Preclinical evaluation of the antidiabetic effect of Eugenia jambolana seed powder in streptozotocin-diabetic rats

The world is facing an explosive increase in the incidence of diabetes mellitus and cost-effective complementary therapies are needed. The effects of Eugenia jambolana, a household remedy for diabetes, were studied. Streptozotocin diabetic female albino Wistar rats weighing 150-200 g (N = 6) were fed E. jambolana seed powder (250, 500 or 1000 mg/kg) for 15 days. Diabetic rats fed 500 and 1000 mg/kg seed powder showed an increase in body weight on day 20 in relation to day 5 (6 ± 4.7, 9 ± 7.8 vs diabetic control -16 ± 7.1 g, P < 0.001), a decrease in fasting blood glucose (75 ± 11.9, 123 ± 14.4 vs diabetic control -34 ± 12.1 mg/dl, P < 0.001), a difference in post-treatment fasting and peak blood glucose (38 ± 11.9, 36 ± 14.2 vs diabetic control 78 ± 11.9 mg/dl, P < 0.001), and a difference in liver glycogen (50 ± 6.8, 52 ± 7.5 vs normal control 90 ± 6.6 µg/g of liver tissue, P < 0.001). Tri-terpenoids, tannins, gallic acid, and oxalic acid were the chemical constituents detected in E. jambolana seed. The best results were obtained with an oral dose of 500 mg/kg. Subacute toxicity studies with a single administration of 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg seed powder showed no mortality or abnormality. These data on the antidiabetic effect of E. jambolana seed are adequate for approval of phase 2 clinical trials to evaluate this seed powder as complementary therapy in type 2 and type 1 diabetes.

The action of red wine and purple grape juice on vascular reactivity is independent of plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic patients

Although red wine (RW) reduces cardiovascular risk, the mechanisms underlying the effect have not been identified. Correction of endothelial dysfunction by RW flavonoids could be one mechanism. We measured brachial artery reactivity by high-resolution ultrasonography, plasma lipids, glucose, adhesion molecules (ICAM-1 and VCAM), and platelet function in 16 hypercholesterolemic individuals (8 men and 8 women; mean age 51.6 ± 8.1 years) without other risk factors. Twenty-four normal subjects were used as controls for vascular reactivity. Subjects randomly received RW, 250 ml/day, or purple grape juice (GJ), 500 ml/day, for 14 days with an equal wash-out period. At baseline, all 16 subjects were hypercholesterolemic (mean LDL = 181.0 ± 28.7 mg/dl) but HDL, triglycerides, glucose, adhesion molecules, and platelet function were within normal limits. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation was significantly decreased compared to controls (9.0 ± 7.1 vs 12.1 ± 4.5%; P < 0.05) and increased with both GJ (10.1 ± 7.1 before vs 16.9 ± 6.7% after: P < 0.05) and RW (10.1 ± 6.4 before vs 15.6 ± 4.6% after; P < 0.05). RW, but not GJ, also significantly increased endothelium-independent vasodilation (17.0 ± 8.6 before vs 23.0 ± 12.0% after; P < 0.01). GJ reduced ICAM-1 but not VCAM and RW had no effect on either molecule. No significant alterations were observed in plasma lipids, glucose or platelet aggregability with RW or GJ. Both RW and GJ similarly improved flow-mediated dilation, but RW also enhanced endothelium-independent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic patients despite the increased plasma cholesterol. Thus, we conclude that GJ may protect against coronary artery disease without the additional negative effects of alcohol despite the gender.

Coronary artery plaque burden and calcium scores in healthy men adhering to long-term wine drinking or alcohol abstinence

Observational studies suggest there are clinical benefits to moderate red wine (RW) consumption. However, the effects on coronary vasculature and overall lifestyle are unclear. We investigated whether a lifestyle of regular long-term RW consumption is associated with changes in coronary plaque burden, calcium score, carotid intima/media thickness, endothelial function, and metabolic variables, compared with alcohol abstinence. Healthy volunteers were evaluated by coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA) as well as carotid and brachial artery ultrasound. Nutritional status, psychological status, and metabolic variables were assessed. The study included 101 drinkers [aged 58.9±7.3 years (means±SD)], from wine brotherhoods, and 104 abstainers, from Anglican, Evangelical and Catholic churches both in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. No significant differences in demographics were noted. Lesion prevalence per patient assessed by coronary CTA and classified as absent (0), 1-25, 26-49, and ≥50% stenosis was similar between groups. When analyzed by individual arteries, i.e., left anterior descending, circumflex, and right coronary, prevalence was also not different. On the other hand, calcium scores were higher among drinkers than abstainers (144.4±362.2 vs 122.0±370.3; P<0.01). However, drinkers reported less history of diabetes and exercised more. RW drinkers consumed 2127.9±387.7 kcal/day while abstainers consumed 1836.0±305.0 (P<0.0001). HDL cholesterol was significantly higher among drinkers compared to abstainers (46.9±10.9 vs 39.5±9.0 mg/dL; P<0.001), while fasting plasma glucose was lower (97.6±18.2 vs 118.4±29.6 mg/dL; P<0.02). Liver enzymes were normal in both groups. In conclusion, long-term wine drinkers displayed a similar plaque burden but greater calcium score than abstainers, despite a more atherogenic diet, and the mechanisms for the increased calcium scores in the former remain speculative.

