89 resultados para Covi, Vincenzo Maria, d. 1796.
Resumo:
The synthesis of -5-(D-arabino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl)tetrazole and -2-(D-arabino-1,2,3,4-tetra-acetoxybutyl)-5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole from D-arabinose is described. Attempts at removing the protecting groups of the oxadiazole derivative were unsuccessful, leading to products resulting from the opening of the oxadiazole ring. The unprotected tetrazole derivative was selectively phosphorylated at the primary hydroxyl group with diethylphosphoryl chloride. The resulting 5-[D-arabino-4-(diethylphosphoryloxy)-1,2,3-trihydroxybutyl]tetrazole is a protected form of a potential inhibitor of the enzymes glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and glucosamine synthase.
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The importance of natural products as a source of new high value-added drugs has, no doubt, transformed Brazilian megadiversity into one of the country's most valuable and strategic assets. Thus the rational exploration of the Brazilian flora on an economic basis should be considered as part of a national development strategy. In this respect, governmental mechanisms to stimulate regulation on the access, bioprospection and industrial use of natural products represent a crucial issue. The aim of this paper is to show how the incentives and institutional arrangements that led to one of the greatest breakthroughs in the pharmaceutical industry, the development and commercialization of the anti-cancer agent Taxol, could be applied to the Brazilian case.
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Contextualized overview of the Biodiesel Production Chain, from the lab bench to the industry, with critical evaluation of state-of-art and technological development through scientific articles and patents, focusing on feedstock, reaction/production, first and second generation processes, specification and quality, transport, storage, co-products (effluents and sub-products), and emissions. Challenges are identified and solutions are proposed based on the Brazilian feedstock, edaphoclimatic conditions, process monitoring in remote regions, state policy, and environment preservation, among others. Forecasts are made based on the technology assessment, identifying future trends and opportunities for R&D&I.
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The synthesis of two new D-galactose-based dimers having a 1,4-butanediamine spacer is reported aiming at the evaluation of their interaction with the Erythrina cristagalli lectin. The title compounds were prepared in four and five steps from 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-galactopyranoside bromide, in 20 % and 15 % overall yield, respectively, using the Doebner modification of the Koenavenagel reaction as the key sep. The lectin-carbohydrate interaction could be evaluated for only one dimer, due to solubility problems. A twofold enhancement of affinity was observed, compared to the corresponding monovalent ligand.
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The synthesis of chiral acetylenic regioisomers was described by using an appropriate intermediate such as isopropylidene glycerol, a synthon widely used in the enantioselective syntheses. This intermediate was prepared from D-mannitol. The nine obtained compounds have been characterized by their respective spectral data. The mixture of chiral acetylenic alcohols showed activity against Escherichia coli when tested through the monitoring of CO2 released during microbial respiration by using a conductimetric system.
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Starting from methyl 6-O-allyl-4-azido-2,3-di-O-benzyl-4-deoxy-α-D-galactopyranoside, four new derivatives containing 2-iodobenzamido and 3-(iodoacetamido)benzamido groups were synthesized. These four compounds were submitted to tri-n-butyltin hydride mediated radical cyclization reactions, resulting in two macrolactams from 11- and 15-endo aryl radical cyclization. The corresponding four hydrogenolysis products were also obtained. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by ¹H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, DEPT, COSY, HMQC and HMBC experiments.
Resumo:
Cyclosporine-A-loaded PLGA implants were developed intended for ocular route. Implants were prepared using solvent extraction/evaporation technique followed by casting of the cake into rods in a heated surface. XRD patterns showed that cyclosporine-A was completely incorporated into PLGA. FTIR and DSC results indicated alterations on drug molecular conformation aiming to reach the most stable thermodynamic conformation at polymer/drug interface. Implants provided controlled/sustained in vitro release of the drug. During the first 7 weeks, the drug release was controlled by the diffusion of the cyclosporine-A; and between 7-23 week period, the drug diffusion and degradation of PLGA controlled the drug release.
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In recent years, the introduction of the Green Chemistry concepts in undergraduate chemistry classes has been intensively pursued. In this regard, the two-step preparation of Epoxone (an organocatalyst developed by Shi & col.) from commercial D-fructose, through ketalization of vicinal diols followed by oxidation of a sterically congested secondary alcohol, involves important topics in Organic Chemistry and employs inexpensive and nontoxic reagents. The reactions are easy to perform and the products from both steps are readily obtained as crystalline solids after simple procedures, thus facilitating their chemical characterization.
