Impact of irrigation on yield and energy balance of the production of oil and cake of two sunflower varieties

The energy balance for the production of sunflower oil and cake was carried out during the agricultural and industrial stage phase, where it was considered a cold extraction by hydraulic pressing, with the plant location in a rural area with a radius of 30km range. Data on productivity was used in two varieties of sunflower (Helio 358 and Aguará 04) grown in different seasons (2007/2008, 2008/2009), under different irrigation levels. Data showed that irrigation resulted in an increase in productivity of both varieties, and the best response was observed for Aguará 04 variety. Moreover, the increased intensity of irrigation negatively affected the energy balance, reducing the ratio between energy produced and energy used in the production chain. The most significant inputs in the energy intake were fertilizer followed by diesel oil, when irrigation was not used for. When the irrigation technique was used, the most significant inputs, in order of representativeness, were: energy, fertilizer and equipment.

Caracterização físico-química de ossos liofilizados de origem bovina e humana

OBJETIVO: Verificar as similaridades físico-químicas por meio de análises orgânicas e minerais de ossos liofilizados humanos e bovinos produzidos a partir de um protocolo de processamento desenvolvido pelos autores. MÉTODOS: Determinaram-se os percentuais de extrato etéreo (gordura bruta), proteína total (nitrogênio total) e composição mineral (fósforo total, P2O5 total, cálcio total, sódio total, cinzas e cloretos) das amostras de ossos humanos e bovinos liofilizados. RESULTADOS: O percentual de gordura e de proteína bruta foi de 0.14% e 0.06%, e de 27.20% e 27.53%; enquanto que a composição mineral demonstrou 4.3% e 4.3% de nitrogênio; 11.9% e 11.9% de fósforo total; 27.1% e 27.2% de P2O5; 24.6% e 23.7% de cálcio total (relação Ca/P: 2.06 e 1.99); 0.57% e 0.46% de sódio total; 64.8% e 64.3% de cinzas; e 1.3% e 1.3% de cloretos, para as amostras de osso humano e bovino, respectivamente. Nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi observada entre ossos bovinos e humanos após o processo de liofilização. CONCLUSÃO: Avaliações de características físicas e químicas de ossos liofilizados bovinos e humanos claramente demonstraram que estes ossos mantêm virtualmente todas as características de osso original e de similaridades com os ossos humanos, levando a um produto final com boa biocompatibilidade.

Prevalence of radiographic markers of femoroacetabular impingement in asymptomatic adults

OBJECTIVE: to determine the prevalence of radiographic signs of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) in asymptomatic adults and correlate them with data from physical examinations. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study with 82 asymptomatic volunteers, 164 hips, between 40 and 60 years of age, selected by convenience. They were submitted to anamnesis and clinical examination of the hip, anteroposterior (AP) pelvis radiographs with three incidences, Dunn 45° and Lequesne false profile of each hip, to measure the variables. We measured the alpha angle, anterior offset of the femoral neck, cervical diaphyseal angle, CE angle of Wiberg, acetabular index, Sharp angle, and the crossing, ischial spine and posterior wall signs. RESULTS: our sample consisted of 66% women, mean age of 50.4 years. The average alpha angle was 45.10°, SD=8.6. One quarter of the hips showed alpha angle greater than or equal to 50°; among men the prevalence was 34%, and among women, 11%. We found indicative radiographic signs of femoroacetabular impingement in 42.6% of hips, whether femoral or acetabular, and the increased alpha angle was related to the decrease in hip internal rotation (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: the radiographic findings of femoroacetabular impingement in asymptomatic patients were frequent in the studied sample. The increase in alpha angle was associated with decreased internal rotation.

