Mortalidade cardiovascular por sexo e faixa etária em São Paulo, Brasil: 1996 a 1998 e 2003 a 2005

FUNDAMENTO: O conhecimento da evolução da mortalidade cardiovascular é importante para levantar hipóteses sobre a sua ocorrência e subsidiar medidas de prevenção e controle. OBJETIVOS: Comparar a mortalidade pelo conjunto das doenças cardiovasculares e seus principais subgrupos: doença isquêmica do coração e cerebrovasculares (DIC e DCBV), no município de São Paulo, por sexo e idade, de 1996 a 1998 e 2003 a 2005. MÉTODOS: Foram usados dados de óbitos do Programa de Aprimoramento das Informações de Mortalidade para o Município (PROAIM) e estimativas populacionais da Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados (SEADE) do Estado de São Paulo. A magnitude na mortalidade e as mudanças entre os triênios foram medidas pela descrição de coeficientes e variação percentual relativa. O modelo de regressão de Poisson foi usado também para estimar a mudança na mortalidade entre os períodos. RESULTADOS: Observou-se redução importante da mortalidade cardiovascular. Os coeficientes aumentam com a idade em ambos os sexos. Também são mais elevados na população masculina, na faixa a partir dos 70 anos. Os coeficientes de mortalidade por DIC são maiores que aqueles por DCBV, tanto nos homens como nas mulheres de 50 anos ou mais. O declínio pelo conjunto das doenças cardiovasculares foi maior em mulheres de 20 a 29 anos (-30%) e em homens de 30 a 39 anos (-26%). CONCLUSÃO: A força da intensidade da mortalidade cardiovascular diminuiu entre 1996 e 1998, a 2003 e 2005. Ainda assim há diferenças entre os grupos. Essa redução pode significar, em parte, um maior acesso aos métodos diagnósticos e terapêuticos.

Mortality by Heart Failure and Ischemic Heart Disease in Brazil from 1996 to 2011

Background:Circulatory system diseases are the first cause of death in Brazil.Objective:To analyze the evolution of mortality caused by heart failure, by ischemic heart diseases and by ill-defined causes, as well as their possible relations, in Brazil and in the geoeconomic regions of the country (North, Northeast, Center-West, South and Southeast), from 1996 to 2011.Methods:Data were obtained from DATASUS and death declaration records with codes I20 and I24 for acute ischemic diseases, I25 for chronic ischemic diseases, and I50 for heart failure, and codes in chapter XIII for ill-defined causes, according to geoeconomic regions of Brazil, from 1996 to 2011.Results:Mortality rates due to heart failure declined in Brazil and its regions, except for the North and the Northeast. Mortality rates due to acute ischemic heart diseases increased in the North and Northeast regions, especially from 2005 on; they remained stable in the Center-West region; and decreased in the South and in the Southeast. Mortality due to chronic ischemic heart diseases decreased in Brazil and in the Center-West, South and Southeast regions, and had little variation in the North and in the Northeast. The highest mortality rates due to ill-defined causes occurred in the Northeast until 2005.Conclusions:Mortality due to heart failure is decreasing in Brazil and in all of its geoeconomic regions. The temporal evolution of mortality caused by ischemic heart diseases was similar to that of heart failure. The decreasing number of deaths due to ill-defined causes may represent the improvement in the quality of information about mortality in Brazil. The evolution of acute ischemic heart diseases ranged according to regions, being possibly confused with the differential evolution of ill-defined causes.

As espécies neotropicais da família Simuliidae Schiner, 1864 (Diptera-Nematocera): I. Simulim (Eusimulium) orbitale Lutz, 1910, Simulium (Eusimulium) pintoi n. sp. e Simulium nigrimanum MACQUART, 1837, sp. inquirendae

Os AA. iniciam com o presente trabalho uma série de publicações com o fim de rever as espécies neotropicais da família Simuliidae. Fazem a revisão bibliográfica, a redescrição do macho, fêmea, pupa, larva, e elegem os neótipos de S. (E) orbitale LUTZ, 1910. Descrevem S. (E.) pintoi n. sp. de macho, fêmea, pupa e larva; consideram S. nigrimanum MACQ., 1837 como sp. inquirendae.

Simulium hirtipupa Lutz, 1910 (Diptera: Simuliidae): descrição dos adultos e larva e redescrição da pupa

Com a "Segunda contribuição para o conhecimento das espécies brasileiras do genero Silulium", Lutz (1910) descreve 18 espécies novas, porém dedica somente um breve parágrafo a S. hirtipupa, mencionando exclusivamente caracteres específicos para a pupa, aliás insuficiente. Descrevemos aqui, pela primeira vez, os adultos e a larva, redescrevemos a pupa e elegemos um neótipo para a espécie.

Simuliofauna do rio Marumbi, Morretes - PR, Brasil: microalgas como alimento de larvas de Simulium incrustatum Lutz, 1910 (Diptera, Simuliidae)

Estuda-se a ficoflórula do conteúdo intestinal de larvas do Simulium incrustatum, num período de 18 meses com 18 amostras, em 1983/84. A identificação até gênero, foi feita com material a fresco e material montato em lamínula. No conteúdo entérico das larvas, constataram-se 50 gêneros nas Divisões Chrysophyta (diatomáceas), Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta e Euglenophyta.

