Content validity and reliability of test of gross motor development in Chilean children

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To validate a Spanish version of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) for the Chilean population. METHODS Descriptive, transversal, non-experimental validity and reliability study. Four translators, three experts and 92 Chilean children, from five to 10 years, students from a primary school in Santiago, Chile, have participated. The Committee of Experts has carried out translation, back-translation and revision processes to determine the translinguistic equivalence and content validity of the test, using the content validity index in 2013. In addition, a pilot implementation was achieved to determine test reliability in Spanish, by using the intraclass correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman method. We evaluated whether the results presented significant differences by replacing the bat with a racket, using T-test. RESULTS We obtained a content validity index higher than 0.80 for language clarity and relevance of the TGMD-2 for children. There were significant differences in the object control subtest when comparing the results with bat and racket. The intraclass correlation coefficient for reliability inter-rater, intra-rater and test-retest reliability was greater than 0.80 in all cases. CONCLUSIONS The TGMD-2 has appropriate content validity to be applied in the Chilean population. The reliability of this test is within the appropriate parameters and its use could be recommended in this population after the establishment of normative data, setting a further precedent for the validation in other Latin American countries.

Infección inducida en el roedor selvático Dasyprocta leporina (Rodentia: Dasyproctidae), con huevos larvados de Lagochilascaris minor (Nematoda: Ascarididae)

Ejemplares de Dasyprocta leporina Linnaeus, 1758 fueron criados alejados de su ambiente natural. A los 3 ó 4 meses de edad, se los inoculó por vía oral con huevos de Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909 obtenidos de una paciente nativa. Los huevos se los incubó por más de 80 dias, para que de ellos fuese posible obtener por compresión mecánica, larvas que se mantuviesen vivas en medio acuoso por 48 horas o más. Sacrificados los animales a los 14 ó 46 dias posteriores a la infección, se hallaron en los músculos esqueléticos larvas ovilladas dentro de nódulos inflamatorios, los cuales no presentaban reacción a cuerpo extraño, abscedación o calcificación. El desarollo de los nódulos no parecía afectar la normalidad de los hospedadores. Las larvas obtenidas eran similares a las descritas por SPRENT como de tercer estadio para estos helmintos. Ratones blancos infectados con material similar, no presentaron nódulos en sus músculos ni se pudo recuperar de sus tejidos larva alguna. Por los hallazgos obtenidos con la infección de estos animales, se postula que el helminto no posee ciclo pulmonar y que su desarrollo requiere de un hospedador intermediario.

Three year seroepidemiological study of varicella-zoster virus in São Paulo, Brazil

A serosurvey of varicella has been carried out in children attending the public school network of São Paulo city, Brazil, from 1992 to 1994. This study was performed in order to establish the age related prevalence of antibodies against varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and its age specific transmission dynamics pattern in these children. Among 2500 schools in the city of São Paulo public network, 304 were randomly selected; 7 children of a given age (ranging from 1 to 15 years) were randomly selected in each school, and blood samples were obtained by fingerprick into filter paper. Blood eluates were analyzed for the presence of antibodies to VZV by ELISA. Proportion of seropositivity were calculated for each age group. Samples consisted of 1768 individuals in 1992, 1758 in 1993, and 1817 in 1994, resulting in 5343 eluates. A high proportion of seropositive children from 1 to 3 years of age was observed, ascending until 10 years of age and reaching a plateau around 90% afterwards. VZV transmission in this community was similar along the three years of the study. In children attending public schools in the city of São Paulo, contact with VZV occurs in early childhood. If immunization against VZV is considered it should be introduced as soon as possible.

