Pulmonary manifestations in the initial phase of schistosomiasis mansoni

The clinical and radiological pulmonary manifestations in the initial phase of schistosomiasis mansoni were studied in thirty previously healthy individuals who were simultaneously infected. The findings were compared with those concerning a control group and related to possible pathogenetic factors. The respiratory manifestations were of light or of moderate intensity, the dry cough being the most common symptom. The significant radiological alterations were: thickening of bronchial walls and beaded micronodulation, predominantly localized in the lower pulmonary fields. It was observed significant association between wheezing and IgE levels, estimated by the area of immediate intradermal reaction, as well as between the number of blood eosinophils and the occurrence of radiological changes. Moreover, there was correlation between the worm burden and the presence of wheezing, thoracic pain and beaded micronodulation. Thus, the clinical and radiological pulmonary manifestations described are significant part of the initial phase of schistosomiasis mansoni and present the worm burden, eosinophilia and levels of IgE as probable pathogenetic factors.

Egg excretion in the initial phase of experimental murine schistosomiasis mansoni: stability and association with worm burden

Stability of faecal egg excretion and correlation with results related to worm burden at the initial phase of schistosomiasis mansoni were observed in two groups of mice infected with different Schistosoma mansoni cercarial burdens, by means of analysis of quantitative parasitological studies and schistosome counts after perfusion. Thus, it may be stated that few quantitative parasitological stool examinations could be sufficient to express the infection intensity at the initial phase, on the same grounds that it was already demonstrated at the chronic phase. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the use of the number of eggs passed in the faeces as a tool to estimate the worm burden at the initial phase of schistosome infection is adequate.

Impact of antihelminthic treatment on infection by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms in Covas, a rural community of Pernambuco, Brazil

This work aims to evaluate the impact of drug treatment on infection by Ascaris lumbricoides (Al), Trichuris trichiura (Tt) and hookworms (Hook) in a rural community from the sugar-cane zone of Pernambuco, Brazil. Four parasitological surveys were carried out from March 2001 to March 2002. Individual diagnosis was based on eight slides (four by the Kato-Katz method and four by the Hoffman method) per survey. Infected subjects were assigned to two groups for treatment with either albendazole (n = 62) or mebendazole (n = 57). Prevalence of infection fell significantly (p < 0.05) one month after treatment: Al (from 47.7% to 6.6%); Tt (from 45.7% to 31.8%) and Hook (from 47.7% to 24.5%). One year after treatment, infections by Tt and Hook remained significantly below pre-control levels. A substantial decrease in single-infection cases and multiple infections was found. Egg-negative rate was significant for Al (94.0%), Hook (68.3%) but not for Tt (45.5%), and did not differ significantly between subjects treated with mebendazole or albendazole. Egg counts fell significantly in the individuals remaining positive for Tt. It is recommended that antihelminthic treatment should be selective and given at yearly intervals preferably with albendazole, due to its cost-effectiveness.

Analysis of HIV- type 1 protease and reverse transcriptase in Brazilian children failing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotypic resistance profiles of HIV-1 in children failing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Forty-one children (median age = 67 months) receiving HAART were submitted to genotypic testing when virological failure was detected. cDNA was extracted from PBMCs and amplified by nested PCR for the reverse transcriptase and protease regions of the pol gene. Drug resistance genotypes were determined from DNA sequencing. According to the genotypic analysis, 12/36 (33.3%) and 6/36 (16.6%) children showed resistance and possible resistance, respectively, to ZDV; 5/36 (14%) and 4/36 (11.1%), respectively, showed resistance and possible resistance to ddI; 4/36 (11.1%) showed resistance to 3TC and D4T; and 3/36 (8.3%) showed resistance to Abacavir. A high percentage (54%) of children exhibited mutations conferring resistance to NNRTI class drugs. Respective rates of resistance and possible resistance to PIs were: RTV (12.2%, 7.3%); APV (2.4%, 12.1%); SQV(0%, 12.1%); IDV (14.6%, 4.9%), NFV (22%, 4.9%), LPV/RTV (2.4%, 12.1%). Overall, 37/41 (90%) children exhibited virus with mutations related to drug resistance, while 9% exhibited resistance to all three antiretroviral drug classes.

