Análise espacial da tuberculose infantil no estado do Espírito Santo, 2000 a 2007

INTRODUÇÃO: A tuberculose infantil é responsável por 15% das notificações dos casos. O foco do Programa Nacional de Controle da Tuberculose é a identificação da tuberculose em adultos, deixando os menores de 15 anos à margem dos estudos, diagnóstico e tratamento. A análise espacial quantifica a exposição à doença e expõe as principais causas relacionadas ao espaço geográfico. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a distribuição espacial da tuberculose infantil no Espírito Santo, de 2000 a 2007, segundo município de notificação MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo ecológico dos 515 casos de tuberculose infantil, entre 2000 e 2007. Utilizou-se o Método Bayesiano Empírico Local para estimação do risco. O Índice de Moram Local foi calculado para avaliação da autocorrelação entre as incidências de bairros limítrofes RESULTADOS: Altas taxas de incidência foram encontradas na Região Metropolitana de Vitória e região nordeste, e baixas taxas na região serrana; dados semelhantes foram observados no estudo da endemia de tuberculose em adultos no Espírito Santo, o que pode possivelmente estar relacionada aos contatos intradomiciliares CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo identifica possíveis áreas de transmissão recente da doença. É importante ressaltar que o conhecimento dos locais prioritários para o controle, pode auxiliar a gestão publica na diminuição das iniquidades em saúde e permitir uma otimização dos recursos e das equipes no controle da tuberculose infantil.

Avaliação nutricional e alimentar de pacientes portadores de hanseníase tratados em unidades de saúde da grande Vitória, Estado do Espírito Santo

INTRODUÇÃO: O presente estudo investigou a hanseníase quanto à apresentação clínica, perfil sociodemográfico, nutricional e alimentar de pacientes diagnosticados nas Unidades de Saúde dos municípios da Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2009. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 152 pacientes de ambos os sexos, em início de tratamento poliquimioterápico. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, antropométricos, bioquímicos e de alimentação a partir de um questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA) validado e adaptado. Foi calculado o índice de massa corporal (IMC) para avaliação do estado nutricional. RESULTADOS: O estudo mostrou que: 79 (52%) dos participantes eram do sexo feminino, a média de idade foi de 40,4 anos (± 16,9); 81 (53,3%) possuíam vínculo empregatício; a média de anos de estudo foi de 7,1 (± 4,5). Em relação à doença, 79 (52%) eram multibacilares e 73 (48%) paucibacilares. O índice baciloscópico foi negativo em 125 (82,2%) pacientes. O excesso de peso foi identifcado em 11,8% e 5,3% apresentaram baixo peso. O arroz e o feijão foram os alimentos relatados com maior frequência de consumo, 87,3% e 88,7% respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo demonstrou que ações simples, iniciadas na atenção primária à saúde, podem auxiliar na melhoria do acompanhamento a portadores de hanseníase.

Breeding sites of Aedes aegypti in metropolitan vacant lots in Greater Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the presence of Aedes aegypti in breeding sites located in vacant lots (VLs) and determine the effectiveness of VL cleaning to reduce insect foci. METHODS: Two types of VLs were sampled, the experimental VL, which was cleaned monthly, and the control VL, which was not cleaned. RESULTS: Monthly cleaning of VLs reduced the abundance of immature forms of A. aegypti. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies for combating this vector should include regular cleaning of VLs and educating the public regarding the risks of discarding waste in inappropriate areas.

Dengue: clinical forms and risk groups in a high incidence city in the southeastern region of Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The article describes the epidemiologic profile of dengue cases in Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, Brazil, from 2000 to 2009, aimed at identifying risk groups regarding the incidence and severity of the disease. METHODS: Confirmed cases of dengue among city residents during ten years were classified as dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever, dengue shock syndrome and dengue with complications, and analyzed according to sex, age, race-color and education. RESULTS: The proportion of dengue cases was highest among women aged 20 to 29 years-old and similar between whites and blacks. A gradual decrease occurred in the percentage of dengue cases in the population aged 15 years-old or more, in the historical series of 10 years, and a growing increase in individuals less than 15 years-old, showing statistical significance. The fatality rate ranged from zero to 0.3% for all forms of dengue and from 0.2% to 18.2% for severe forms. CONCLUSIONS: The profile of those affected by the disease in the municipality is similar to those affected in Brazil. The increasing number of cases in individuals under 15 years-old corroborates the results of recent studies in other Brazilian municipalities.