Subcutaneous immunization against Leishmania major - infection in mice: efficacy of formalin-killed promastigotes combined with adjuvants

Formalin-killed promastigotes (FKP) of Leishmania major, in combination with Montanide ISA 720 (MISA), BCG or alum were used in vaccination of an inbred murine model against cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Significant and specific increases in anti-FKP IgG responses were detected for both alum-FKP and BCG-FKP compared to MISA-FKP (p < 0.001). Significant increases in splenic lymphocyte recall proliferation was obtained in the MISA-FKP vaccinated mice compared to alum-FKP or BCG-FKP vaccinated groups (p < 0.01). The highest interferon-γ responses were observed in the BCG-FKP group followed by the MISA-FKP while the alum-FKP gave the least responses. Significantly reduced lesion sizes were obtained in the MISA-FKP group compared to the BCG/alum adjuvants-FKP vaccinated groups. Although the BCG-FKP group showed the highest IFN-γ responses, it failed to control cutaneous lesions. Significant reductions in parasite numbers were observed in the MISA-FKP and BCG-FKP vaccinated groups (p < 0.001). There was a good correlation between parasite burden and IFN-γ level indicating IFN-γ response as a sensitive parameter of the immune status. In conclusion, MISA-FKP is the most efficacious vaccine formulation against murine cutaneous leishmaniasis.

In vitro and in vivo antileishmanial efficacy of a combination therapy of diminazene and artesunate against Leishmania donovani in BALB/c mice

The in vitro and in vivo activity of diminazene (Dim), artesunate (Art) and combination of Dim and Art (Dim-Art) against Leishmania donovani was compared to reference drug; amphotericin B. IC50 of Dim-Art was found to be 2.28 ± 0.24 µg/mL while those of Dim and Art were 9.16 ± 0.3 µg/mL and 4.64 ± 0.48 µg/mL respectively. The IC50 for Amphot B was 0.16 ± 0.32 µg/mL against stationary-phase promastigotes. In vivo evaluation in the L. donovani BALB/c mice model indicated that treatments with the combined drug therapy at doses of 12.5 mg/kg for 28 consecutive days significantly (p < 0.001) reduced parasite burden in the spleen as compared to the single drug treatments given at the same dosages. Although parasite burden was slightly lower (p < 0.05) in the Amphot B group than in the Dim-Art treatment group, the present study demonstrates the positive advantage and the potential use of the combined therapy of Dim-Art over the constituent drugs, Dim or Art when used alone. Further evaluation is recommended to determine the most efficacious combination ratio of the two compounds.

Safety and skin delayed-type hypersensitivity response in vervet monkeys immunized with Leishmania donovani sonicate antigen delivered with adjuvants

In this study, we report on the safety and skin delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), responses of the Leishmania donovani whole cell sonicate antigen delivered in conjunction with alum-BCG (AlBCG), Montanide ISA 720 (MISA) or Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) in groups of vervet monkeys. Following three intradermal injections of the inoculums on days 0, 28 and 42, safety and DTH responses were assessed. Preliminary tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) levels were also measured and these were compared with DTH. Only those animals immunized with alum-BCG reacted adversely to the inoculum by producing ulcerative erythematous skin indurations. Non-parametric analysis of variance followed by a post-test showed significantly higher DTH responses in the MISA+Ag group compared with other immunized groups (p < 0.001). The MPLA+Ag group indicated significantly lower DTH responses to the sonicate antigen compared with the AlBCG+Ag group. There was a significant correlation between the DTH and cytokine responses (p < 0.0001). Based on this study we conclude that Leishmania donovani sonicate antigen containing MISA 720 is safe and is associated with a strong DTH reaction following immunization.

Controle biológico de Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) através de Tilapia nilotica (Hasselquist, 1757), em laboratório (Pulmonata, Planorbidae. Pisces, Cichlidae)

O peixe cichdeo Tilapia nilotica (Hasse/quist, 1757) I = Sarotherodon niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) foi capaz de impedir o crescimento de 4 populações de 20 espécimens (14-16 mm de diâmetro) de Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), mantidas em aquários de vidro, durante cinco semanas, em laboratório. No Aquário nº 1 foi introduzido um alevino com 55 mm de comprimento (não computada a nadadeira caudal); no de nº 2, um com 63 mm; no de nº 3, dois alevinos: com 40 e 46 mm, respectivamente; e, finalmente, no de nº 4, três espécimens: com 38,39 e 42 mm, respectivamente. Os peixes destruíram as desovas dos planorbíneos depositadas nas paredes de vidro dos aquários - impedindo, assim, as eclosões e, consequentemente, o aumento das quatro populações em estudo. Reversamente, quando retirados, as populações de planorbíneos cresceram em número. Não obstante, salienta-se a necessidade de investigações de campo, afim de avaliar a atividade predatória daquele ciclídeo em condições naturais.

