Activity and Residual Effect of Two Formulations of Lambdacyhalothrin Sprayed on Palm Leaves to Rhodnius prolixus

The insecticidal activity and residual effect of two formulations of lambdacyhalothrin were evaluated with Rhodnius prolixus;laboratory and field tests were conducted in the State of Chiapas, Mexico. The results indicate that the lethal concentrations of the active ingredient of SC (LC50 = 2.37 and LC90 = 8.5 mg, a.i./m²) were 4-8 times than those with the insecticide WP applied on R. prolixus bugs in palm leaves, a common building material for thatched roofs. Other investigators in South America recommended applying 30 mg a.i./m² in porous materials; we obtained that the products WP and SC were 3.5 and 16 times more effective on palm leaves. Regarding the evaluation of the residual effects in field spraying, there was up to 15 months persistence after the application of WP in two doses (8.6 mg a.i./m² and 3.752 mg a.i./m²) with SC. We consider R. prolixus highly susceptible to the employed pyrethroids; they could be used to control this vector in the state of Chiapas, Mexico.

Comparative evaluation of pyrethroid insecticide formulations against Triatoma infestans (Klug): residual efficacy on four substrates

We investigated the residual efficacy of four insecticide formulations used in Chagas disease vector control campaigns: cyfluthrin 12.5% suspension concentrace (SC), lambda-cyhalothrin 10% wettable powder (WP), deltamethrin 2.5% SC, and 2.5% WP on four types of circular blocks of wood, straw with mud, straw with mud painted with lime, and mud containing 5% of cement. Three concentrations of these insecticides were tested: the LC90 (previously determined on filter paper), the double of the LC90, and the recommended operational dose. For each bioassay test, 15 third-stage nymphs of Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) were exposed for 120 h to each treatment at 24 h, 30, 60, 90, and 180 days post-spraying. Mortality rates, moulting history and behaviour were recorded at 24, 48, 72, and 120 h of exposure. Mortality rates were highest during the first 30 days post-spraying. Highest mortality rates (above 50%) were observed for deltamethrin 2.5% SC and lambda-cyhalothrin 10% WP on wood blocks up to three months post-spraying. Mud was the substrate on which treatments showed lowest persistence, with the other two substrates showing intermediate residual efficacy of all treatments. During the first 30 days WP formulations were not as effective as SC flowable formulations but, overall in the longer term, WP gave grater mortality rates of T. infestans nymphs exposed at up to six months post-spraying. Porous surfaces, especially mud, showed most variability presumably due to absorption of the insecticide. In contrast the less porous surfaces (i.e. wood and lime-coated mud) kept mortality rates high for longer post-treatment, irrespective of the insecticide concentration used.

Biomphalaria tenagophila: dominant character of the resistance to Schistosoma mansoni in descendants of crossbreedings between resistant (Taim, RS) and susceptible (Joinville, SC) strains

The aim of the present work was to study parasitological, molecular, and genetic aspects in descendants of crossbreedings between a totally resistant Biomphalaria tenagophila strain (Taim, RS) and another one highly susceptible (Joinville, SC) to Schistosoma mansoni. Descendants F1 and F2 were submitted to S. mansoni infection (LE strain). The susceptibility rates for individuals from Group F1 were 0 to 0.6%, and from Group F2 was 7.2%. The susceptible individuals from Group F2 discharged a lower number of cercariae, when compared with the susceptible parental group, and in 2 out of 9 positive snails the cercarial elimination was discontinued. In order to identify genetic markers associated with resistance the genotype of parental snails and their offspring F1 and F2 were analyzed by means of the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA method. Nevertheless, it was not possible to detect any marker associated to resistance, but the results showed that in the mentioned species the resistance character is determined by two dominant genes.