Anti-Toxocara antibodies detected in children attending elementary school in Vitoria, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil: prevalence and associated factors

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies in serum from 7-year-old children attending elementary school in Vitória-ES, Brazil and to correlate these antibodies with socio-demographic factors, the presence of intestinal helminths, blood eosinophil numbers, past history of allergy or asthma, and clinical manifestations of helminth infections. METHODS: The detection of anti-Toxocara antibodies was performed using an ELISA (Cellabs Pty Ltd)on serum from 391 children who had already been examined by fecal examination and blood cell counts. Data from clinical and physical examinations were obtained for all children. RESULTS: The prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies was 51.6%, with no gender differences. No significant differences were observed between positive serology and the presence or absence of intestinal worms (60.3 and 51.7%, respectively; p = 0.286). The only variables significantly related to positive serology were onycophagy and the use of unfiltered water. Although eosinophilia (blood eosinophil count higher than 600/mm³) was significantly related to the presence of a positive ELISA result, this significance disappeared when we considered only children without worms or without a past history of allergy or asthma. No clinical symptoms related to Toxocara infection were observed. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in children attending elementary schools in Vitória, which may be partially related to cross-reactivity with intestinal helminths or to a high frequency of infection with a small number of Toxocara eggs.

Spatial analysis of new cases of leprosy in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil, between 2004 and 2009

INTRODUCTION: Leprosy in Brazil is a public health issue, and there are many regions in the State of Espírito Santo with high endemic incidence levels of leprosy, characterizing this state as a priority for leprosy programs. The aim of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of coefficients of new cases of leprosy in the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive and ecologic study based on the spatial distribution of leprosy in the State of Espírito Santo between 2004 and 2009. Data were gathered from the available records of the Espírito Santo State Health Secretary. The global and local Bayesian empirical methods were used to produce an estimate of leprosy risk, smoothing the fluctuation effects of the detection coefficients. RESULTS: The study resulted in a coefficient adjustment of new cases in 10 towns that changed their classification, among which, 2 went from low to medium, 4 from medium to high, 3 from high to very high, and 1 from very high to hyper-endemic. An average variation of 1.02, fluctuating between 0 and 12.39 cases/100,000 inhabitants, was found in a comparative calculation between the Local Ebest value and the average coefficient of new leprosy cases in the State of Espírito Santo. CONCLUSIONS: The spatial analysis of leprosy favors the establishment of control strategies with a better cost-benefit relationship since it reveals specific and priority regions, thereby enabling the development of actions that can interfere in the transmission chain.

Malignancies in HIV/AIDS patients attending an outpatient clinic in Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The present study investigated cancer prevalence and associated factors among HIV-infected individuals attending an AIDS outpatient clinic in Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. METHODS: A sectional study was conducted among HIV infected adults attending an AIDS outpatient clinic in Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Demographic, epidemiological and clinical data were abstracted from medical records, including cancer diagnoses; nadir and current CD4 cell count, HIV viral load, time on antiretroviral treatment (ART), type of ART and smoking status. RESULTS: A total of 730 (91.3%) patients were included in the study. Median age was 44.0 [interquartile range (IQR): 35-50.3] years; median time since HIV diagnosis was 5.5 years (IQR: 2-10); 60% were male; and 59% were white. Thirty (4.1%) cases of cancer were identified of which 16 (53%) were AIDS defining cancers and 14 (47%) were non-AIDS defining malignancies. Patients diagnosed with cancer presented higher chance of being tobacco users [OR 2.2 (95% CI: 1.04-6.24)]; having nadir CD4 ≤200 cells/mm³ [OR 3.0 (95% CI: 1.19-7.81)] and higher lethality [OR 13,3 (95% CI: 4,57-38,72)]. CONCLUSIONS: These results corroborate the importance of screening for and prevention of non-AIDS defining cancers focus in HIV-infected population, as these cancers presented with similar frequency as AIDS defining cancers.