Passalideos (Coleoptera) da Ilha de Maracá, Roraima.

Foram realizados duas excursões à Ilha de Maracá, Estação Ecológica da Secretaria Especial do Meio Ambiemte, em Roraima, Brasil, uma durante a estação chuvosa, no periodo de 03 a 13.v.1987 e a outra na estação seca de 23 a 30.xi.1987. Na primeira. foram colecionadas quatro espécies de Passalideoes (Coleoptera): PassalusglaberrimusEschsch., 1829; Passalus interruptus(Lin., 1758); Passalus interstitialisEschsch., 1829 e Verres furcilabris (Eschsch., 1829). Na segunda oportunidade, além das espécies, encontradas na primeira, foi colecionada mais uma, Paxillussp. Dados sobre a bionomia destas espéci-es, obtidos, durante os dois colecionamentos, são fornecidos e discutidos.

Miracetyma etimaruya gen. et sp. n. (COPEPODA, POECILOSTOMATOIDA, ERGASILIDAE) FROM FRESHWATER FISHES OF THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON

Miracetyma etimaruyagen. et sp. n. is proposed from the gills filaments of Curimata cyprinoides(Linnaeus, 1758), Potamorhina latior(Spix, 1829) and Psectrogaster essequibensis(Gunther, 1864). The species of the new genus is characterized by having a more complex latching antenna. The claw is greatly reduced and has a groove; the third segment has one or two grooves; the first, second and third segments have one or two cuticular extensions. The legs have pectinate setae and the first endopod is greatly modified, very long, and without setae. The first segment of the first endopod is large, strong and elongate and the second segment is subcylindrical, slender and elongate. These modifications imply in a loss of swimming capacity which is linked to secure fixation on the gill filament. As a result, the leg morphology has evolved other functions.

Influência de variáveis meteorológicas na produção de liteira na Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, Caxiuanã, Pará

A avaliação da influência da exclusão da precipitação sobre a variação na produção de liteira foi realizada na Reserva Florestal de Caxiuanã - Estação Científica Ferreira Penna (1º 42' S, 51º 31' W) durante o período de março de 2001 a fevereiro de 2003, com o objetivo de identificar as principais variáveis meteorológicas e do balanço hídrico mensal que afetaram a produção e decomposição de liteira. Este trabalho foi parte do subprojeto EXPERIMENTO DE SECA NA FLORESTA (ESECAFLOR), que tinha o objetivo de estudar o impacto de seca prolongada na floresta nos fluxos de água, energia e dióxido de carbono na floresta amazônica. A sazonalidade na produção de liteira e de seus componentes (folhas, gravetos e partes reprodutivas) foi bem estabelecida, com a ocorrência da maior produção de liteira nos meses com menor precipitação. A produção total mensal de liteira variou durante o período experimental, de 294,78 kg.ha-1 a 1758,69 kg.ha-1, com um valor médio de 777,70 kg.ha-1. A produção total de liteira foi distribuída em folhas (61,40 %), gravetos (18,45 %) e partes reprodutivas (20,14 %). Os resultados obtidos na parcela sob condições naturais apresentaram uma maior produção de liteira, aproximadamente 25 %, comparada com a produção de liteira na parcela submetida à exclusão da água de chuva. As variáveis mais fortemente correlacionadas com a produção de liteira e suas componentes foram a velocidade do vento, a densidade de fluxo de radiação solar global, a densidade de fluxo de radiação fotossintéticamente ativa, a temperatura do solo a 5 cm de profundidade, a precipitação, o déficit hídrico e o excesso hídrico.