Molecular diversity of serial Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from AIDS patients in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Despite highly active anti-retroviral therapy, cryptococcal meningoencephalitis is the second most prevalent neurological disease in Brazilian AIDS patients, being frequently a defining condition with several episodes. As knowledge of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates in the same episode is critical for understanding why some patients develop several episodes, we investigated the genotype characteristics of C. neoformans isolates in two different situations. By pulsed field gel electrophoresis and random amplifield polymorphic DNA analysis, 54 isolates from 12 patients with AIDS and cryptococcosis were analyzed. Group 1 comprised 39 isolates from nine patients with a single episode and hospitalization. Group 2 comprised 15 isolates from three patients with two episodes and hospitalizations. Except for three patients from group 1 probably infected with a single C. neoformans isolate, the other nine patients probably were infected with multiple isolates selected in different collection periods, or the infecting isolate might have underwent mutation to adapt and survive the host immune system and/or the antifungal therapy. However, the three patients from group 2 presented genetic diversity among isolates collected in both hospitalizations, possibly having hosted the initial isolate in both periods. These data, emphasize that Cryptococcus diversity in infection can contribute to strategies of treatment and prevention of cryptococcosis.

Experimental chemotherapy for Chagas disease: 15 years of research contributions from in vivo and in vitro studies

Chagas disease, which is caused by the intracellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected illness with 12-14 million reported cases in endemic geographic regions of Latin America. While the disease still represents an important public health problem in these affected areas, the available therapy, which was introduced more than four decades ago, is far from ideal due to its substantial toxicity, its limited effects on different parasite stocks, and its poor activity during the chronic phase of the disease. For the past 15 years, our group, in collaboration with research groups focused on medicinal chemistry, has been working on experimental chemotherapies for Chagas disease, investigating the biological activity, toxicity, selectivity and cellular targets of different classes of compounds on T. cruzi. In this report, we present an overview of these in vitro and in vivo studies, focusing on the most promising classes of compounds with the aim of contributing to the current knowledge of the treatment of Chagas disease and aiding in the development of a new arsenal of candidates with anti-T. cruzi efficacy.

Interleukin-15 augments oxidative metabolism and fungicidal activity of human monocytes against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

Interleukin (IL)-15 is a pleiotropic cytokine that regulates the proliferation and survival of many cell types. IL-15 is produced by monocytes and macrophages against infectious agents and plays a pivotal role in innate and adaptive immune responses. This study analyzed the effect of IL-15 on fungicidal activity, oxidative metabolism and cytokine production by human monocytes challenged in vitro with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb18), the agent of paracoccidioidomycosis. Peripheral blood monocytes were pre-incubated with IL-15 and then challenged with Pb18. Fungicidal activity was assessed by viable fungi recovery from cultures after plating on brain-heart infusion-agar. Superoxide anion (O2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-15 and IL-10 production by monocytes were also determined. IL-15 enhanced fungicidal activity against Pb18 in a dose-dependent pattern. This effect was abrogated by addition of anti-IL-15 monoclonal antibody. A significant stimulatory effect of IL-15 on O2- and H2O2 release suggests that fungicidal activity was dependent on the activation of oxidative metabolism. Pre-treatment of monocytes with IL-15 induced significantly higher levels of TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-15 production by cells challenged with the fungus. These results suggest a modulatory effect of IL-15 on pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine production, oxidative metabolism and fungicidal activity of monocytes during Pb18 infection.

Leprosy in children and adolescents under 15 years old in an urban centre in Brazil

This original study describes the intra-urban distribution of cases of leprosy in residents under 15 years old in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; the study also identifies the environment in which Mycobacterium leprae is being transmitted. The cases were distributed by operational classification, clinical forms, type of contact and the addresses were geo-referenced by neighborhood. Between 2007 and 2011, were reported 145 cases of leprosy in target population living in Salvador, corresponding to detection rates of 6.21, 6.14, 5.58, 5.41 and 6.88/100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The spatial distribution of the disease was focal. Of the 157 neighborhoods of Salvador, 44 (28.6%) notified cases of leprosy and in 22 (50%) of these were detected more than 10 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The infectious forms were found in 40% of cases. Over 90% of cases had been living in Salvador for more than five years. Overall, 52.6% reported having had contact with another infected individual inside the household and 25% in their social circle. In Salvador, M. leprae transmission is established. The situation is a major concern, since transmission is intense at an early age, indicating that this endemic disease is expanding and contacts extend beyond individual households.