On Thelazia anolabiata (Molin, 1860) Railliet & Henry, 1910 (Nematoda, Thelazioidea): a new host record and systematic considerations

Thelazia anolabiata (Molin, 1860) Raillet & Henry, 1910, parasite of eyes of birds, is reported in s new host, Ortalis canicolis pantanalensis Cher & Reich from Salobra, Mato Grosso do Sul State; T. digitata Travassos, 1918 and T. lutzi Travassos, 1918 are considered its synonyms.

Nematode parasites of Brazilian psittacid birds, with emphasis on the genus Pelecitus railliet & Henry, 1910

In the present paper, some species of nematodes from Brazilian parrots are studied: Aproctapyrrhurae. Ascaridia hermaphrodita, A. sergiomeirai, Pelecitus circularis and P. helicinus. Single female specimens of Pelecitus sp. and Thelazia sp. are presented. The male of P. circularis is fully illustrated, for the first time, since 1884. Ascaridia sergiomeirai is also restudied 59 years after proposition. New host records are estabilished. Remarks on other species of nematodes occuring in psittacid birds are included.

Risk Factors for tuberculosis among human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons. A case-control study in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil (1985-1996)

The objective of this study was to identify tuberculosis risk factors and possible surrogate markers among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. A retrospective case-control study was carried out at the HIV outpatient clinic of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais in Belo Horizonte. We reviewed the demographic, social-economical and medical data of 477 HIV-infected individuals evaluated from 1985 to 1996. The variables were submitted to an univariate and stratified analysis. Aids related complex (ARC), past history of pneumonia, past history of hospitalization, CD4 count and no antiretroviral use were identified as possible effect modifiers and confounding variables, and were submitted to logistic regression analysis by the stepwise method. ARC had an odds ratio (OR) of 3.5 (CI 95% - 1.2-10.8) for tuberculosis development. Past history of pneumonia (OR 1.7 - CI 95% 0.6-5.2) and the CD4 count (OR 0.4 - CI 0.2-1.2) had no statistical significance. These results show that ARC is an important clinical surrogate for tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients. Despite the need of confirmation in future studies, these results suggest that the ideal moment for tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis could be previous to the introduction of antiretroviral treatment or even just after the diagnosis of HIV infection.

Biting Indices, Host-seeking Activity and Natural Infection Rates of Anopheline Species in Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil from 1996 to 1998

The epidemiology of the transmission of malaria parasites varies ecologically. To observe some entomological aspects of the malaria transmission in an urban environment, a longitudinal survey of anopheline fauna was performed in Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil. A total of 7,263 anophelines was collected in human bait at 13 de Setembro and Caranã districts: Anopheles albitarsis sensu lato (82.8%), An. darlingi (10.3%), An. braziliensis (5.5%), An. peryassui (0.9%) and An. nuneztovari (0.5%). Nightly 12 h collections showed that An. albitarsis was actively biting throughout the night with peak activities at sunset and at midnight. An. darlingi bit during all night and did not demonstrate a defined biting peak. Highest biting indices, entomological inoculation rates and malaria cases were observed seasonally during the rainy season (April-November). Hourly collections showed host seek activity for all mosquitoes peaked during the first hour after sunset. An. darlingi showed the highest plasmodial malaria infection rate followed by An. albitarsis, An. braziliensis and An. nuneztovari (8.5%, 4.6%, 3% and 2.6%, respectively). An. albitarsis was the most frequently collected anopheline, presented the highest biting index and it was the second most frequently collected infected species infected with malaria parasites. An. albitarsis and An. darlingi respectively, are the primary vectors of malaria throughout Boa Vista.

Pelecitus helicinus Railliet & Henry, 1910 (Filarioidea, Dirofilariinae) and Other Nematode Parasites of Brazilian Birds

We report Pelecitus helicinus Railliet & Henry, 1910 from 13 species of birds of 2 orders and 7 families, collected from the states of São Paulo and Mato Grosso, Brazil. All 13 constitute new host records for this nematode. In addition, we report the first record of Aprocta golvani Diaz-Ungria, 1963 from Brazil and Monasa nigrifrons (Bucconidae), as well as a number of other nematode records from Neotropical birds.

Biomphalaria spp. (Preston, 1910) snails in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, Zona da Mata Mineira mesoregion, ate of Minas Gerais, Brazil

This study focuses on the geographic distribution of the snail of the genus Biomphalaria and evaluates its infectivity by Schistosoma mansoni in 5264 specimens collected in the municipality of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Of the 31 locations studied, 6 were reservoirs, 11 rudimentary holding ponds, 7 irrigation ditches, 5 lakes, 1 ornamental pond, and 1 waterfall. Intermediate hosts were found only in the rudimentary ponds and ditches, which were 100% positive. Using morphological and molecular analysis techniques, B. tenagophila, B. peregrina, and B. straminea were identified. This is the first report of B. stramínea in the municipality, and evaluation of its infective potential revealed susceptibility of 25.4%. Although we did not find specimens of Biomphalaria infected by S. mansoni, the data obtained indicate the presence of intermediate hosts, especially in the irrigation ditches in Juiz de Fora, and their proximity to contaminated areas.