A long-term intake of a protein hydrolysate seems to increase the risk of encephalopathy in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni

Previous investigations showed that Schistosoma mansoni infection aggravates protein malabsorption in undernourished mice and this can be reverted by administration of casein hydrolysate. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of ingestion of casein hydrolysate for long periods. Albino Swiss mice were divided into eight groups. Diets contained 5% (undernourished ) or 20% (controls) casein levels. For each group there were sub-groups ingesting whole or hydrolysed casein for 12 weeks. Infection with S. mansoni developed in half of the animals under each diet. All undernourished mice developed malabsorption. Low albuminemia was detected in infected animals independently of the protein level in the diet. However, albuminemia was lower in infected controls than in undernourished non-infected mice, suggesting a deficient liver protein synthesis. Infected mice fed on a 20% protein hydrolysed diet exhibited low weight gain and high mortality rates. On the other hand, non-infected mice ingesting the same diet had the highest body weights. We are investigating the hypothesis that infected mice, even when fed normal diets, are unable to metabolise large amounts of amino acids due to the liver lesions related to schistosomiasis and as a result die of hepatic coma. In some of them, the excessive accumulation of ammonia in the blood enhances the outcome of an encephalopathy.

Effect of Lutzomyia whitmani (Diptera: Psychodidae) salivary gland lysates on Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis infection in BALB/c mice

Previous reports showed that Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva exacerbate Leishmania braziliensis infection in mice. The sand fly Lu. whitmani is one of the vectors of L. (Viannia) braziliensis (LVb), a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the State of Ceará, Brazil. To determine whether saliva of Lu. whitmani could increase the infectivity of LVb in mice, we inoculated groups of BALB/c mice with LVb promastigotes in the presence or absence of the salivary glands lysate from Lu. whitmani. We found that coinjection with Lu. whitmani saliva increased size but not longevity of cutaneous LVb lesions in BALB/c mice, since the formed lesions gradually resolved. The mechanism(s) by which Lu. whitmani saliva might exacerbate LVb infection in BALB/c mice is speculated.

Deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars have a potent anti-feeding and insecticidal effect on Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia migonei

Deltamethrin-impregnated PVC dog collars were tested to assess if they were effective in protecting dogs from sand fly bites of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lu. migonei. A protective effect against Old World species Phlebotomus perniciosus was demonstrated before. Four dogs wearing deltamethrin collars and three dogs wearing untreated collars (not impregnated with deltamethrin) were kept in separate kennels for over eight months in a village on the outskirts of Fortaleza in Ceará, Brazil. Periodically, a dog from each group was sedated, placed in a net cage for 2 h in which 150 female sand flies had been released 10-15 min before. Lu. longipalpis were used 4, 8, 12, 16, 22, 27, and 35 weeks after the attachment of the collars. Lu. migonei were used 3, 7, 11, 15, 22, 26, and 36 weeks after attachment. During 35 weeks, only 4.1% (81 of 2,022) Lu. longipalpis recovered from the nets with the deltamethrin collared dogs were engorged, an anti-feeding effect of 96%. Mortality initially was over 90% and at 35 weeks was 35% with half of the sand flies dying in the first 2 h. In contrast, 83% of the 2,094 Lu. longipalpis recovered from the nets containing the untreated collared dogs were engorged and the mortality ranged from zero to 18.8% on one occasion with 1.1% dying in the first 2 h. Similar findings were found with Lu. migonei: of 2,034 sand flies recovered over this period, only 70 were engorged, an anti-feeding effect of 96.5%, and mortality ranged from 91% initially to 46% at 36 weeks. In contrast, engorgement of controls ranged from 91 to71% and a mortality ranged from 3.5 to 29.8%. These studies show that deltamethrin impregnated collars can protect dogs against Brazilian sand flies for up to eight months. Thus, they should be useful in a program to control human and canine visceral leishmaniasis.