The 15-minute family interview: a family health strategy tool

The 15-minute family interview is a condensed form of the Calgary Family Assessment and Intervention Models (CFAM and CFIM) that aims to contribute to the establishment of a therapeutic relationship between nurses and family and to implement interventions to promote health and suffering relief, even during brief interactions. This study investigated the experience of nurses from the Family Health Strategy (FHS) who used the 15-minute interview on postpartum home. The qualitative research was conducted in three stages: participants' training program, utilization of the 15-minute family interview by participants, and interviews with nurses. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with eight nurses. The thematic analysis revealed two main themes: dealing with the challenge of a new practice and evaluating the assignment. This work shows that this tool can be used to deepen relationships between nurses and families in the Family Health Strategy.

Occurrence of Cinara spp. (Hemiptera, Aphididae) on Pinus spp. (Pinaceae), in the county of Lages-SC, Brazil

A population survey of the giant conifer aphid Cinara spp. was carried out in two areas of Pinus elliottii using yellow pan traps, during two years, from July 1997 to June 1999. During the collection period, the predominant species was Cinara pinivora (Wilson, 1919), representing 99% of the collected species. A few specimens of Cinara maritimae (Dufour, 1833) and only one winged female of Cinara fresai Blanchard, 1939 were collected. The population of C. pinivora was statistically higher in the area with 4.5 year-old trees than in the 1.5 year-old ones. The highest population peaks were registered in July 1997 and in August 1998. An unexpected high number of winged parthenogenetic females was collected in December 1998. C. fresai Blanchard, 1939 is recorded for the first time for Brazil.

Descrição dos estágios imaturos e biologia de Chinavia pengue (Rolston) (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae)

Adultos de Chinavia pengue (Rolston, 1983) foram coletados em Garopaba, SC, e criados em laboratório sob condições controladas (24 ± 1°C; UR 70 ± 10%; 12hL:12hE). Como alimento, adultos e ninfas receberam vagens verdes de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Os ovos de C. pengue seguem o padrão de coloração e esculturação do cório e coloração e forma dos processos aero-micropilares descrito para as espécies neotropicais de Chinavia. Ninfas de 1º instar possuem uma mancha ovalada no dorso da cabeça e tórax, característica das espécies de Chinavia. Em C. pengue, essa mancha tem coloração laranja-avermelhada, e as manchas abdominais (4+4 manchas laterais e uma mediana) são brancas. Características exclusivas das ninfas de 2º a 5º ínstares de C. pengue são a coloração laranja-avermelhada das manchas do pro- e mesotórax e das manchas circulares no centro das placas abdominais laterais. Não se observou sobreposição nas medidas da largura da cabeça entre os cinco ínstares. Cada fêmea depositou 15,9 ± 4,18 posturas e 218,8 ± 48,60 ovos, sendo 14 ovos/postura o arranjo mais freqüente. A fertilidade foi de 70,0% ± 19,01; a mortalidade no 2º ao 5º estádio foi de 1,6% ± 4,49. A razão sexual obtida foi de 1 macho: 1 fêmea. A duração da fase imatura (ovo a adulto) foi de 45,7 ± 2,99 dias.

