Mapping of use and occupation of the soil and irrigation water quality in the city of Salto do Lontra-Paraná, Brazil

The objective of this study consisted on mapping the use and soil occupation and evaluation of the quality of irrigation water used in Salto do Lontra, in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Images of the satellite SPOT-5 were used to perform the supervised classification of the Maximum Likelihood algorithm - MAXVER, and the water quality parameters analyzed were pH, EC, HCO3-, Cl-, PO4(3-), NO3-, turbidity, temperature and thermotolerant coliforms in two distinct rainfall periods. The water quality data were subjected to statistical analysis by the techniques of PCA and FA, to identify the most relevant variables in assessing the quality of irrigation water. The characterization of soil use and occupation by the classifier MAXVER allowed the identification of the following classes: crops, bare soil/stubble, forests and urban area. The PCA technique applied to irrigation water quality data explained 53.27% of the variation in water quality among the sampled points. Nitrate, thermotolerant coliforms, temperature, electrical conductivity and bicarbonate were the parameters that best explained the spatial variation of water quality.

Initial development of two eucalyptus hybrid submitted to irrigation

The eucalyptus offers several advantages compared to other forestry species and, by using the irrigation can increase productivity and decrease production time. The objective of the present study was to evaluate two hybrid eucalyptus (Grancam and Urograndis), no irrigation, dripping and micro sprinkler irrigated at 90, 120, 150 and 180 days after transplanting (DAT). The experiment was conducted at the experimental irrigation area in the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, in the municipality of Aquidauna - State of MS, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, split plot with four blocks and two replications within each block, and the plots were composed by irrigation treatments (dripping, micro sprinkler irrigate and dry) and the subplots the hybrids (Grancam and Urograndis).The total area of the experiment had 3 hectares, where each plot consisted of 1 ha. It was evaluated plant height, stem diameter and canopy, stem basal area, the relationship between height and stem diameter, the relationship between height and canopy diameter and stem volume. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. Irrigation systems and dripping sprinkle provide greater plant height, stem diameter, canopy diameter, stem basal area and stem volume.

Ratoon sugarcane yield integrated drip-irrigation and nitrogen fertilization

The aim of this study was to compare the use of water and nitrogen on ratoon sugarcane during irrigated and rain-fed conditions, and to assess the production potential of stalks and sugar with different rates of N-fertilizer on the subsurface drip-irrigated management. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications for each experiment and treatments: (T1) irrigated, 0kg N ha-1; (T2) irrigated, 70kg N ha-1; (T3) irrigated, 140kg N ha-1; (T4) irrigated, 210kg N ha-1; (T5) not irrigated, 0kg N ha-1, and (T6) not irrigated, 140kg N ha-1. Biometric, technological, dry matter and yield variables were analyzed among the treatments. The irrigation system together with the application of N-fertilizer at 140kg ha-1 presented significant differences in dry matter accumulation of shoots, and for the production of stalks and sugar, respectively 94, 105 and 106%, higher when compared to the not irrigated, without N-fertilizer (T5). There was a positive and synergistic effect of irrigation with N-fertilizer on the productivity of stalks and sugar. Ratoon sugarcane irrigated with subsurface dripping had the highest yield (22Mg ha-1 of sugar) with the dosage of 140kg ha-1 N.

Water requirement and yield of fig trees under different drip irrigation management

This work aimed to study the effect of drip irrigation management on growth and yield of the 'Roxo de Valinhos' fig tree (Ficus carica L.), at three years old, and to determine crop coefficients (Kc) and its water requirement (ETc) under Baixada Fluminense climate and soil conditions, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study was carried out in the experimental area of SIPA (Sistema Integrado de Produção Agroecológica) in Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro State, from July 2011 to May 2012. The experimental area was divided in two blocks, named B1 (sandy clay loam texture) and B2 (loamy sand texture). In each block, irrigation frequencies (IF) of two (T1) and four days (T2) were evaluated, as well as the irrigation absence (T3). Irrigation management and water consumption determination were performed through the soil water balance, using the TDR technique. Plant growth was not affected by IF, differing only in the number of produced internodes. For both soil textures, the mean Kc was 0.60, with a significant difference (p<0.05) only for IF. The estimated mean yield showed no significant differences between both textural classes, ranging from 6,612 kg ha-1 (T3) to 8,554 kg ha-1 (T1). This study indicates the importance of irrigation frequency in the irrigation management of fig trees cultivated in soils with different physical characteristics.