First description of autochthonous canine visceral leishmaniasis in the metropolitan region of Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: We investigated autochthonous canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) in the metropolitan region of Vitória (MRV), an area in which a human case was previously reported. METHODS: Serological, parasitological, and molecular tests were performed in 201 dogs. RESULTS: Twenty-six (13%) and 12 (6%) dogs were identified as positive using in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and rK39 tests, respectively. Two dogs had a positive culture for Leishmania chagasi, and 4 were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive for Leishmania spp. One positive dog belonged to the aforementioned patient. CONCLUSIONS: Although the responsible vector was not found, our results provide evidence of autochthonous CVL in the MRV, a non-endemic area for VL.

AIDS tendencies in São Mateus microregion, state of Espírito Santo, and Brazil from 1999 to 2008

INTRODUCTION: In Brazil, AIDS has been described as a multi-faceted pandemic. This study aimed to describe the trends of AIDS in São Mateus microregion, in Espírito Santo, and in Brazil, from 1999 to 2008. METHODS: Data were collected from the Notification Offences System, and a trend analysis was made. RESULTS: Microregion-based results are close to the state and national levels but with particular features that indicate the presence of regional sub-epidemics. CONCLUSIONS: Despite progress in nearly thirty years of the epidemic, AIDS remains an incurable disease, and prevention is still the best defense against it together with the implementation of specific public policies.

Factors related to severe dengue during an epidemic in Vitoria, State of Espirito Santo, Brazil, 2011

Introduction The prognosis of dengue depends on early diagnosis and treatment, which can help prevent severe forms whose characteristics were evaluated here. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted involving dengue cases in Vitória, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil, in 2011. Results Two health regions registered 56.3% of 371 cases of severe dengue. Of these cases, 21.3% presented with dengue hemorrhagic fever. There were associations between dengue hemorrhagic fever with younger ages and a longer time before receiving care. Conclusions There was a greater involvement of dengue hemorrhagic fever in young people. Delay in care, poor urban quality and high endemicity were identified as possible risk factors for dengue severity.

Hepatitis virus and hepatocellular carcinoma in Brazil: a report from the State of Espírito Santo

IntroductionFew studies have examined hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Brazil, and the incidence and risk factors for this type of malignancy vary greatly geographically. In this paper, we report several risk factors associated with HCC diagnosed at the University Hospital in Vitória, ES, Brazil.MethodsWe reviewed 274 cases of HCC (January 1993 to December 2011) in which hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) virus infection and chronic alcoholism were investigated. A diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma was confirmed by histology or by the presence of a characteristic pattern on imaging.ResultsHCC with associated liver cirrhosis was noted in 85.4% of cases. The mean ages of men and women were 56.6 years and 57.5 years, respectively. The male-to-female ratio was 5.8:1. Associated risk factors included the following: HBV, 37.6% (alone, 23.4%; associated with chronic alcoholism, 14.2%); HCV, 22.6% (alone, 13.5%; associated with chronic alcoholism, 9.1%), chronic alcoholism, 17.1%, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, 2.6% and cryptogenic, 19.3%. The male-to-female ratio was higher in cases associated with HBV or chronic alcoholism compared with HCV-associated or cryptogenic cases. In 40 cases without associated cirrhosis, the male-to-female ratio and mean age were lower than those in cirrhosis-associated cases.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that the main risk factor associated with HCC in the State of Espírito Santo is HBV. Chronic alcoholism is an important etiological factor, alone or in association with HBV or HCV infection.