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A series of six new palmitic acid-based neoglycolipids related to Papulacandin D were synthesized in five steps, resulting in good yields, and they were evaluated against Candida spp. All twelve synthetic intermediates were also evaluated. The synthesis involved the initial glycosylation of two phenols (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde and 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde) via their reaction with peracetylated glucosyl bromide. This was followed by deacetylation with potassium methoxide/metanol solution and the protection of two hydroxyls (C4 and C6 positions) of the saccharide unit as benzilidene acetals (10-11). The next step involved the acylation of the acetal derivatives with palmitic acid, thereby affording a mixture of two isomers mono-acylated at the C2 and C3 positions and a di-acylated product (12-17). After being isolated, each compound was subjected to the removal of the acetal protecting group to yield the papulacandin D analogues 18-23. Three compounds showed low antifungal activity against two species: C. albicans (compounds 7 and 23) and C. tropicalis (compound 17) at 200 µg mL−1.
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Este trabalho estudou a adsorção e a desorção do herbicida ácido 2,4-Diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) em solo da região de Urbano Santos - MA. A região possui campos de cultivo de eucaliptos para obtenção de celulose. Para a limpeza dos campos, antes da plantação e nos primeiros 12 meses de plantio, são aplicados herbicidas, dentre os quais destacamos o 2,4-D. A isoterma de Freundlich foi utilizado como modelo para este estudo e a concentração de 2,4-D foi determinada por cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiência (CLAE), acompanhada de ensaios de recuperação para garantir a confiabilidade dos dados obtidos na investigação de adsorção/dessorção. Os resultados indicaram que o 2,4-D apresenta maior adsorção à matéria orgânica do solo estudado, quando comparado a outros tipos de solo, o que pode resultar em pequena diminuição em sua tendência de lixiviação e de degradação microbiológica. Entretanto, este herbicida apresenta elevado potencial de lixiviação quando comparado a outros pesticidas.
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O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estimar a biomassa e o comprimento de raÃzes finas (< 2 mm de diâmetro), em diferentes profundidades do solo, para a espécieEucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake, com 10 anos de idade. O estudo foi realizado no municÃpio de Santa Maria-RS, no campus da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. O talhão plantado com eucalipto tem 27 m de comprimento por 14 m de largura, em espaçamento 3 x 2 m. Foram amostrados quatro monolitos de 25 x 25 x 60 cm. Os monolitos foram divididos em seis perfis geométricos, nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, 50-60 cm. A separação das raÃzes do solo foi por meio de um conjunto de duas peneiras (2 e 1 mm de malha) e jatos d'água. Na determinação do comprimento de raÃzes foi utilizado o método de intersecção, produzindo fotos com o uso de scanner. Os resultados revelaram alta concentração das raÃzes finas nos primeiros 20 cm de solo. A biomassa total de raÃzes finas encontradas para o Eucalyptus urophylla foi de 1.451,6 kg/ha, devendo ser ressaltado que 57,9% estavam concentradas nos primeiros 20 cm de solo. Constatou-se que o comprimento total de raÃzes finas foi de 27.968,9 km/ha e que 64,3% destes estavam nos primeiros 20 cm de profundidade.
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Fava d'anta (Dimorphandra mollis Benth) é uma planta nativa do Cerrado brasileiro utilizada na extração da rutina, quercetina e ramnose, produtos usados nas indústrias farmacêuticas e de cosméticos. O norte do Estado de Minas Gerais produz cerca de 23% da rutina nacional. A obtenção dessa espécie tem sido de forma predatória pelos extrativistas, e estudos da variabilidade genética dessas populações podem fornecer subsÃdios para estratégias de conservação e manutenção da espécie. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a diversidade genética dessa planta por meio da técnica de RAPD. Para isso, foram coletadas folhas jovens de fava d'anta em sete localidades diferentes (Januária, Patis, Mirabela, Lontra, CAA, Jequitaà e Morro Alto) da região Norte de Minas Gerais. Nessa análise, testaram-se 43 primers. A análise de variância molecular (AMOVA) indicou que 10,3% e 89,7% da variação genética foi distribuÃda entre e dentro das populações, respectivamente. A diversidade genética de Nei (Ĥe) variou de 0,1736 (população de Morro Alto) a 0,2867 (população de Mirabela). Já a análise genética permitiu a construção de um dendrograma com formação de grupos distintos, cujas informações poderão ser utilizadas na criação de um banco de germoplasma e contribuir para a preservação da espécie.