Trickle irrigation: effects on papaya crop

The objective of this study was to evaluate growth and yield of papaya cv. Sunrise solo under trickle irrigation system configurations. A random block design was used with six treatments and four replications. Treatments were: T1- a 32 L h-1 micro sprinkler; T2 - a 43 L h-1 micro sprinkler and T3 - a 60 L h-1 micro sprinkler for four plants; T4 - Drip system with four emitters per plant on one lateral line per crop row; T5 - Drip system with eight emitters per plant on two laterals line per crop row; T6 - Drip system with four emitters per plant on one lateral line distributed as pig tail. The dripper flow rate was 4 L h-1and they were apart each other 0.50 m. Crop growth variables were measured every two weeks. Production variables were evaluated during harvest. The treatment that presented superiority was irrigated by micro sprinkler system with flow rate of 43 L h-1.

Potassium distribution in drip irrigation with fertigation for different injection distances in the main line

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the K2O distribution uniformity by surface drip irrigation at Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain (39º 29′ N, 0º 23′ W, 20 m). The irrigation was performed by drip lines with not-compensated emitters, spaced 0.3 m. The fertigation was realized using a fertilizer injector pump of electric action with injection of 0.25 h. The experimental design used completely randomized blocks with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of injection in five distances, located at 10; 20; 30; 40; 50 m of the first drip line. Samples were collected in emitters located at the start, at 1/3, at 2/3 and at the end of the drip lines. The nutrient concentration was determined by flame spectrophotometry. The Christiansen's uniformity coefficients (CUC), of distribution (DUC), of statistical (SUC) and of emission (eUC) were estimated. The K2O concentration and distribution decreased linearly with the increase of the injection distance. In all treatments, the CUC, SUC and DUC were described as 'excellent'. The eUC was described as 'recommended' only at smaller injection distances.

Irrigation with domestic treated sewage and nitrogen fertilizing in sunflower cultivation

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of sunflower plants irrigated with different levels of domestic treated sewage and groundwater well with different doses of nitrogen. It was used randomized blocks design in split-split plots with four replications. In the plots, we evaluated the effect of two types of irrigation water, in the subplots we evaluated the five irrigation levels expressed as 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% of the Class A pan Evaporation (CAE), and in the sub subplots, we evaluated the effect of four different doses of nitrogen (25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1). The irrigation of sunflower with domestic sewage produced greater yield potential of grain and oil. The use of water from treated wastewater can replace up to 50 kg N ha-1 without affecting productivity. It is recommended for the commercial production of sunflower the use of treated sewage water with irrigation depth relative to 100% of CAE (296.64 mm) and nitrogen of 25 kg ha-1.

Wet bulbs from the subsurface drip irrigation with water supply and treated sewage effluent

The use of treated sewage effluent (TSE) combined with the subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) method in agriculture can decrease the costs of agricultural production, in attempts to fertigate crops more efficiently. In this study it was compared the dimensions of the wet bulb formed by the application of TSE and municipal water supply (MWS) in an Oxisoil. We have evaluated the effect of water quality and discharge between drippers used in sugarcane crop. Three trenches were opened and 21 three-rod TDR probes were setup in a mesh and a dripper was buried at 0.30 m, for each constant discharge of 1.0 L h-1and 1.6 L h-1. Comparing results from different wetted soil profiles it was observed that the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the wet bulb are similar for both MWS and TSE, being peculiars according to the discharges used and volume applied. Regardless the water quality, an increase of 60% in discharge decreased the deepest infiltration.

Application of artificial neural networks as an alternative to volumetric water balance in drip irrigation management in watermelon crop

Precision irrigation seeks to establish strategies which achieve an efficient ratio between the volume of water used (reduction in input) and the productivity obtained (increase in production). There are several studies in the literature on strategies for achieving this efficiency, such as those dealing with the method of volumetric water balance (VWB). However, it is also of great practical and economic interest to set up versatile implementations of irrigation strategies that: (i) maintain the performance obtained with other implementations, (ii) rely on few computational resources, (iii) adapt well to field conditions, and (iv) allow easy modification of the irrigation strategy. In this study, such characteristics are achieved when using an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to determine the period of irrigation for a watermelon crop in the Irrigation Perimeter of the Lower Acaraú, in the state of Ceará, Brazil. The Volumetric Water Balance was taken as the standard for comparing the management carried out with the proposed implementation of ANN. The statistical analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed management, which is able to replace VWB as a strategy in automation.