Leprosy exposure, infection and disease: a 25-year surveillance study of leprosy patient contacts

Contact surveillance is a valuable strategy for controlling leprosy. A dynamic cohort study of leprosy contacts was initiated in 1987 at Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. The objective of this work was to review the data on the major risk factors leading up to the infectious stage of the disease, estimate incidence rates of leprosy in the cohort and characterise the risk factors for the disease among the contacts under surveillance. The incidence rate of leprosy among contacts of leprosy patients was estimated at 0.01694 cases per person-year in the first five years of follow-up. The following factors were associated with acquiring the disease: (i) not receiving the BCG vaccine, (ii) a negative Mitsuda reaction and (iii) contact with a patient with a multibacillary clinical form of leprosy. The contacts of index patients who had high bacilloscopic index scores > 1 were at especially high risk of infection. The following factors were associated with infection, which was defined as a seropositive reaction for anti-phenolic glicolipid-1 IgM: (i) young age (< 20 years), (ii) a low measured Mitsuda reaction (< 5 mm) and (iii) contact with an index patient who had a high bacilloscopic index. BCG vaccination and re-vaccination were shown to be protective among household contacts. The main conclusions of this study indicate an urgent need for additional leprosy control strategies in areas with a high incidence of the disease.

Influence of the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis14-3-3 and gp43 proteins on the induction of apoptosis in A549 epithelial cells

The fungal strain Paracoccidioides brasiliensisremains viable inside of epithelial cells and can induce apoptosis in this population. However, until now, the molecules that participate in this process remained unknown. Thus, this study evaluated the contribution of two P. brasiliensismolecules, the 14-3-3 and glycoprotein of 43 kDa proteins, which had been previously described as extracellular matrix adhesins and apoptosis inductors in human pneumocytes. Accordingly, epithelial cells were treated with these molecules for different periods of time and the expression of the apoptosis regulating-proteins Bak, Bax, Bcl-2, p53 and caspases were evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling, flow cytometry and real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Our results demonstrated that treatment with these molecules induces apoptosis signalling in pulmonary epithelial cells, showing the same pattern of programmed cell-death as that observed during infection with P. brasiliensis. Thus, we could conclude that P. brasiliensisuses these molecules as virulence factors that participate not only in the fungal adhesion process to host cells, but also in other important cellular mechanisms such as apoptosis.

Reproduction and fertility life table of three aphid species (Macrosiphini) at different temperatures

Temperature is a key abiotic factor influencing the development and reproduction of aphids. The effect of temperature on the reproduction of three aphid species Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and Uroleucon ambrosiae (Thomas) (Aphididae, Macrosiphini) has been investigated and fertility life tables were determined. Nymphs were reared in climatic chambers at temperatures of 16, 19, 22, 25, and 28 ± 1ºC, RH 70 ± 10% and 12 h photophase. Female adult aphids developed at these temperatures were then used in experiments in which pre-reproductive and reproductive periods were evaluated every 24 h. In addition, the number of nymphs produced and longevity were determined at each temperature. The reproduction period of A. solani and M. euphorbiae decreased with increasing temperature, whereas that of U. ambrosiae was maintained between 19 and 25ºC. The total number of nymphs produced by the aphids decreased as the temperature increased. The longevities of A. solani and M. euphorbiae decreased with increasing temperature but remained stable for U. ambrosiae between 19 and 25ºC. The largest survival rate (l x) and specific fertility (m x) values were found at 16 and 22ºC for all three species. The most favourable temperature for reproduction of A. solani, M. euphorbiae and U. ambrosiae was 22ºC, as demonstrated by the l x and m x profiles, the high values of net reproductive rates and intrinsic rates of increase, and the short intervals between generation and doubling times.

Densidade do solo no ambiente solo-semente e velocidade de emergência em sistema de semeadura de milho

O microambiente próximo à semente é influenciado diretamente pelo tipo de mecanismo de abertura do sulco e elemento compactador do solo. Nesse sentido, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a densidade do solo na região da semente, em sistema plantio direto, utilizando a tomografia computadorizada. O experimento foi montado em esquema de parcelas subsubdivididas, em que as parcelas foram constituídas de três teores de água do solo (0,22; 0,28; e 0,34 kg kg-1); as subparcelas, de dois mecanismos de abertura do sulco (haste sulcadora tipo facão e disco duplo); e as subsubparcelas, de dois tipos de elementos compactadores (borracha e lisa), com três repetições, no delineamento em blocos casualizados, na cultura do milho. Foram retiradas amostras indeformadas de solo sobre a linha de plantio, onde deveria conter a semente, para a obtenção de tomografias com resolução milimétrica, a fim de determinar sua densidade. Foram realizadas as determinações de densidades de solo (máxima, mínima e média), na posição onde se encontrava a semente no bloco indeformado. Os resultados mostraram que os tratamentos estudados não interferiram significativamente nos valores de índice de velocidade de emergência e densidade mínima medida pelo tomógrafo. O mecanismo tipo disco duplo proporcionou maiores valores de densidades (média e máxima), bem como menor percentagem de emergência; e o uso do elemento compactador de borracha proporcionou menor pressão aplicada sobre a semente, em decorrência da maior área de contato com o solo. O método da tomografia computadorizada mostrou-se adequado e eficiente na determinação da densidade do solo na região da semente.