Melanoides tuberculatus (Gastropoda: Thiaridae) as intermediate host of Heterophyidae (Trematoda: Digenea) in Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area, Brazil

In the late 1960s, Melanoides tuberculatus snails were introduced in Brazil from North/East Africa and Southeast Asia. The first records of specimens infected with cercariae were registered in Rio de Janeiro State in 2001. The present study reports the occurrence of M. tuberculatus infected with larval trematodes in Rio de Janeiro City. Bottom sediment was collected with dip nets and sieved through 0.25 inch-mesh screening. Snails were transported to the laboratory in vials with stream water, then measured and individually isolated in glass vials with distilled water. They were exposed to artificial light and temperature to induce cercarial emergence. The most actively emerging cercariae were processed by differential staining and silver nitrate impregnation methods. Negative snails were subsequently dissected. Approximately 700 snails were collected. Snail total lengths ranged from 1.2 to 3.3 cm. The prevalence rate was 15.76% although 53.76% of the snails were found infected in one of the sites. Infected snails were infected with rediae and pleurolophocercous cercariae. Cercarial morphology and chaetotaxy were consistent with those of the family Heterophyidae mostly due to the presence of median dorsal and ventral fins on the tail and the absence of CI dorsal sensory receptors.

Neuroschistosomiasis due to Schistosoma mansoni: a review of pathogenesis, clinical syndromes and diagnostic approaches

Neuroschistosomiasis (NS) is the second most common form of presentation of infection by the trematode, Schistosoma mansoni. Granulomatous inflammatory reaction occurs as a result of schistosome eggs being transmitted to spinal cord or brain via the vascular system, or by inadvertent adult worm migration to these organs. The two main clinical syndromes are spinal cord neuroschistosomiasis (acute or subacute myelopathy) and localized cerebral or cerebellar neuroschistosomiasis (focal CNS impairment, seizures, increased intracranial pressure). Presumptive diagnosis of NS requires confirming the presence of S. mansoni infection by stool microscopy or rectal biopsy for trematode eggs, and serologic testing of blood and spinal fluid. The localized lesions are identified by signs and symptoms, and confirmed by imaging techniques (contrast myelography, CT and MRI). Algorithms are presented to allow a stepwise approach to diagnosis.

Profile of patients with Baggio-Yoshinari Syndrome admitted at "Instituto de Infectologia Emilio Ribas"

The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical and laboratorial profile of patients with Baggio-Yoshinari Syndrome (BYS), who underwent internment at the Instituto de Infectologia Emilio Ribas in São Paulo, Brazil, during the period from July 1990 to July 2006. BYS is a new Brazilian tick-borne disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato microorganisms that resembles features of Lyme disease (LD), except for its epidemiological, clinical and laboratorial particularities. From 60 patients' records with positive serology to B. burgdorferi done by ELISA and Western-blotting methods, 19 cases were diagnosed as having BYS, according to criteria adopted at LIM-17 HCFMUSP, the Brazilian Reference Laboratory for the research of BYS. The other 41 remaining patients displayed miscellaneous infections or auto-immune processes. The beginning of symptoms in BYS group varied from one day to six years, from the onset of the disease. Four of 19 patients were included in acute disease stage, and 15 in latent. General unspecific symptoms were identified in almost all cases, with high frequencies of fever (78.9%) and lymphadenomegaly (36.8%). Six patients had skin lesions (31.5%); six arthralgia or arthritis (31.5%) and eight neurological symptoms (42%). Interestingly, two patients showed antibodies directed to B. burgdorferi exclusively in cerebrospinal fluid. Since BYS is a new emergent Brazilian zoonosis and its diagnosis is sometimes complex, all the new knowledge about BYS must be scattered to Brazilian Medical specialists, aiming to teach them how to diagnose this amazing tick-borne disease and to avoid its progression to chronic irreversible sequels

USE OF THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF ASYMPTOMATIC Leishmania INFECTION IN A VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS-ENDEMIC AREA

The diagnosis of asymptomatic infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi has become more important over recent years. Expansion of visceral leishmaniasis might be associated with other routes of transmission such as transfusion, congenital or even vector transmission, and subjects with asymptomatic infection are potential reservoirs. Moreover, the identification of infection may contribute to the management of patients with immunosuppressive conditions (HIV, transplants, use of immunomodulators) and to the assessment of the effectiveness of control measures. In this study, 149 subjects living in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area were evaluated clinically and submitted to genus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), serological testing, and the Montenegro skin test. Forty-nine (32.9%) of the subjects had a positive PCR result and none of them developed the disease within a follow-up period of three years. No association was observed between the results of PCR, serological and skin tests. A positive PCR result in subjects from the endemic area did not indicate a risk of progression to visceral leishmaniasis and was not associated with a positive result in the serological tests.