Deficit irrigation in grapevine cv. Syrah during two growing seasons in the brazilian semiarid

Irrigation plays an important role for grape’s yield as well as on its quality for winemaking. Thus, the effects of deficit irrigation strategies on yield and quality of wine grapes cv. Syrah were evaluated in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Evaluations were carried out throughout the second and third growing seasons, which were from November 2010 to February 2011 (rainy season) and from May to September 2011 (dry season), respectively. Vines were drip irrigated and the experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments and four replications. The treatments were full irrigation (FI), performed according crop evapotranspiration; regulated deficit irrigation (RDI), in which irrigation was interrupted in phenological growth stage of bunch closure, but was occasionally performed according soil water monitoring of the root zone; and deficit irrigation (DI), when irrigation was interrupted from bunch closure to harvesting. Differences on leaf water content among treatments were observed in both growing seasons and RDI and DI treatment plants presented moderate water stress. The number of bunches did not differ among treatments in both growing seasons; however, bunch weight per plant, average bunch weight and soluble solid content were higher in FI treatment during the dry season. Deficit irrigation strategies promoted water saving.

Tratamento do carcinoma do canal anal com radioterapia e quimioterapia concomitantes: resultados preliminares do Hospital do Câncer A. C. Camargo

OBJETIVO: Reportar os resultados preliminares do tratamento do carcinoma do canal anal com radioterapia e quimioterapia concomitantes. MÉTODOS: De janeiro de 1992 a maio de 1998, foram tratados 24 pacientes com diagnóstico histológico de carcinoma do canal anal, sendo 18 pacientes do sexo feminino e seis do sexo masculino (3:1). A idade dos mesmos variou de 35 a 74 anos e a média foi de 59 anos. A distribuição do número de pacientes por estádio clínico foi: I - 1, II - 13, III - 9 e IV - 1. A radioterapia foi realizada com dose de 45 Gy na pelve no Acelerador Linear de 4 MV, seguida de complementação de dose no canal anal até 55 Gy através de campo direto no cobalto. A quimioterapia foi realizada com 5-FU (1.000mg/m²) em infusão contínua e mitomicina C (10mg/m²) em bólus durante os cinco primeiros e os cinco últimos dias da radioterapia. RESULTADOS: O seguimento médio foi de 34 meses. Resposta completa ao tratamento foi obtida em 23 (95,8%) pacientes. Quatorze (58,3%) estão vivos sem doença, três (12%) vivos com doença, cinco (20,8%) mortos pelo câncer e um (4,2%) morreu sem câncer. Recidivas locais ocorreram em cinco (20,8%) pacientes e metástase a distância em quatro (16,6%). A função esfincteriana foi preservada em 18 (75%) pacientes. Complicações agudas e crônicas foram observadas em 19 (79,2%) e em nove (37,5%) pacientes respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento foi efetivo em termos de controle local e preservação esfincteriana, porém com toxicidade aguda e tardia elevadas. Diminuição da dose de radioterapia em toda pelve representa uma estratégia razoável para diminuir os efeitos colaterais agudos e crônicos. Um maior número de pacientes e seguimento mais longo trarão mais informações sobre esta abordagem terapêutica.

Cirurgia de resgate no carcinoma de canal anal

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a sobrevida dos pacientes portadores de carcinoma epidermóide do canal anal submetidos a cirurgia de resgate, por recidiva ou falha do tratamento radioquimioterápico inicial. MÉTODO: Análise retrospectiva dos pacientes portadores de carcinoma epídermóide do canal anal submetidos a cirurgia de resgate, de outubro de 1986 a setembro de 2000. RESULTADOS: Foram matriculados 93 pacientes portadores de carcinoma epidermóide do canal anal no período, e 21 (22,5%) foram submetidos a resgate cirúrgico. Em 19 pacientes (91%) foi realizada amputação abdominoperineal do reto (operação de Miles), em um paciente exenteração pélvica total e em um paciente excisão local. Não houve mortalidade operatória. A sobrevida média do grupo após resgate cirúrgico foi de 24 meses. CONCLUSÕES: Após recidiva e/ou falha da radioquimioterapia, a cirurgia de resgate é importante no controle locorregional do carcinoma epidermóide do canal anal.