Caracterização de agregados em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico submetido a diferentes doses de vinhaça

A distribuição de classes de tamanho, a quantidade e a estabilidade dos agregados constituem importantes critérios para avaliação da estrutura, a qual desempenha papel relevante nas relações entre o solo e as plantas. A vinhaça, quando aplicada ao solo, provoca aumento na atividade microbiana em conseqüência da adição da matéria orgânica nela contida. Essa atividade é acompanhada pelo aumento na produção de mucilagem, que pode favorecer a agregação e promover aumento na estabilidade estrutural do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a estabilidade de agregados em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico textura muito argilosa tratado com diferentes doses de vinhaça. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda-Escola da Universidade Estadual de Londrina no período de agosto de 1997 a agosto de 1999, num delineamento de blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos (doses de vinhaça) e quatro repetições. Amostras de solo foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 e 30-40 cm. As avaliações do presente trabalho são referentes à quinta colheita (quarta soca), realizada em agosto de 1999. As doses de vinhaça foram de 0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 m³ ha-1, e os índices de agregação determinados foram diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP), diâmetro médio geométrico (DMG) e índice de estabilidade de agregados (IEA). Os resultados mostraram que as diferentes doses de vinhaça não promoveram mudanças significativas nos índices de agregação nas profundidades estudadas.

Avaliação do ambiente solo-semente por meio da tomografia computadorizada

O condicionamento físico do solo ao redor das sementes reveste-se de grande importância para o bom desenvolvimento inicial da cultura, assegurando uma população sadia de plantas. O adequado contato solo-semente é um pré-requisito para a rápida emergência e o bom estabelecimento da cultura. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se utilizar a tomografia computadorizada de resolução milimétrica para determinação do ambiente solo-semente em sistema de plantio direto, logo após o plantio da cultura da soja. Utilizou-se o esquema de parcelas subdivididas, em que as parcelas constituíram-se de três teores de água do solo, correspondentes a 0,27; 0,31; e 0,36 kg kg-1, e as subparcelas de quatro níveis de carga, aplicadas pela roda compactadora, correspondentes a 0, 50, 90 e 140 N, no delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados a densidade média do solo na região da semente e o perfil de densidade média na linha de semeadura. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que as cargas aplicadas pela roda compactadora elevaram a densidade do solo no plano vertical da linha de semeadura abaixo da profundidade de semeadura, quando comparadas com as obtidas antes do plantio; a combinação entre cargas aplicadas pela roda compactadora e os teores de água no solo não influenciou a densidade média do solo na região da semente.

Relação do estado nutricional de minicepas com o enraizamento de miniestacas de eucalipto

O enraizamento adventício de estacas é influenciado por fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos do material vegetal, e o conhecimento da ação deles é fundamental para o sucesso da produção de mudas por miniestaquia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o grau de associação entre o estado nutricional das minicepas e o enraizamento de miniestacas de eucalipto, cultivadas em minijardim clonal em tubetes com subirrigação. Foram utilizados dados de enraizamento de miniestacas e teores de nutrientes quantificados pelas análises químicas dos tecidos foliares. A taxa de enraizamento foi correlacionada com o estado nutricional das brotações. Verificou-se que a nutrição mineral desempenha papel importante no enraizamento adventício de modo genótipo-dependente, ou seja, há diferença de comportamento dos clones em relação ao efeito dos nutrientes no enraizamento das miniestacas. Com relação ao teor de K, Ca, Mg e Mn, não foi observada associação com as taxas de enraizamento. Quanto aos demais nutrientes, em pelo menos um clone, houve associação positiva ou negativa entre as variáveis analisadas, com grau variável de acordo com o clone e o nutriente.

Soil physical properties and sugarcane root growth in a red oxiso

Sugarcane, which involves the use of agricultural machinery in all crop stages, from soil preparation to harvest, is currently one of the most relevant crops for agribusiness in Brazil. The purpose of this study was to investigate soil physical properties and root growth in a eutroferric red Oxisol (Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico) after different periods under sugarcane. The study was carried out in a cane plantation in Rolândia, Paraná State, where treatments consisted of a number of cuts (1, 3, 8, 10 and 16), harvested as green and burned sugarcane, at which soil bulk density, macro and microporosity, penetration resistance, as well as root length, density and area were determined. Results showed that sugarcane management practices lead to alterations in soil penetration resistance, bulk density and porosity, compared to native forest soil. These alterations in soil physical characteristics impede the full growth of the sugarcane root system beneath 10 cm, in all growing seasons analyzed.