A 15-year post evaluation of the fire effects on ant community in an area of Amazonian forest

Fire represents an important disturbance to ant communities in areas of fire regime. Otherwise, little is known about the effects of fire on ant communities in areas of non-fire regimes, such as in the Amazonian region. We evaluated the long-term effect of fire on ant species richness in a rain forest (Bacaba Plateau) burned 15-years ago and compare our data with the data of primary unburned forest. A total of 85 ant species distributed in 21 genera and 14 tribes were collected; among them, 72 and 44 species were found on the litter and vegetation, respectively. The fire damaged forest studied supports an intermediate richness of ants when compared to a primary unburned rain forest in the same region. A comparative analysis of ant species richness showed that the Bacaba Plateau presented a different ant fauna when compared with the primary unburned forests, suggesting that fire can alter ant species composition. Although, our results cannot be conclusive on the effects of fire on ant community, they represent a pioneer data on human induced fire in tropical rain forests.

Tolerância de perda de solo por erosão para os principais solos do estado de Santa Catarina

A tolerância de perda de solo por erosão refere-se a um limite de perda que ainda mantenha alto nível de produtividade das culturas, econômica e indefinidamente, podendo ser utilizada na Equação Universal de Perda de Solo, além da forma usual, como um critério para definir a distância entre terraços numa lavoura. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias de Lages (SC), em 1998, com o objetivo de estabelecer a tolerância de perda de solo por erosão hídrica para 73 perfis de solo do estado de Santa Catarina, agrupados em 19 classes, utilizando três métodos. O Método I, baseado na profundidade efetiva do solo e na relação textural entre os horizontes B e A; o Método II, para o qual se incluiu no Método I o teor de argila no horizonte A, e o Método III, para o qual se incluiu no Método II o teor de matéria orgânica na camada de 0-20 cm e o grau de permeabilidade do solo. Os valores de tolerância de perda de solo variaram de 0,15 a 1,16 mm ano-1 (equivalente a 1,88 a 14,50 Mg ha ano-1, respectivamente) para os solos estudados, dependendo do tipo de solo e do método utilizado na estimativa. Os Latossolos (com exceção do Bruno/Roxo), Podzólicos, Terras Brunas Estruturadas, Cambissolos e Areias Quartzozas apresentaram menor tolerância de perda de solo pelo Método III, enquanto os Litólicos, Brunizém Avermelhado, Terras Vermelha/Brunada e Roxa Estruturadas e Latossolo Bruno/Roxo apresentaram a mesma tolerância de perda de solo em todos os métodos estudados, razão por que, para estes solos, pode ser usado qualquer um dos métodos para estimar sua tolerância.

Efeitos de métodos de controle de plantas daninhas na cultura do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica L.) sobre a qualidade física do solo

Estudaram-se os efeitos de diferentes métodos de controle de plantas daninhas na cultura do cafeeiro sobre alguns indicadores da qualidade física do solo. O experimento foi instalado, em 1977, na Fazenda Experimental da EPAMIG em São Sebastião do Paraíso (MG), em um Latossolo Roxo distrófico. Foi utilizado o cultivar "Catuaí Vermelho" LCH 2077-2-5-99, plantado no espaçamento 4 x 1 m. Roçadeira (RÇ), grade (GR), enxada rotativa (RT), herbicida de pós-emergência (HC), herbicida de pré-emergência (HR) e capina manual (CM) foram empregados no controle das plantas daninhas na entrelinha de plantio ("ruas"), em comparação com a área cultivada mantida sem capina (SC) e a condição original de mata (MT). Os seguintes indicadores da qualidade física do solo foram avaliados, entre 1978 e 1995, nas camadas de 0-15 e 15-30 cm: matéria orgânica, densidade do solo, volume total de poros e estabilidade de agregados em água. Após dezoito anos de avaliações, a qualidade física do solo mostrou-se diretamente correlacionada com o seu teor de matéria orgânica. A utilização contínua de herbicida de pré-emergência, além de reduzir o teor de matéria orgânica do solo, provocou o surgimento de encrostamento superficial do solo. Os usos da enxada rotativa e da roçadeira acarretaram o surgimento de camada subsuperficial compactada. O controle das plantas daninhas por meio de capinas manuais e herbicidas de pós-emergência mostraram-se eficientes na manutenção da qualidade física do solo.