Pseudoscorpionida (Arachnida) em galerias de colônias de Passalidae (Coleoptera, Insecta) em troncos caídos em floresta de terra firme da Amazônia, Brasil

Em sete municípios do Amazonas, um de Rondônia e um de Roraima, foram examinadas 71 colônias de 24 espécies de Passalidae (Coleoptera), pertencentes aos gêneros: Passalus Fabricius, 1792 (14 espécies); Paxillus Mac Leay, 1819 (três); Popilius Kaup, 1871 (três); Spasalus Kaup, 1869 (uma); Verres Kaup, 1871 (uma); Veturius Kaup, 1871 (duas). Foram registradas doze espécies de pseudoscorpiões, incluindo nove gêneros e cinco famílias, listadas a seguir: Chernetidae - Americhernes aff. incertus Mahnert, 1979, Cordylochernes scorpioides (Linnaeus 1758), Lustrochenes similis (Balzan 1892), L. aff. reimoseri Beier, 1932, L. intermedius (Balzan 1892), Phymatochernes crassimanus Mahnert 1979; Chthoniidae - Pseudochthonius homodentatus Chamberlin, 1929; Lechytiidae - Lechytia chthoniiformis (Balzan 1887); Tridenchthoniidae - Tridenchthonius mexicanus Chamberlin & Chamberlin 1945; Withiidae - Cacodemonius sp., Dolichowithius (D.) emigrans (Tullgren 1907), D. (D.) mediofasciatus Mahnert, 1979. Dentre as espécies mais freqüentes (T. mexicanus, L. intermedius e L. aff. reimoseri), ocorreram todos os estágios de desenvolvimento. Foram coletadas de uma a três espécies de pseudoscorpiões em cada colônia individual de besouros passalídeos. T. mexicanus foi a única espécie encontrada em todos os municípios, ocorrendo em 45 colônias de dezenove espécies de passalídeos, sendo a maioria dos exemplares encontrado no subcórtex. L. intermedius foi a segunda espécie mais abundante, ocorrendo em colônias de 11 espécies de Passalidae, a maioria também no subcórtex. L. aff reimoseri ocorreu em 13 colônias de Passalidae, sob a casca, alburno e cerne. L. aff. reimoseri foi a única espécie coletada somente no cerne.

Cholini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae) housed in the Invertebrate Collection of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil

In Brazilian Amazonia, Cholini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Molytinae) is represented by 53 species distributed in seven genera: Ameris Dejean, 1821; Cholus Germar, 1824; Homalinotus Sahlberg, 1823; Lobaspis Chevrolat, 1881; Odontoderes Sahlberg, 1823; Ozopherus Pascoe, 1872 and Rhinastus Schoenherr, 1825. This work documents the species of Cholini housed in the Invertebrate Collection of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil and gives the geographical and biological data associated with them. A total of 186 Cholini specimens were identified as belonging to 14 species (13 from Brazilian Amazonia) and five genera (Cholus, Homalinotus, Odontoderes, Ozopherus and Rhinastus). Only 24% of the Cholini species reported from Brazilian Amazonia are actually represented in the INPA collection, underscoring the need for a more systematical collecting based on available biological information. The known geographical distribution was expanded for the following species: Cholus granifer (Chevrolat, 1881) for Brazil; C. pantherinus (Olivier, 1790) for Manaus (Amazonas); Cholus parallelogrammus (Germar, 1824) for Piraquara (Paraná); Homalinotus depressus (Linnaeus, 1758) for lago Janauacá (Amazonas) and rio Tocantins (Pará); H. humeralis (Gyllenhal, 1836) for Novo Airão, Coari (Amazonas) and Porto Velho (Rondônia); H. nodipennis (Chevrolat, 1878) for Carauari, Lábrea (Amazonas) and Ariquemes (Rondônia); H. validus (Olivier, 1790) for rio Araguaia (Brasil), Manaus (Amazonas), rio Tocantins (Pará), Porto Velho and BR 364, Km 130 (Rondônia); Odontoderes carinatus (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) for Manaus (Amazonas); O. spinicollis (Boheman, 1836) for rio Uraricoera (Roraima); and Ozopherus muricatus Pascoe, 1872 for lago Janauacá (Amazonas). Homalinotus humeralis is reported for the first time from "urucuri" palm, Attalea phalerata Mart. ex Spreng.