104 resultados para Energia eólica offshore
Resumo:
This study aimed to evaluate the chemical elements levels in soil, submitted to different management systems and use by the Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry - EDXRF. The systems were T1 - agro forestry (SAF), T2 - Native Field (CN), T3 - Native Forest (NM), T4 - Tillage Forest (PF); T5 - conventional tillage system (SPC) and T6 - System tillage (NT). Samples were collected at 0-10 and 10-20 cm, dried and ground for analysis in EDX-720. The soil showed no difference in the average concentrations of chemical elements analyzed in the profiles, but the systems presented different concentrations of metal elements, and T3 had the highest K, Ca and Zn at 0-10 cm and higher contents of K, Ca, Cu, Zn and Mn in the layer of 10-20 cm.
Resumo:
A software based in the Monte Carlo method has been developed aiming the teaching of the Perrin´s model for static luminescence quenching. This software allows the student to easily simulate the luminescence decays of emissive molecules in the presence of quenching ones. The software named PERRIN was written for FreeBASIC compiler and it can be applied for systems where the molecules remain static during its excited state lifetime. The good agreement found between the simulations and the expected theoretical results shows that it can be used for the luminescence and excited states decay kinetic teaching.
Resumo:
In this work was made an investigation about bulk and surface models (at maximum 20 layers) of the TiO2 material in the (001) direction. TiO2 commercial sample was feature using XDR technique to determine phase and crystallites average size. Bulk and (001) surface models were simulated for TiO2 material using DFT/B3LYP and its results were used for calculating energy surface, electronic levels, superficial atomic displacement and charge maps. Atoms of the first and second layers of the slab model showed electronic densities very well organized in the form of chains or wires.
Resumo:
The present work deals with the study of the correlation of free-energy developed in a catalytic system for Suzuki coupling, by way of the Hammett equation. The system presents NCP pincer palladacycle 1 as a catalyst precursor, which proved to be very efficient in the coupling of various aryl boronic acids with aryl halides in previous studies. Thus, the article presented here intends to serve as a support for further investigations and clarifications relating to cross-coupling catalytic cycles.
Resumo:
A simple, fast and inexpensive method was developed to determine essential elements in pellets of rice samples using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). The accuracy and precision were evaluated using Standard Reference Material (rice flour NIST 1568a), and yielding relative standard deviation below 5%. The paired t-test showed good agreement within 95% confidence values. The detection limits (3σ) of Mn and Zn were 5.1 and 2.2 mg kg-1, respectively. The proposed method proved to be effective when used to determine Mn and Zn in commercial samples of rice without go by stage of decomposition.
Resumo:
This work outlines the historic development of the concept and main theories of energy transfer, as well as the principal experiments carried out to confirm or refute the proposed theories. Energy transfer in coordination compounds is also discussed with a focus on rare earth systems.
Resumo:
Coal, natural gas and petroleum-based liquid fuels are still the most widely used energy sources in modern society. The current scenario contrasts with the foreseen shortage of petroleum that was spread out in the beginning of the XXI century, when the concept of "energy security" emerged as an urgent agenda to ensure a good balance between energy supply and demand. Much beyond protecting refineries and oil ducts from terrorist attacks, these issues soon developed to a portfolio of measures related to process sustainability, involving at least three fundamental dimensions: (a) the need for technological breakthroughs to improve energy production worldwide; (b) the improvement of energy efficiency in all sectors of modern society; and (c) the increase of the social perception that education is a key-word towards a better use of our energy resources. Together with these technological, economic or social issues, "energy security" is also strongly influenced by environmental issues involving greenhouse gas emissions, loss of biodiversity in environmentally sensitive areas, pollution and poor solid waste management. For these and other reasons, the implementation of more sustainable practices in our currently available industrial facilities and the search for alternative energy sources that could partly replace the fossil fuels became a major priority throughout the world. Regarding fossil fuels, the main technological bottlenecks are related to the exploitation of less accessible petroleum resources such as those in the pre-salt layer, ranging from the proper characterization of these deep-water oil reservoirs, the development of lighter and more efficient equipment for both exploration and exploitation, the optimization of the drilling techniques, the achievement of further improvements in production yields and the establishment of specialized training programs for the technical staff. The production of natural gas from shale is also emerging in several countries but its production in large scale has several problems ranging from the unavoidable environmental impact of shale mining as well as to the bad consequences of its large scale exploitation in the past. The large scale use of coal has similar environmental problems, which are aggravated by difficulties in its proper characterization. Also, the mitigation of harmful gases and particulate matter that are released as a result of combustion is still depending on the development of new gas cleaning technologies including more efficient catalysts to improve its emission profile. On the other hand, biofuels are still struggling to fulfill their role