Estudos sobre epidemiologia da doença de Chagas no Ceará VII - suscetibilidade de Triatomíneos a diversas cepas locais de Trypanosoma cruzi

Foram isoladas duas cepas de Trypanosoma cruzi de marsupiais de área não endêmica e três cepas de área endêmica: uma de homem, uma de marsupial e uma de cão. Foram utilizados para uma prova de suscetibilidade frente a estas cepas 20 ninfas de 5º estádio das seguintes espécies de triatomíneos e testada previamente a capacidade de sugar camundongos brancos em gramas de sangue: Triatoma brasiliensis sugou uma média de 0,09 g, Triatoma infestans sugou 0,13 g, Panstrongylus megistus sugou 0,13 g e Rhodnius prolixus sugou 0,09 g. O T. infestans infectou-se com as taxas mais elevadas com todas as cepas; o T. brasiliensis foi a espécie que menos infectou-se, sendo seguida de perto pelo R. prolixus o P. megistus foi testado somente com as cepas de área não endêmica, apresentando taxas de infecção intermediárias entre o T. infestans e o T. brasiliensis. As cepas que mais infectam são as de marsupiais e a que menos infecta é a proveniente de cão.

Liver function evaluation in leptospirosis with colloidal gold 1 9 8 Au

Eight patients with leptospirosis were studied with colloidal gold 1 9 8 Au. The radiocolloidal hepatic distribution was altered, presenting a non-homogeneous tiver concentration in seven cases, and a minute to moderate splenic visualization in five. Two patients presented doubtful splenic image, and one seemed to be normal. Liver scanning with colloidal gold 1 9 8 Au is demonstra ted to be a good liver function test.

Esquistossomose pulmonar. I. Forma crônica extensa sem hipertensão pulmonar e na ausência de hipertensão portal

Com o objetivo de demonstrar algumas modalidades distintas do comprometimento pulmonar na esquistossomose mansoni, ressaltando sempre a diversidade dé interação dos múltiplos fatores envolvidos, os Autores iniciam a publicação de uma seqüência de casos ilustrativos, embora considerados pouco comuns na clínica diária. No caso ora descrito, ao lado de sintomatologia definida dominantemente por surtos paroxísticos de asma, o estudo radiológico seriado, durante sete anos, revelou imagem pieuro-parenquimatosa caracterizada por irregularidades de radiopacidade com traves fibróticas extensas, notadamente à direita e desvio acentuado do mediastino para este lado; a área cardíaca encontrava-se aparentemente normal. À microtoracotomia, observou-se lesão pleural dominante com enclausuramento do LSD e condensação extensa subpleural do LSD, afetando amplamente o parênquima. Procedeu-se àdetorticação do LM e LID e reexpansão parcial de seus parénquimas, bem como à biopsia pulmonar. Apesar de o estudo histopatológico haver revelado uma arterite pulmonar grave, não foram registrados sinais e sintomas de cor pulmonale. Este comprometimento pulmonar verificou-se, entretanto, isoladamente de uma forma hepato-esplênica e, conseqüentemente, na ausência de síndrome de hipertensão portai a determinar a rota oreferencial de migração de ovos e, eventualmente, de vermes aos pulmões.

Esquistossomose pulmonar. II. Forma crônica reativada com hipertensão e Cor pulmonale

Os Autores descrevem um caso grave de esquistossomose mansoni (forma hepática com hipertensão portal associada a forma pulmonar com hipertensão pulmonar e cor pulmonalej sobre o qual evoluiu uma sindrome toxi-infectuosa grave e de longa duração. Sucessivos exames radiológicos do tórax revelaram acometimento predominantemente arteriolar, ao lado de uma micronodulação pulmonar grosseira e difusa em ambos os hemitóraces e configuração de coração pulmonar. A histopatologia de material de biópsia pulmonar identificou basicamente uma arterite pulmonar característica, inflamação granulomatosa atípica provocada principalmente por vermes e raros ovos de S. mansoni envolvidos por escassa reação inflamatória. Para explicar a origem de constelação clínica toxi-infectuosa, foram afastadas as hipóteses de associação da esquistossomose a concausas infectuosas ou não, mas de curso febril, e a superposição de uma forma toxêmica sobre outra crônica pré-existente. Com base em dados clínicos, particularmente em subsídios da laparoscopia, e anatômicos, concluiu-se tratar o caso de uma forma crônica de esquistossomose reativada, provavelmente em virtude de alterações imunológicas inusitadas do hospedeiro. Ao que tudo parece indicar, o desvio de ovos e de vermes aos pulmões deveu-se à sindrome de hipertensão portal, cujos shunts entre a circulação portal e sistêmica determinaram a rota preferencial da migração.

