Experiências terapêuticas com a alfa-6-deoxi-5-oxitetraciclina (doxiclina): um nôvo antibiótico de largo espectro

A Doxiciclina, um nôvo antibiótico derivado da oxitetraciclina, foi administrada a 54 pacientes, 16 com diversas entidades infecciosas, 18 portadores de Staphylococcus aureus e 20 portadores de Streptococcus beta haemolyticus. O medicamento, que foi empregado em dose única diária, por via oral, durante períodos variáveis de acôrdo com a entidade clínica e com a evolução do caso, mostrou-se de excelente tolerância e de grande eficiência, particularmente nas infecções por Staphylococcus aureus e Streptococcus beta haemolyticus que representam a maior incidência desta casuística.

Ensaios terapêuticos com um nôvo antibiótico - laurilsulfato de tetraciclina (lauraciclina)

Os autores apresentam a sua experiência com um nôvo antibiótico de ação prolongada quando injetável - o Laurilsulfato de Tetraciclina. O medicamento foi usado em 30 pacientes; 16 com diversas entidades infecciosas nos quais a droga foi usada por via intramuscular em 15 dêles, e 14 outros portadores de germes patogênicos (Streptococcus beta haemolyticus) do orofaringe, em que o medicamento foi usado por via oral na tentativa de erradicação desses germes. A medicação injetável foi usada em doses variáveis de 5 a 15mg/kg/dia, em uma ou duas aplicações diárias durante 4 a 14 dias de acôrdo com a gravidade e tipo da infecção. Os portadores de germes no orofaringe (crianças de 6 a 11 anos) foram tratados com o medicamento, por via oral, na dose aproximada de 10 mg/kg/dia durante 10 dias. O medicamento foi bem tolerado, referindo-se apenas dor no local da injeção e um caso de manifestação cutânea (rash) relacionados com o emprêgo da droga. Baseados nestes estudos, os autores concluem que a Lauraciclina apresenta-se com o mesmo espectro de ação das demais tetraciclinas, com a possibilidade de aplicação a intervalos maiores devido à sua ação prolongada.

Aspectos dos líquidos cefalorraquidianos nas meningites bacterianas

Foram colhidos 1815 líquidos cefalorraquidianôs de doentes internados com meningite, no Hospital Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, durante os meses de maio a outubro de 1989. Neisseria meningitidis 56%, dos quais 44% do tipo B; Haemophilus influenzae 17%, sendo 72 % isoladas de neonatos até 3 anos; Streptococcus pneumoniae 14%, dos quais 60% isolados de recém nascidos a 1 ano de idade. O estudo citoquímico liquórico mostrou: celularidade: global > 500cel/mm³ e específica > 70%; proteínas > 90mg/dl e glicose < 45mg/dl em 90% e celularidade < 500cel/mm³ entre 2 a 6% nos três tipos de meningites avaliadas. A bacterioscopia e o citoquímico Uquóricos foram decisivos na orientação da cultura epreditivos no diagnóstico etiológico dessas meningites (Teste de Goodman).

Atividade antimicrobiana, antiaderente e antifúngica in vitro de plantas medicinais brasileiras sobre microrganismos do biofilme dental e cepas do gênero Candida

Avaliou-se in vitro a atividade antimicrobiana, antifúngica e antiaderente da aroeira-do-sertão, malva e goiabeira sobre microrganismos do biofilme dental e candidose oral. Os extratos mostraram-se eficazes, inibindo o crescimento das bactérias do biofilme dental e fungos da candidose oral, sugerindo a utilização dessas plantas como meio alternativo na terapêutica odontológica.

Formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) como vetores de bactérias em dois hospitais do município de Divinópolis, Estado de Minas Gerais

A presença de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) em ambientes hospitalares pode constituir um problema de saúde pública, especialmente por serem vetores mecânicos de organismos patogênicos. O trabalho teve como objetivo realizar o levantamento de formigas e analisar a presença de bactérias a elas associadas em dois hospitais regionais de médio porte da cidade de Divinópolis, MG. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente, durante um período de seis meses. Foram coletadas formigas Pheidole sp1 e sp2, Linepithema humile, Wasmannia auropunctata, Camponotus sp1 e sp2, Odontomachus sp, Solenopsis sp, Acromyrmex sp e Tapinoma melenocephalum. Observou-se que estas transportavam mecanicamente Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus patogênico e não patogênico e Escherichia coli. Tais resultados evidenciam a propensão à ocorrência de infecções hospitalares nesses locais pela transmissão mecânica de agentes patogênicos por formigas.