in reducing our high dependence on fossil fuels. Fatty acid alkyl esters (biodiesel) from vegetable oils and ethanol from cane sucrose and corn starch are mature technologies whose market share is partially limited by the availability of their raw materials. For this reason, there has been a great effort to develop "second-generation" technologies to produce methanol, ethanol, butanol, biodiesel, biogas (methane), bio-oils, syngas and synthetic fuels from lower grade renewable feedstocks such as lignocellulosic materials whose consumption would not interfere with the rather sensitive issues of food security. Advanced fermentation processes are envisaged as "third generation" technologies and these are primarily linked to the use of algae feedstocks as well as other organisms that could produce biofuels or simply provide microbial biomass for the processes listed above. Due to the complexity and cost of their production chain, "third generation" technologies usually aim at high value added biofuels such as biojet fuel, biohydrogen and hydrocarbons with a fuel performance similar to diesel or gasoline, situations in which the use of genetically modified organisms is usually required. In general, the main challenges in this field could be summarized as follows: (a) the need for prospecting alternative sources of biomass that are not linked to the food chain; (b) the intensive use of green chemistry principles in our current industrial activities; (c) the development of mature technologies for the production of second and third generation biofuels; (d) the development of safe bioprocesses that are based on environmentally benign microorganisms; (e) the scale-up of potential technologies to a suitable demonstration scale; and (f) the full understanding of the technological and environmental implications of the food vs. fuel debate. On the basis of these, the main objective of this article is to stimulate the discussion and help the decision making regarding "energy security" issues and their challenges for modern society, in such a way to encourage the participation of the Brazilian Chemistry community in the design of a road map for a safer, sustainable and prosper future for our nation.
Resumo:
The quality of biodiesel is extremely important for its commercialization and use; oxidation of biodiesel is a critical factor because it decreases the fuel storage time. A commercial biodiesel was mixed with synthetic antioxidants, according to a simplex-centroid experimental mixture design, and its stability was evaluated through induction period and activation energy. In all trials, addition of antioxidants increased activation energy in the mixtures containing tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). When a mixture containing 50% TBHQ and 50% butylated hydroxyanisole was used, synergistic effect was observed, and the major activation energy obtained was 104.43 kJ mol-1.
Resumo:
An interesting practical experiment about the preparation of dye–sensitized solar cells (DSSC) using natural dyes were carried out by the undergraduate students in the chemistry course at UNICAMP . Natural dyes were extracted from blueberries (Vaccinium myrtillus L.), jabuticabas (Myrciaria cauliflora), raw and cooked beets (Beta vulgaris L.), and annattos (Bixa orellana L.), which were used to sensitize TiO2 films that composed the photoanode in the DSSC. A polymer electrolyte containing an iodide/triiodide redox couple was used in lieu of the use of liquid solutions to prevent any leakage in the devices. A maximum solar-to-electric energy conversion of 0.26 ± 0.02% was obtained for the solar cell prepared with annatto extracts. This experiment was an effective way to illustrate to the undergraduate students how to apply some of the chemical concepts that they learned during their chemistry course to produce electric energy from a clean and renewable energy source. Teachers could also exploit the basics of the electronic transitions in inorganic and organic compounds (e.g., metal-to-ligand charge transfer and ϖ-ϖ* transitions), thermodynamics (e.g., Gibbs free energy), acid–base reactions in the oxide solid surface and electrolyte, and band theory (i.e., the importance of the Fermi level energy).
Resumo:
Neste trabalho descreve-se a tecnologia envolvida na fabricação de um detector piroelétrico para aplicações na determinação da energia de feixe de lasers pulsados ou CW (onda contínua) modulados, utilizando-se do polímero Polifluoreto de Vinilideno PVDF. Os dados experimentais revelam que o detector tem resposta linear com a energia aplicada para o intervalo compreendido entre 0,4 a 6,8 mili-Joule/pulse para pulsos com largura temporal de 8,3 milissegundos.
Resumo:
Muitos compostos modelo contendo porfirinas têm sido preparados num esforço para entender o sistema de fotossíntese e os processos de aproveitamento de energia solar. Sistemas doadores-receptores contendo porfirinas têm sido freqüentemente estudados para testar várias descrições teóricas sobre transferência de elétrons. O estudo de parâmetros fotoquímicos e fotofísicos como a distância para transferência de energia, geometria molecular e a diferença de potencial eletrônico, tem se mostrado importante para a definição da transferência eletrônica em porfirinas. Neste trabalho apresentamos a síntese, purificação e caracterização por espectroscopia UV/Vis, ¹H e 19F RMN, luminescência e tempos de vida de novos modelos moleculares de porfirinas, que permitam investigar esses parâmetros. Utilizou-se o dímero Zn,Mn(TPPF4)2pip e seus monômeros ZnTPPF4pipH e MnF5TPP. A caracterização do ZnMn(TPPF4)2pip, foi dificultada devido a presença de Mn+3, devido ao forte acoplamento dos orbitais dpi do manganês e o sistema pi da porfirina, que aumenta a interação manganês-porfirina mudando o espectro eletrônico UV/Vis e distorcendo os sinais de ¹H e 19F RMN do dímero. A presença de Mn+3 desloca E1/2 do anel porfirínico para valores mais negativos, o que resulta em reduções mais difíceis, impedindo a transferência de energia da Znporfirina para a Mnporfirina.