Nutrients in soil layers under no-tillage after successive pig slurry applications

Successive applications of pig slurry to soils under no-tillage can increase the nutrient levels in the uppermost soil layers and part of the nutrients may be transferred to deeper layers. The objective was to evaluate the distribution of nutrients in the profile of a soil after 19 pig slurry applications under no-tillage for 93 months. The experiment was conducted from May 2000 to January 2008 in an experimental area of the Federal University of Santa Maria, southern Brazil, on a Typic Hapludalf. The treatments consisted of pig slurry applications (0, 20, 40 and 80 m³ ha-1) and at the end of the experiment, soil samples were collected (layers 0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-10, 10-12, 12-14, 14-16, 16-18, 18-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-50 and 50-60 cm). The levels of mineral N, available P and K and total N, P and K were evaluated. The 19 pig slurry applications in 93 months promoted migration of total N and P down to 30 cm and available P and K to the deepest layer analyzed. At the end of the experiment, no increase was observed in mineral N content in the deeper layers, but increased levels of available P and K, showing a transfer of N, P and K to layers below the sampled. This evidences undesirable environmental and economic consequences of the use of pig slurry and reinforces the need for a more rational use, i.e., applications of lower manure doses, combined with mineral fertilizers.

Crop response to organic fertilization with supplementary mineral nitrogen

Animal manure is applied to the soil as a nutrient source, especially of nitrogen, to plants. However, manure application rates can be reduced with the use of N fertilizer in topdressing. The aim of this study was to evaluate crop responses to different application rates of animal manure sources, used alone and supplemented with mineral N topdressing, in a no-tillage system. The study was carried out from 2005 to 2008 on a Hapludalf soil. The treatments consisted of rates of 10, 20 and 30 m³ ha-1 of pig slurry (PS), and of 1 and 2 t ha-1 of turkey manure (TM), applied alone and supplemented with topdressed N fertilizer (TNF), as well as two controls, mineral fertilization (NPK) and one control without fertilizer application. Grain yield in common bean and maize, and dry matter yield and nutrient accumulation in common bean, maize and black oat crops were evaluated. Nitrogen application in topdressing in maize and common bean, especially when PS was used at rates of 20 and 30 m³ ha-1, and TM, at 2 t ha-1, proved effective in increasing the crop grain yields, showing the viability of the combined use of organic and industrialized mineral sources. Nitrogen accumulation in maize and common bean tissues was the indicator most strongly related to grain yield, in contrast with the apparent nutrient recovery, which was not related to the N, P and K quantities applied in the organic sources. No clear residual effect of N topdressing of maize and common bean was observed on the dry matter yield of black oat grown in succession to the main crops with PS and TM applications.

Effects of Pig Slurry Application and Crops on Phosphorus Content in Soil and the Chemical Species in Solution

The application of pig slurry rates and plant cultivation can modify the soil phosphorus (P) content and distribution of chemical species in solution. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the total P, available P and P in solution, and the distribution of chemical P species in solution, in a soil under longstanding pig slurry applications and crop cultivation. The study was carried out in soil columns with undisturbed structure, collected in an experiment conducted for eight years in the experimental unit of the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria (RS). The soil was an Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico (Typic Hapludalf), subjected to applications of 0, 20, 40, and 80 m3 ha-1 pig slurry. Soil samples were collected from the layers 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, and 40-60 cm, before and after black oat and maize grown in a greenhouse, for the determination of available P, total P and P in the soil solution. In the solution, the concentration of the major cations, anions, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and pH were determined. The distribution of chemical P species was determined by software Visual Minteq. The 21 pig slurry applications increased the total P content in the soil to a depth of 40 cm, and the P extracted by Mehlich-1 and from the solution to a depth of 30 cm. Successive applications of pig slurry changed the balance between the solid and liquid phases in the surface soil layers, increasing the proportion of the total amount of P present in the soil solution, aside from changing the chemical species in the solution, reducing the percentage complexed with Al and increasing the one complexed with Ca and Mg in the layers 0-5 and 5-10 cm. Black oat and maize cultivation increased pH in the solution, thereby increasing the proportion of HPO42- and reducing H2PO4- species.