, consideraram-se os usos agrícolas como tratamentos, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, na análise de variância de cada profundidade separadamente. Os sistemas agrícolas com laranjeira e canavial melhoraram a condição química do solo, aumentando os teores de nutrientes e diminuindo o Al3+ do complexo de troca, porém apresentaram redução dos teores de MOS e níveis intermediários de degradação física. O sistema com pastagem apresentou baixa fertilidade e caráter distrófico, redução acentuada do teor de MOS e degradação física mais avançada, evidenciada pelo aumento da densidade do solo e resistência à penetração, bem como redução da porosidade total e da estabilidade de agregados.

Deficiency symptoms and uptake of micronutrients by castor bean grown in nutrient solution

Castor bean is a nutrient-demanding species, but there is still little information on its micronutrient requirements. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of levels of B (2.5, 12.5 and 25.0 µmol L-1), Cu (0.05, 0.25 and 0.50 µmol L-1), Mn (0.2, 1.0 and 2.0 µmol L-1) and Zn (0.2, 1.0 and 2.0 µmol L-1) in a nutrient solution on plant B, Cu, Mn and Zn concentrations and uptake, vegetative growth and fruit yield of castor bean "Iris", grown in greenhouse. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with three replicates. The first deficiency symptoms were observed for B, followed by Zn, Cu and Mn. The main changes in the cell ultrastructure due to lack of B were thickening of the cell walls and middle lamellae, distorted chloroplasts and tightly stacked thylakoids, besides the absence of starch grains. The Mn, Zn and Cu deficiencies led to disruption of chloroplasts, disintegration of thylakoids and absence of amyloplasts. The concentration and uptake of B, Cu, Mn, and Zn in castor bean plants increased with micronutrient supply in the solution. Fruit yield was drastically reduced by B and Mn deficiencies. On the other hand, the dry matter yield of the shoot and root of castor bean plants was not. In the treatment with full nutrient solution, the leaves accumulated 56 and 48 % of the total B and Mn taken up by the plants, respectively, and the seeds and roots 85 and 61 % of the total Cu and Zn taken up, respectively. This shows the high demand of castor bean Iris for B and Mn for fruit yield.