Resumo:
Neste trabalho, objetivou-se estudar o efeito do período de armazenamento no teor de lipídios de juvenis do segundo estádio (J2) de M. incognita com endósporos de P. penetrans na infectividade e reprodução em tomateiro. Suspensões de M. incognita contendo ou não endósporos de P. penetrans aderidos à cutícula foram armazenadas por 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12 dias, a 28ºC. Após cada período de estocagem, determinou-se a concentração de lipídios neutros corporais por meio da análise de imagem dos J2 coloridos com o corante "Oil Red O". Em seguida, 1.000 J2 foram inoculados em mudas de tomateiros. Após 28 dias, avaliou-se o número de fêmeas parasitadas, número de endósporos/fêmea, número de galhas, massas de ovos e de ovos/g de raiz. O teor de lipídio dos J2 reduziu-se com o aumento do período de estocagem. Porém, maiores perdas ocorreram nos J2 sem endósporos de P. penetrans. A proporção entre as perdas dos J2 com e sem P. penetrans foi pequena e decrescente com o período de estocagem. Entretanto, a desproporção foi grande entre 3 e 6 dias de armazenamento dos J2 com e sem P. penetrans com relação aos parâmetros reprodução e número de galhas, indicando consumo de fontes alternativas ao lipí dio neutro de energia p elo J2 parasitado. Mas o período de armazenamento sempre reduziu a reprodução e número de galhas formadas em tomateiros por J2 com e sem P. penetrans. A perda dessas fontes de energia, ao que tudo indica, leva muitos J2 a morrer antes de chegar ao estádio adulto, pois o número de fêmeas parasitadas reduz-se com o armazenamento, além de propiciar menor produção de endósporos por fêmea. O J2 parasitado por P. penetrans necessita encontrar rapidamente a raiz e não permanecer no solo por mais de 6 dias antes de parasitar a planta.
Resumo:
Com o intuito de estudar as podas feitas em árvores urbanas e analisar novas técnicas possíveis de serem utilizadas para reduzir o número de podas e melhorar a convivência das espécies com a fiação elétrica, além de permitir à árvore desempenhar plenamente suas funções ecológicas, buscou-se levantar dados referentes aos três tipos principais de redes de distribuição de energia elétrica (aérea convencional, aérea compacta e subterrânea), em quatro concessionárias de energia elétrica, a fim de compilá-los em um só trabalho. Foram levantados custos de implantação das redes convencional, compacta e subterrânea, assim como custos de manutenção e de poda de árvores. O custo de implantação de rede convencional (primária e secundária) variou de R$54.188,39 a R$67.571,43. O custo de implantação da rede compacta (primária e secundária) foi em média R$62.215,99. Já o custo de implantação de uma rede subterrânea é, em média, de R$436.585,04. A rede compacta já é totalmente viável, principalmente por ter custo de implantação praticamente igual à rede convencional e ter custo de manutenção 80% menor. A rede subterrânea, embora com custo de implantação aproximadamente 10 vezes maior quando comparado com o custo da convencional, por ter reduzido custo de manutenção e alta confiabilidade do sistema elétrico, seu uso já pode ser viável em diversas ocasiões.
Resumo:
Objetivou-se, neste estudo, identificar e prospectar o comportamento futuro dos fatores críticos de desempenho da cadeia produtiva de energia a partir de biomassa de origem florestal, bem como as demandas de capacitação e de pesquisas. O estudo teve como área de abrangência os municípios da região de Lages, no Planalto Sul de Santa Catarina. Utilizou-se como metodologia a abordagem de prospecção foresight, desenvolvida através da projeção de especialistas com base no seu próprio conhecimento, mediante a aplicação de questionário Delphi, contemplando os elos da produção florestal e da indústria e a geração de energia. As principais conclusões foram: a) há disponibilidade de resíduos florestais para uso na geração de energia, sendo necessária a readequação do processo de colheita florestal; b) investimentos na qualificação de recursos humanos e em novas tecnologias nos processos industriais são requeridos para melhor aproveitar os recursos florestais; e c) tende a haver aumento do uso da biomassa de origem florestal para a produção de energia.