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Espécies florestais que possuem sementes duras e impermeáveis à água freqüentemente apresentam problemas para germinar. Este trabalho teve como objetivo selecionar tratamentos pré-germinativos em laboratório que permitam abreviar, aumentar e uniformizar a germinação das sementes de Dimorphandra mollis, além de avaliar essa germinação em diferentes épocas e locais de coleta. Foram coletadas sementes de D. mollis em quatro municÃpios do norte de Minas Gerais: Montes Claros, Lontra, Mirabela e JequitaÃ, em duas datas distintas: agosto e setembro de 2004. As sementes foram submetidas a cinco tratamentos de escarificação: lixamento, imersão em ácido sulfúrico por 10 e por 20 min, imersão em água quente a 70 ºC e controle (sementes intactas). Nos testes de germinação, um delineamento experimental casualizado foi utilizado, com 10 repetições de 10 sementes de cada tratamento, localidade e data de coleta. Os efeitos dos diferentes tratamentos na germinação das sementes foram avaliados através da análise de variância e teste t. Após a análise, constatou-se que as sementes coletadas em agosto (X= 47,8 ± 6,8%), na localidade de Montes Claros (X= 41,7 ± 9,7%), e escarificadas mecanicamente (X= 83,0 ± 8,2%) denotaram maior potencial germinativo. Nesse sentido, sementes de fava-d'anta apresentam dormência imposta pelo tegumento, com potencial germinativo maior no tratamento com lixa. Além disso, o grau de maturação das sementes e fatores ecológicos locais parecem interferir na germinação das sementes da espécie estudada.
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OBJETIVO: avaliação da hemorragia feto-materna (HFM) nas pacientes que receberiam profilaxia da aloimunização Rh com emprego de imunoglobulina anti-D (300 mig), pós-aborto precoce. MÉTODO: foram admitidas no estudo pacientes do grupo sanguÃneo Rh negativo, com parceiro Rh positivo ou ignorado, com quadro de aborto até 12 semanas de gestação internadas para curetagem uterina. Uma amostra de 5 ml de sangue venoso destas pacientes foi obtida após o procedimento, na qual realizamos o teste qualitativo de roseta para detectar quais casos necessitariam determinação quantitativa do volume de sangue fetal transferido para circulação materna, que foi então apurado pelo teste de Kleihauer-Betke (K-B). RESULTADOS: das 26 pacientes avaliadas, em uma o teste de roseta foi positivo, e o teste de K-B apontou HFM de 1,5 ml. CONCLUSÕES: a dose de imunoglobulina anti-D nos casos de abortamento até a 12ª semana de gestação deveria ser substancialmente reduzida, parecendo-nos oportuna a disponibilização no mercado nacional de apresentação com 50 mig, que representaria além da economia, maior racionalidade.
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PURPOSE: To compare two single-agent chemotherapy (ChT) regimens evaluating, in first-line treatment, response and side effects and, in final single-agent treatment, the outcomes, among Brazilian patients with low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN), according to International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2002. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of two concurrent cohorts with 194 low-risk GTN patients: from 1992 to 2012, as first-line treatment, 115 patients received 4 intramuscular doses of methotrexate alternated with 4 oral doses of folinic acid (MTX/FA) repetead every 14 days and, since 1996, 79 patients received an endovenous bolus-dose of actinomycin D (Act-D), biweekly. At GTN diagnosis, patient opinion was taken into consideration when defining the initial single-agent ChT regimen, and when there was resistance or toxicity to one regimen, the other drug was used preferentially. This study was approved by the Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre Ethical Committee. RESULTS: Both groups were clinically similar (p>0.05). In first-line treatments, frequency of complete response was similar (75.7% with MTX/FA and 67.1% with bolus Act-D); the number of ChT courses -median 3 (range: 1-10) with MTX/FA and 2 (range: 1-6) with bolus Act-D - and the time to remission -median 9 weeks (range: 2-16) with MTX/FA and 10 weeks (range: 2-16) with bolus Act-D) - were not different between the groups. In both groups, first-line side effects frequency were high but intensity was low; stomatitis was higher with MTX/FA (p<0.01) and nausea and vomit with Act-D (p<0.01). Final single-agent ChT responses were high in both groups (94.8% with MTX/FA and 83.5% with bolus Act-D; p<0.01) and 13% higher in the group initially treated with MTX/FA. Rates of hysterectomy and of GTN recurrence were low and similar. No patient died due to GTN. CONCLUSION: The two regimens had similar first-line ChT response. Final single-agent response rates were high and similar in both groups but the final single-agent remission rate was higher in the MTX/FA group.