Epidemiological profile of acute bacterial meningitis in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) remains a public health problem in Brazil. To evaluate the epidemiology of ABM cases at Giselda Trigueiro Hospital, Rio Grande do Norte, a descriptive retrospective survey was conducted covering 2005 to 2008. METHODS: Clinical and laboratory data were collected from the epidemiology department of the hospital and analyzed. RESULTS: Out of 168 ABM cases, 24.4%, 10.7%, and 2.4% were, respectively, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenza b, and 5.4% by other bacteria. The mean age was 22.48 ± 18.7 years old. CONCLUSIONS: Streptococcus pneumoniae was the main causative pathogen in the young urban population.

Performance of the Vitek 2 system software version 5.03 in the bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test: evaluation study of clinical and reference strains of Gram-positive cocci

Introduction. The genera Enterococcus, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are recognized as important Gram-positive human pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of Vitek 2 in identifying Gram-positive cocci and their antimicrobial susceptibilities. Methods. One hundred four isolates were analyzed to determine the accuracy of the automated system for identifying the bacteria and their susceptibility to oxacillin and vancomycin. Results. The system correctly identified 77.9% and 97.1% of the isolates at the species and genus levels, respectively. Additionally, 81.8% of the Vitek 2 results agreed with the known antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Conclusion. Vitek 2 correctly identified the commonly isolated strains; however, the limitations of the method may lead to ambiguous findings.

Streptococcal acute pharyngitis

Acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis, which is characterized by inflammation of the posterior pharynx and tonsils, is a common disease. Several viruses and bacteria can cause acute pharyngitis; however, Streptococcus pyogenes (also known as Lancefield group A β-hemolytic streptococci) is the only agent that requires an etiologic diagnosis and specific treatment. S. pyogenes is of major clinical importance because it can trigger post-infection systemic complications, acute rheumatic fever, and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Symptom onset in streptococcal infection is usually abrupt and includes intense sore throat, fever, chills, malaise, headache, tender enlarged anterior cervical lymph nodes, and pharyngeal or tonsillar exudate. Cough, coryza, conjunctivitis, and diarrhea are uncommon, and their presence suggests a viral cause. A diagnosis of pharyngitis is supported by the patient's history and by the physical examination. Throat culture is the gold standard for diagnosing streptococcus pharyngitis. However, it has been underused in public health services because of its low availability and because of the 1- to 2-day delay in obtaining results. Rapid antigen detection tests have been used to detect S. pyogenes directly from throat swabs within minutes. Clinical scoring systems have been developed to predict the risk of S. pyogenes infection. The most commonly used scoring system is the modified Centor score. Acute S. pyogenes pharyngitis is often a self-limiting disease. Penicillins are the first-choice treatment. For patients with penicillin allergy, cephalosporins can be an acceptable alternative, although primary hypersensitivity to cephalosporins can occur. Another drug option is the macrolides. Future perspectives to prevent streptococcal pharyngitis and post-infection systemic complications include the development of an anti-Streptococcus pyogenes vaccine.

Aerobic bacterial profile and antibiotic resistance in patients with diabetic foot infections

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine the frequencies of bacterial isolates cultured from diabetic foot infections and assess their resistance and susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics.METHODS: This prospective study included 41 patients with diabetic foot lesions. Bacteria were isolated from foot lesions, and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and/or broth method [minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)].RESULTS: The most common location of ulceration was the toe (54%), followed by the plantar surface (27%) and dorsal portion (19%). A total of 89 bacterial isolates were obtained from 30 patients. The infections were predominantly due to Gram-positive bacteria and polymicrobial bacteremia. The most commonly isolated Gram-positive bacteria were Staphylococcus aureus, followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The most commonly isolated Gram-negative bacteria were Proteus spp. and Enterobacterspp., followed by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonasspp., and Citrobacterspp. Nine cases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) had cefoxitin resistance, and among these MRSA isolates, 3 were resistant to vancomycin with the MIC technique. The antibiotic imipenem was the most effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and gentamicin was effective against Gram-negative bacteria.CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirmed the high prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens in diabetic foot ulcers. It is necessary to evaluate the different microorganisms infecting the wound and to know the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates from the infected wound. This knowledge is crucial for planning treatment with the appropriate antibiotics, reducing resistance patterns, and minimizing healthcare costs.