Phlebotominae sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae): potential vectors of American cutaneous leishmaniasis agents in the area associated with the Santo Antônio Hydroelectric System in Western Amazonian Brazil

INTRODUCTION: An entomological study was conducted as part of a vector-monitoring program in the area associated with the Santo Antônio hydroelectric system in State of Rondônia, Western Amazonian Brazil. METHODS: Fourteen sampling sites were surveyed to obtain data on the potential vectors of Leishmania spp. in the area. Sand flies were collected from 2011 to 2014 during the months of January/February (rainy season), May/June (dry season), and September/October (intermediary season) using light traps arranged in three vertical strata (0.5, 1, and 20m). RESULTS : A total of 7,575 individuals belonging to 62 species/subspecies were collected. The five most frequently collected sand flies were Psychodopygus davisi (Root) (36.67%), Trichophoromyia ubiquitalis (Mangabeira) (8.51%), Nyssomyia umbratilis (Ward & Fraiha) (6.14%), Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (Mangabeira) (5.74%), and Psychodopygus complexus (Mangabeira) (5.25%). These species have been implicated in the transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis agents in the Brazilian Amazon region and described as potential vectors of this disease in the study area. CONCLUSIONS: Additional surveillance is needed, especially in areas where these five species of sand fly are found.

CANTINONA DE SIMABA POLYPHYLLA(CAVALC.) THOMAS (SIMAROUBACEAE)

Uma cantin-2,6-diona (1) foi isolada do extrato etanólico da madeira de Simaba polyphylla (Cavale.) Thomas coletada próximo a Manaus. O composto 1 foi previamente isolado de S. multiflora, S. guianensis e S. cedron, sendo essa a primeira citação de ocorrência em S. polyphylla.

First record of the bushy-tailed opossum, Glironia venusta, Thomas, 1912, (Didelphimorphia) from Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

A new record of a very rarely observed mammal, the bushy-tailed opossum, Glironia venusta (Didelphimorphia), was obtained for the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve, Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil. Only 17 other records existed of this species, most from the 1980s. There were only three previous records of the species from Brazil (in the states of Pará, Amazonas and Rondônia). This new record supports the notion that G. venusta is a locally rare species throughout its range, but widely distributed in Brazilian Amazonia.

Fitossociologia e uso múltiplo de espécies arbóreas em floresta manejada, comunidade Santo Antônio, município de Santarém, estado do Pará

Avaliou-se a fitossociologia de floresta manejada em lotes de comunitários da Comunidade Santo Antônio no Assentamento Moju I e II, município de Santarém, Amazônia brasileira. Foram instaladas 12 parcelas de 50 m x 200 m (1 por lote) anotando-se indivíduos com CAP ≥ 157,1 cm (nível 3 de inclusão); 12 sub-parcelas de 50 m x 50 m, para os indivíduos com 94,2 cm ≤ CAP < 157,1 cm (nível 2 de inclusão) e 12 sub-parcelas de 50 m x 25 m, para os indivíduos com 31,4cm ≤ CAP < 94,2 cm (nível 1 de inclusão). Foram amostrados 1.227 indivíduos, distribuídos em 175 espécies e 38 famílias botânicas. A família Fabaceae apresentou maior número de espécies e o gênero mais rico foi Inga. O Índice de Diversidade de Shannon (H') foi 4,39 e o Índice de Equabilidade de Pielou (J) de 0,85. A avaliação do Valor de Importância Ampliado (VIA) das espécies da amostra revelou o estoque de espécies com potencial madeireiro e não madeireiro. Carapa guianensis, Caryocar villosum, Brosimum parinarioides, Aniba canellila, Bowdichia virgilioides e Andira surinamensis podem ser aproveitadas como produtos florestais não madeireiros e serem removidas da lista de espécies de corte para fins madeireiros, melhorando assim o retorno econômico comunitário. Manilkara huberi e Carapa guianensis foram espécies com utilização madeireira e não madeireira mais expressivas, considerando o mercado atual e potencial de usos conhecidos; portanto, tais características devem ser consideradas no planejamento e execução do manejo da floresta.