Mineralogia da fração argila de solos vermelhos com horizontes superficiais brunados do Planalto de Lages (SC)

Em regiões de altitudes elevadas do sul do Brasil, predominam perfis de solos com coloração bruna ou bruno-amarelada, em conseqüência do clima frio e úmido, que favorece a formação e, ou, persistência de óxidos de ferro na forma de goethita, causando o amarelecimento completo dos solos. Entretanto, em alguns locais, constatam-se perfis de solos com horizontes superficiais brunados, mas que, em profundidade, apresentam cores avermelhadas, o que parece constituir relíquia de clima pretérito mais seco e quente que o atual. O presente trabalho objetivou estudar a gênese das feições citadas, por meio da avaliação das características estruturais dos óxidos de ferro goethita e hematita nos horizontes brunados e vermelhos. Para tanto, foram descritos e amostrados no Planalto de Lages dois perfis de Nitossolos Vermelhos (Podzólicos Vermelho-Escuros), com horizontes superficiais brunados. Além da caracterização analítica usual, avaliaram-se, através de difratometria de raios X, as características estruturais dos óxidos de ferro de horizontes dos perfis, bem como em crosta laterítica, pedotúbulos e nódulos de gibbsita. Diferenças no padrão da goethita entre os horizontes brunados e vermelhos, bem como similaridade no padrão da hematita ao longo dos perfis, evidenciam que a hematita e, possivelmente, parte da população de goethita com menor substituição de ferro por alumínio tenham sido preferencialmente dissolvidas nos horizontes superficiais. O amarelecimento superficial parece ter sido resultante da persistência da população de goethitas com maior substituição de ferro por alumínio e da neoformação de goethitas, cujas características de maior substituição isomórfica de ferro por alumínio indicam terem sido formadas em condições ambientais diferentes das que prevaleceram na formação dos horizontes subsuperficiais vermelhos.

Efeitos da integração lavoura-pecuária nas propriedades físicas do solo e características da cultura do milho

A integração lavoura-pecuária pode compactar a camada superficial do solo e restringir o crescimento de raízes e a produtividade das culturas nos solos argilosos. Este estudo objetivou mensurar as modificações nas propriedades físicas do solo e as características da cultura do milho, em área submetida ao sistema de preparo convencional e plantio direto, com pisoteio animal durante o inverno, comparando com as propriedades físicas do sistema mata nativa. O experimento foi realizado em Lages (SC), em um Nitossolo Vermelho, nos sistemas de preparo convencional e plantio direto com milho no verão e aveia no inverno para o pastejo. Foram determinadas: a macro, a micro, a porosidade total, a densidade do solo, a condutividade hidráulica saturada, a resistência do solo à penetração e as características da cultura do milho. Observou-se que a pressão exercida pelo trânsito de máquinas agrícolas e pelo pisoteio animal degradou a estrutura do solo em comparação ao sistema mata. Houve redução dos macroporos de 0,29 na mata para 0,17 no preparo convencional e 0,13 m³ m-3 no plantio direto, refletindo na redução da porosidade total e no aumento da densidade do solo de 0,79 na mata para 1,09 no preparo convencional e 1,16 kg dm-3 no plantio direto. A menor macroporosidade foi responsável pela redução da condutividade hidráulica saturada nos sistemas de preparo convencional e plantio direto comparados à da mata nativa. No sistema plantio direto, houve aumento da resistência do solo à penetração, principalmente na camada de 0-0,15 m. Os maiores danos às propriedades físicas do solo foram observados no sistema plantio direto quando comparados aos do sistemas de preparo convencional. No plantio direto, a estatura de plantas, o número de folhas verdes, o peso de 1.000 grãos, o número de grãos por espiga e a produtividade foram inferiores aos do preparo convencional. Tais observações reforçam a tese de que, no sistema plantio direto, devem-se evitar o uso de máquinas pesadas e o pastejo nas áreas comuns de lavoura-pecuária, principalmente quando a umidade do solo estiver acima do ponto de friabilidade.