Síndromes neuropsiquiátricas pós-estreptocócicas

Nesta revisão narrativa, o nosso objetivo foi descrever as síndromes neuropsiquiátricas pós-estreptocócicas e discuti-las à luz das evidências científicas atuais sobre os possíveis mecanismos patogenéticos envolvidos. Nos últimos anos, uma série de distúrbios do movimento, como tiques, distonia, parkinsonismo, e transtornos psiquiátricos, como o transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo (TOC) e o transtorno de hiperatividade com déficit de atenção (THDA), vem sendo considerada parte do espectro das manifestações pós-estreptocócicas. O termo PANDAS (acrônimo do inglês: pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcus) foi inclusive cunhado para descrever um subgrupo de pacientes com TOC e tiques que exibe flutuação clínica dos sintomas associada a infecção estreptocócica. Entretanto a análise crítica das evidências clinicolaboratoriais não apóia esse espectro ampliado das manifestações pós-estreptocócicas. Apenas na coréia de Sydenham há evidências consistentes de patogênese mediada por processo auto-imune pós-estreptocócico.

A study of infectious endocarditis in Ribeirão Preto, SP - Brazil. Analysis of cases occurring between 1992 and 1997

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical aspects causes and evolution of infectious endocarditis. METHODS: The patients analyzed were treated at the University Hospital of the Faculdade de Medicina of Ribeirão Preto-USP and had a diagnosis of infectious endocarditis defined by Duke's criteria, which classifies infectious endocarditis as native, prosthetic valve or that occurring in intravenous drug users. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty episodes of infectious endocarditis in 168 patients were observed. Echocardiograms in 132 (73.3%) provided a diagnosis of infectious endocarditis in 111 (84%) patients; mitral valves were affected in 55 (30.5%), tricuspid valves in 30 (16.6%) and the aortic valve in 28 (15.5%) patients. Hemocultures were performed in 148 (93.8%) episodes of IE. The most commonly isolated infectious organisms were Staphylococcus aureus in 46 (27.2%) patients and Streptococcus viridans in 27 (15.9%). Complications occurred in 116 (64.4%) patients and 73 (40.5%) of the patients died. CONCLUSION: The general profile of the observed infectious endocarditis was similar to that reported in studies performed in other countries and included users of intravenous drugs. The high degree of mortality observed is not compatible with progress in diagnosis and treatment of infectious endocarditis and is probably due to the absence of diagnostic suspicion. The high frequency of fatal cases of septicemia (45.1% of deaths) in the patients studied indicates that unnoticed cases of infectious endocarditis had only been diagnosed at necropsy.

Pneumococcal endocarditis of subacute evolution

With the development of penicillin, Streptococcus pneumoniae has become an uncommon cause of bacterial endocarditis in adults. Subacute manifestation of pneumococcal endocarditis has been reported a few times in the literature, but most reports define the disease as acute, severe, and having a high mortality rate. We report the case of a 58-year-old male with subacute bacterial endocarditis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. We stress the low frequency of this agent as a cause of endocarditis and the atypical evolution of this case. The pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and evolution, and the therapeutical options for this type of infection are also discussed.

Multiple Embolism in a Female Patient with Infective Endocarditis: Low Back Pain and Hematuria as the Initial Clinical Manifestations

A 59-year-old female patient with mitral valve prolapse and a previous history of lumbosacral spondyloarthrosis and lumbar disk hernia had an episode of infective endocarditis due to Streptococcus viridans, which evolved with peripheral embolism to the left kidney, spleen, and left iliac artery, and intraventricular cerebral hemorrhage. Her clinical manifestations were low back pain and hematuria, which were initially attributed to an osteoarticular condition. Infective endocarditis is a severe polymorphic disease with multiple clinical manifestations and it should always be included in the differential diagnosis by clinicians.

Tratamento ambulatorial da endocardite bacteriana estreptocócica

A endocardite bacteriana é uma grave doença infecciosa cujo tratamento é tradicionalmente feito com o paciente internado. recebendo medicação intravenosa. A possibilidade de tratamento domiciliar ou ambulatorial. em casos estritamente selecionados. é atraente tanto do ponto de vista social quanto do econômico. Apresentamos o relato de 6 pacientes com diagnóstico de endocardite bacteriana por Streptococcus. tratados parcial ou integralmente em regime ambulatorial. Todos evoluíram sem complicações e com resolução completa do quadro infeccioso.

Síndrome de Austrian

Neste relato, é descrito o caso de um paciente masculino, 64 anos, sem história de etilismo, que se apresentou com a Tríade de Osler, que consiste no desenvolvimento de endocardite, pneumonia e meningite, por um mesmo agente. A síndrome é denominada síndrome de Austrian, quando a infecção for por Streptococcus pneumoniae. Serão discutidas as manifestações clínicas, fisiopatológicas e a terapêutica mais adequada para esse quadro. Tendo em vista a raridade do caso e a elevada morbimortalidade, serão enfatizadas a importância do diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento adequado, visando reduzir as complicações inerentes a essa doença.