Voluntary exercise prior to traumatic brain injury alters miRNA expression in the injured mouse cerebral cortex

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may be important mediators of the profound molecular and cellular changes that occur after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the changes and possible roles of miRNAs induced by voluntary exercise prior to TBI are still not known. In this report, the microarray method was used to demonstrate alterations in miRNA expression levels in the cerebral cortex of TBI mice that were pretrained on a running wheel (RW). Voluntary RW exercise prior to TBI: i) significantly decreased the mortality rate and improved the recovery of the righting reflex in TBI mice, and ii) differentially changed the levels of several miRNAs, upregulating some and downregulating others. Furthermore, we revealed global upregulation of miR-21, miR-92a, and miR-874 and downregulation of miR-138, let-7c, and miR-124 expression among the sham-non-runner, TBI-non-runner, and TBI-runner groups. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction data (RT-qPCR) indicated good consistency with the microarray results. Our microarray-based analysis of miRNA expression in mice cerebral cortex after TBI revealed that some miRNAs such as miR-21, miR-92a, miR-874, miR-138, let-7c, and miR-124 could be involved in the prevention and protection afforded by voluntary exercise in a TBI model.

Hidrólise enzimática do óleo de pescado

O óleo de pescado tem sido alvo de várias pesquisas em função dos benefícios nutricionais dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados. Esse fato pode ser comprovado pelos estudos epidemiológicos que relacionam a baixa incidência de doenças cardiovasculares com o consumo de ácidos graxos n-3 (EPA-eicosapentaenóico e DHA-docosahexaenóico) provenientes de peixes marinhos. A obtenção de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados n-3 pode ser realizada por hidrólise enzimática. A hidrólise enzimática de óleos e gorduras, ou lipólise, é bem conhecida e vem sendo estudada para produzir ácidos graxos e modificar as gorduras por esterificação, transesterificação e interesterificação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a obtenção de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados por hidrólise enzimática do óleo de pescado industrial. A hidrólise de 1262,81 µmoles de óleo de pescado com lipase pancreática porcina (concentração de extrato enzimático de 7,647 mg.mL-1), 60 minutos, 38 °C, pH 8, tampão NH4Cl-NH4OH. Os produtos da hidrólise foram separados por cromatografia em coluna e caracterizados por cromatografia em camada delgada (TLC) e gasosa (GLC). A enzima apresentou uma atividade específica de 10,14 ± 0,15 UE.mg de proteínas-1 e com 60 minutos de reação se obteve 44,45% de hidrólise com 1865,76 ± 41,15 µmols de ácidos graxos. Foram identificados ácidos graxos livres, mono-acilgliceróis, di-acilgliceróis e tri-acilgliceróis. Na fração dos tri-acilgliceróis verificou-se um aumento de 46,14% e 40,23% de ácido araquidônico e eicosapentaenóico (EPA) respectivamente, enquanto que na fração monoacilglicerol um acréscimo de 96,96% e 52,55% de DPA e DHA.

Comportamento higroscópico do resíduo seco de camarão-rosa

Estudou-se o comportamento higroscópico do resíduo seco de camarão-rosa (Peneaus subtilis), o qual foi caracterizado como sendo rico em proteínas totais (42,59%) e resíduo mineral fixo (22,01%). Foram construídas isotermas de adsorção e dessorção de umidade a 10, 25, e 40 °C. Determinou-se o valor da monocamada e o calor de dessorção, e testou-se a aplicabilidade de treze modelos matemáticos na predição dos dados de sorção. O produto apresentou isotermas do Tipo II. Os dados de adsorção mostraram que para que o produto apresente estabilidade microbiológica (a w < 0,6), o resíduo seco necessitará estar com umidade inferior a 13,0 g H2O.100 g -1 b.s. na adsorção e 14,0 g H2O.100 g-1 b.s. na dessorção. Os valores da monocamada, para a dessorção, indicam que o resíduo não deve ser seco a níveis de umidade inferiores a 7,29 g H2O.100 g -1 b.s., para evitar gasto desnecessário de energia. Os calores de dessorção evidenciaram a não necessidade de grandes quantidades de energia para secar o resíduo até níveis de umidade que o tornem microbiologicamente estável (a w< 0,6). De acordo com os ajustes os modelos de Oswin e Halsey (bi-paramétricos) e GAB, BET modificada, Hailwood-Horrobin, Anderson, Anderson-Hall e Gascoyne-Pethig (tri-paramétricos), podem ser utilizados na predição das isotermas de sorção do resíduo.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de três cultivares de trigo submetidas à inoculação e diferentes tratamentos

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de trigo submetidas aos tratamentos com bioestimulante, triadimenol e Azospirillum brasilense. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, quatro repetições, esquema fatorial 3x8, três cultivares de trigo e oito tratamentos de sementes. As cultivares foram CD-150, CD-116 e CD-104, e os tratamentos foram obtidos da combinação entre: 150 g.L-1 de triadimenol (TRI); 90 mg.L-1 de cinetina + 50 mg.L-1 de ácido giberélico + 50 mg.L-1 de ácido indolbutírico (CGA) e estirpes Ab-V5 e Ab-V6 de A. brasilense na concentração de 2,0 x 10(8) células viáveis mL-1 (AZO), organizados da seguinte forma: testemunha; TRI; CGA; AZO; TRI+CGA; TRI+AZO; CGA+AZO e TRI+CGA+AZO. Foi avaliada a germinação e plântulas anormais (%); comprimento da parte aérea, hipocótilo e raiz; diâmetro do hipocótilo; número de raiz; massa seca da parte aérea e raiz, e a relação raiz/parte aérea. Os resultados evidenciaram que: os tratamentos não influenciaram a germinação; o bioestimulante e Azospirillum brasilense isolados ou em associação proporcionaram incrementos no desenvolvimento inicial de plântulas de trigo, e o triadimenol isolado ou associado com bioestimulante ou A. brasilense proporcionou menores valores de comprimento da parte aérea, hipocótilo, raiz e número de raiz, independente da cultivar testada.