Ablação de tumor de canal anal tratado com laser de diodo: seguimento após 17 meses

The Nd:YAG laser is used as the palliative treatment of obstructive and/or hemorrhagic intestinal lesions with an effective but temporary symptomatic relief, with symptoms and signs recurrence after six to eight weeks. This report describes the treatment of a patient bearing a low rectal adenocarcinoma through diode laser ablation and the result after 17 months.

Tratamento conservador do carcinoma do canal anal

OBJETIVO: Relatar os resultados do tratamento conservador do carcinoma de canal anal com radioterapia e quimioterapia do Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa Hospital do Câncer A.C. Camargo. MÉTODO: De março de 1993 a dezembro de 2001, 47 pacientes com diagnóstico histológico de carcinoma do canal anal foram tratados de forma conservadora. A dose mediana de radioterapia na pelve e no tumor primário foi respectivamente de 45 e 55 Gy. A quimioterapia foi realizada com 5- Fluorouracil e Mitomicina-C, com doses medianas de 1000 mg/m² por quatro dias e 10 mg/m² por ciclo, respectivamente. Trinta e oito (80,8%) pacientes não receberam radioterapia em região inguinal. O tempo de seguimento mediano foi de 40 meses (oito dias a 116 meses). RESULTADOS: A resposta completa foi alcançada em 40 pacientes (85,1%). O controle local foi obtido em 31 (66%), e a função esfincteriana foi preservada em 38 (80,9%) casos. Metástases à distância foram detectadas em sete (14,9%) pacientes. A sobrevida global e sobrevida livre de doença em cinco anos foram de 61,5% e 50,1%, respectivamente. A sobrevida global e a sobrevida livre de doença em cinco anos para os pacientes que tiveram controle local foram 77,8% (p < 0,001) e 74,4% (p < 0,001). A sobrevida global e livre de doença em cinco anos para os pacientes com linfonodo inguinal clinicamente tumoral foi de 70,7% e 56,7%, respectivamente (p = 0,0085 e p = 0,0207). Doze (25,5%) pacientes necessitaram de interrupção temporária do tratamento. Cinco pacientes tiveram complicações crônicas leves. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento realizado foi efetivo tanto para preservação do esfíncter anal quanto para controle local de doença. A presença de linfonodo inguinal clinicamente tumoral e a ausência de recidiva foram os principais fatores prognósticos para sobrevida global e sobrevida livre de doença. A taxa relativamente alta de recidiva em região inguinal sugere a necessidade de radioterapia eletiva nessa região.

Desempenho das Amostras do Canal Cervical e do Fundo de Saco no Diagnóstico da Neoplasia do Colo Uterino

Objetivos: comparar o desempenho das amostras do canal cervical e fundo de saco vaginal para o exame colpocitológico no diagnóstico da neoplasia do colo uterino. Métodos: foram constituídos três grupos seqüenciais: grupo 1) 10.048 mulheres com amostras da ectocérvice e fundo de saco, utilizando espátula de Ayre; grupo 2) 3.847 mulheres com amostras da ectocérvice, fundo de saco e canal cervical, utilizando espátula de Ayre e escova cytobrush; grupo 3) 4.059 mulheres com amostras da ectocérvice e canal cervical, utilizando espátula de Ayre e escova cytobrush. A metodologia estatística utilizou análise de variância (ANOVA) e comparação de proporções. Resultados: os percentuais de exames alterados dos grupos 2 (2,6%) e 3 (2,4%), incluindo todas as lesões escamosas e glandulares, foram significativamente maiores que no grupo 1 (2%). Os percentuais de diagnóstico da lesão intra-epitelial escamosa de baixo grau (LIE-BG) não foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os três grupos (1,27; 1,25 e 1,07%). Por outro lado, os percentuais de diagnóstico da lesão intra-epitelial escamosa de alto grau (LIE-AG) foram significativamente maiores nos grupos 2 (0,81%) e 3 (0,77%) do que no grupo 1 (0,54%). A diferença entre os percentuais dos grupos 2 e 3 não foi estatisticamente significante. Conclusões: a amostra do canal cervical melhora o desempenho do exame colpocitológico para o diagnóstico da lesão intra-epitelial escamosa de alto grau, ao passo que a amostra de fundo de saco não interfere significativamente nos percentuais de diagnóstico das lesões intra-epiteliais.