Acetolactate synthase activity in Euphorbia heterophylla resistant to ALS- and protox- inhibiting herbicides

The objective of this study was to determine the activity of the enzyme acetolactate synthase in biotypes of wild poinsettia (Euphorbia heterophylla) with multiple resistance to ALS- and Protox- inhibitors in the presence and absence of imazapyr, imazethapyr and nicosulfuron. We conducted in vitro assay of ALS enzyme extracted from plants of Vitorino, Bom Sucesso do Sul and Medianeira biotypes (with multiple resistance) and a susceptible population in the absence and presence of imazapyr, imazethapyr and nicosulfuron. In the absence of herbicides, biotypes with multiple resistance showed higher affinity for the substrate of the enzyme compared with the susceptible population. The herbicides imazapyr, imazethapyr and nicosulfuron had little effect on the enzyme activity of ALS-resistant biotypes and, conversely, high inhibitory effect on ALS of the susceptible population. Resistance factors were very high, greater than 438, 963 and 474 for Vitorino, Bom Sucesso do Sul and Medianeira biotypes, respectively. The resistance to ALS inhibitors is due to the insensitivity of ALS to herbicides of both imidazolinone and sulfonylurea groups, characterizing a cross-resistance.

Effects of formaldehyde on the frog's mucociliary epithelium as a surrogate to evaluate air pollution effects on the respiratory epithelium

The increasing use of alcohol as an alternative fuel to gasoline or diesel can increase emission of formaldehyde, an organic gas that is irritant to the mucous membranes. The respiratory system is the major target of air pollutants and its major defense mechanism depends on the continuous activity of the cilia and the resulting constant transportation of mucous secretion. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of formaldehyde on the ciliated epithelium through a relative large dose range around the threshold limit value adopted by the Brazilian legislation, namely 1.6 ppm (1.25 to 5 ppm). For this purpose, the isolated frog palate preparation was used as the target of toxic injury. Four groups of frog palates were exposed to diluted Ringer solution (control, N = 8) and formaldehyde diluted in Ringer solution at three different concentrations (1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 ppm, N = 10 for each group). Mucociliary clearance and ciliary beat frequency decreased significantly in contact with formaldehyde at the concentrations of 2.5 and 5.0 ppm after 60 min of exposure (P<0.05). We conclude that relatively low concentrations of formaldehyde, which is even below the Brazilian threshold limit value, are sufficient to cause short-term mucociliary impairment.

Influência das variáveis de processo na alcoólise enzimática de óleo de mamona

O potencial de aplicação de lipases em processos biotecnológicos para a modificação de óleos e gorduras tem sido objeto de grande interesse nos meios científico, econômico e industrial nos últimos anos. Além da atividade de hidrólise de ésteres, as lipases podem catalisar uma grande variedade de reações de esterificação, transesterificação e poliesterificação. A transesterificação inclui acidólise, interesterificação e alcoólise. Neste trabalho reações de alcoólise de óleo de mamona para produção de ésteres de ácidos graxos foram estudadas devido a sua importância na obtenção de, por exemplo, agentes de antifricção, emulsificantes, intermediários para produzir uma numerosa quantidade de oleoquímicos e combustível alternativo ao diesel e/ou aditivo ao diesel de petróleo (biodiesel). Neste contexto, foi estudada a etanólise enzimática de óleo de mamona com lipase comercial (Lipozyme IM) usando n-hexano como solvente. Os experimentos foram realizados variando a temperatura, as concentrações de água e enzima no meio reacional e a razão molar óleo-etanol, de acordo com um planejamento de experimentos pré-estabelecidos. Um modelo empírico foi utilizado para avaliar a influência das variáveis de processo no rendimento e, desta forma, as condições de operação que maximizam a produção de ésteres foram estabelecidas para a enzima utilizada.

Impactos da contenção dos preços de combustíveis no Brasil e opções de mecanismos de precificação

RESUMOA Petrobrás foi severamente afetada pela política de preços de combustível do governo. Ao atender a crescente demanda de GLP, diesel e gasolina, cujos preços estavam abaixo de referência internacional, a empresa perdeu R 98.000 milhões dólares em renda, de 2011 a 2014. Em um período de altos investimentos devido a exploração do pré-sal, este perda aumentou a dívida da Petrobrás e deteriorou sua situação financeira. Se o alinhamento com o preço internacional não é politicamente viável, a experiência internacional sugere que se adote um fundo de estabilização como mecanismo de preços. Interferências políticas em sua gestão, no entanto, devem ser evitadas.