Esquistossomose pulmonar. III. Forma crônica extensa com hipertensão pulmonar e na vigência de hipertensão portal associada a provável coroidite e retinite esquistossomótica

Os Autores descrevem um caso grave de esquistossomose mansoni numa criança de 9 anos de idade (forma hepática com hipertensão portai associada a forma pulmonar com hipertensão pulmonar e cor pulmonale) clinicamente caracterizado por episódios de insuficiência respiratória desencadeados em face de esforços físicos moderados. Sucessivos exames radiológicos de tórax revelaram comprometimento predominantemente arteriolar ao iado de uma micronodulação delicada e difusamente distribuída e configuração de cor pulmonale. Ao contrário do caso anteriormente descrito, a evolução se deu sem que se verificassem manifestações febris. Embora tenham sido afastadas várias hipóteses de associação da esquistossomose a concausas infectuosas, optou-se pelo tratamento de prova da tuberculose pulmonar. O fundo de olho também apresentava vários nódulos esbranquiçados disseminados pelo coróide e retina, caracterizando provável coroidite e retinite esquistossomótica. O tratamento antituberculoso resultou praticamente nulo. Não se procedeu ao tratamento específico da esquistossomose, considerando-se o alto risco da cardiopatia face aos esquistossomicidas disponíveis. A alta foi fornecida após treze meses de observação hospitalar. Não compareceu a ulterior controle.

Estudos sobre a epidemiologia da doença de Chagas no Ceará XX - ecologia de triatomíneos em russas

Foi escolhida para demolição, no Município de Russas, território do Triatoma braziliensis, uma casa borrifada 104 dias antes com BHC. Na área - a Fazenda Boa Vista - resisdem 250 habitantes; a taxa de infecção humana é 7,7% (imunofluorescência indireta) e a de cães é 9,1% (xeno). A captura prévia na área revelou 171 T. braziliensis (46,8%) infectados e raros Triatoma pseudo maculata (5). Na casa havia um habitante com teste de imunofluorescência positivo e de 26 T. braziliensis capturados nenhum revelou infecção. Durante a demolição foram capturados 1 rato infectado pelo Trypanosoma cruzi e 104 triatomíneos, (89,4% T. pseudomaculata e 10,6% T. brazieliensis); havia R. nasutus infectado no galinheiro. Exemplares de T. pseudomaculata infectados foram encontrados no teto 10,6 por m²) e nas paredes externas e internas da sala (0,8 por m²); ao teste de precipitina revelaram acentuada antropofilia. Concluiu-se que numa casa normalmente habitada por T. braziliensis, após a borrifação, houve substituição dessa espécie por uma população de T. pseudomaculata, numa área com razoável antropofilia e taxa de infecção suficiente para a transmissão.

Estudos sobre a epidemiologia da doença de Chagas no Ceará XXI - ecologia de triatomíneos no Icó

Foi escolhida uma casa, de um conjunto de 61 que constituem um encrave de Triatoma pseudomaculata, num território de Triatoma braziliensis; nessa área o T. pseudomaculata é 95,3% das duas espécies e apresenta-se 7,9% infectado. No território e apreciável a infecção de gatos e cães 10,6% e a infecção humana é de 2,9%. Na área-encrave a infecção de gatos e cães (xenodiagnóstico) é de 6,5% A casa escolhida havia sido borrifada com BHC e foi demolida 39 dias após, com prévia pesquisa para verificar a presença de triatomíneos, com resultado negativo. Durante a demolição foram capturados 19 T. pseudomaculata no teto e paredes internas da sala (infectados 15,8%). Na casa foram observados os seguintes animais: 1 rato, 2 cães, 2 gatos, 4 lagartixas, 1 rã e 3 "cobras de duas cabeças"; e no peri-domicílio: 2 cabras, 2 porcos e 15 galinhas. Conclui-se pela probabilidade de transmissão de Trypanosoma cruzi em casa recentemente desinsetizada, em área de T. pseudomaculata, resistindo os triatomíneos em ecótopos habitados pelo homem.