Rendimento e conservação de cebola alterados pela dose e parcelamento de nitrogênio em cobertura

O rendimento e a conservação da cebola são influenciados pela disponibilidade de nitrogênio (N) no solo, o qual é requerido em grande quantidade. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito de doses e do número de aplicações de N no estado nutricional das plantas, no rendimento e na conservação pós-colheita de bulbos de cebola. Foram realizados três experimentos, em campo, em Cambissolos catarinenses. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma combinação fatorial (4 x 3) envolvendo quatro doses de N (0, 50, 100 e 200 kg ha-1) e três modos de aplicação (aos 45, aos 45 e 75, e aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após o transplante). De cada dose, 25 % foram adicionados no plantio e o restante aplicado em uma ou dividido em duas ou três aplicações iguais. O transplante das mudas foi sempre realizado na segunda quinzena de julho, e a colheita foi efetuada aproximadamente 115 dias depois. O rendimento de bulbos aumentou de forma quadrática com o aumento da quantidade de N aplicada. A dose de N estimada que proporcionou a máxima produtividade econômica variou de 249 kg ha-1 em 2006/07, onde o solo era arenoso, a 116 e 142 kg ha-1 em 2008/09 e 2009/10, respectivamente, em solo mais argiloso. Os rendimentos máximos obtidos foram de 38, 46 e 30 t ha-1 em 2006/07, 2008/09 e 2009/10, respectivamente, e as doses de N correspondentes à máxima produtividade econômica promoveram incrementos de 42, 10 e 17 %, respectivamente, no tratamento sem N. O aumento do número de aplicações de N em cobertura, de uma para duas ou três, não alterou o rendimento e a conservação pós-colheita em nenhum ano. Em solos arenosos com baixo teor de matéria orgânica, é necessário aplicar maior quantidade de N para obter alto rendimento de cebola do que em solos argilosos com médios teores de matéria orgânica. A adição de N ao solo pode alterar negativamente a conservação dos bulbos em anos chuvosos.

Forms and accumulation of copper and zinc in a sandy typic hapludalf soil after long-term application of pig slurry and deep litter

Successive applications of pig slurry and pig deep litter may lead to an accumulation of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) fractions in the soil profile. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Cu and Zn forms and accumulation in a Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil after long-term application of pig slurry and deep litter. In March 2010, eight years after initiating an experiment in Braço do Norte, Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil, on a Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil, soil samples were collected from the 0-2.5, 2.5-5.0, 5-10 and 10-15 cm layers in treatments consisting of no manure application (control) and with applications of pig slurry and deep litter at two levels: the single and double rate of N requirement for maize and black oat succession. The soil was dried, ground in an agate mortar and analyzed for Cu and Zn contents by 0.01 mol L-1 EDTA and chemically fractionated to determine Cu and Zn. The applications of Pig deep litter and slurry at doses equivalent to 90 kg ha-1 N increased the contents of available Cu and Zn in the surface soil layer, if the double of this dose was applied in pig deep litter or double this dose in pig slurry, Cu and Zn migrated to a depth of 15 cm. Copper is accumulated mainly in the organic and residual fractions, and zinc preferentially in the fraction linked to clay minerals, especially in the surface soil layers.

Impacts of land leveling on lowland soil physical properties

The practice of land leveling alters the soil surface to create a uniform slope to improve land conditions for the application of all agricultural practices. The aims of this study were to evaluate the impacts of land leveling through the magnitudes, variances and spatial distributions of selected soil physical properties of a lowland area in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the relationships between the magnitude of cuts and/or fills and soil physical properties after the leveling process; and evaluation of the effect of leveling on the spatial distribution of the top of the B horizon in relation to the soil surface. In the 0-0.20 m layer, a 100-point geo-referenced grid covering two taxonomic soil classes was used in assessment of the following soil properties: soil particle density (Pd) and bulk density (Bd); total porosity (Tp), macroporosity (Macro) and microporosity (Micro); available water capacity (AWC); sand, silt, clay, and dispersed clay in water (Disp clay) contents; electrical conductivity (EC); and weighted average diameter of aggregates (WAD). Soil depth to the top of the B horizon was also measured before leveling. The overall effect of leveling on selected soil physical properties was evaluated by paired "t" tests. The effect on the variability of each property was evaluated through the homogeneity of variance test. The thematic maps constructed by kriging or by the inverse of the square of the distances were visually analyzed to evaluate the effect of leveling on the spatial distribution of the properties and of the top of the B horizon in relation to the soil surface. Linear regression models were fitted with the aim of evaluating the relationship between soil properties and the magnitude of cuts and fills. Leveling altered the mean value of several soil properties and the agronomic effect was negative. The mean values of Bd and Disp clay increased and Tp, Macro and Micro, WAD, AWC and EC decreased. Spatial distributions of all soil physical properties changed as a result of leveling and its effect on all soil physical properties occurred in the whole area and not specifically in the cutting or filling areas. In future designs of leveling, we recommend overlaying a cut/fill map on the map of soil depth to the top of the B horizon in order to minimize areas with shallow surface soil after leveling.