CO2-response function of radiation use efficiency in rice for climate change scenarios

The objective of this work was to evaluate a generalized response function to the atmospheric CO2 concentration [f(CO2)] by the radiation use efficiency (RUE) in rice. Experimental data on RUE at different CO2 concentrations were collected from rice trials performed in several locations around the world. RUE data were then normalized, so that all RUE at current CO2 concentration were equal to 1. The response function was obtained by fitting normalized RUE versus CO2 concentration to a Morgan-Mercer-Flodin (MMF) function, and by using Marquardt's method to estimate the model coefficients. Goodness of fit was measured by the standard deviation of the estimated coefficients, the coefficient of determination (R²), and the root mean square error (RMSE). The f(CO2) describes a nonlinear sigmoidal response of RUE in rice, in function of the atmospheric CO2 concentration, which has an ecophysiological background, and, therefore, renders a robust function that can be easily coupled to rice simulation models, besides covering the range of CO2 emissions for the next generation of climate scenarios for the 21st century.

Fertilidade do solo e estado nutricional do cafeeiro cultivado em atmosfera enriquecida com CO2

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de concentrações de CO2 atmosférico nos atributos químicos do solo, na linha (cafeeiro) e na entrelinha (braquiária), e nos teores de macronutrientes em folhas do cafeeiro. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e seis repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de dois níveis de CO2 atmosférico, 390 e 550 μmol mol-1. A amostragem de solo foi realizada na linha e na entrelinha do cafeeiro, em 2013 e 2014, nas camadas de 0-5,0, 5,0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm, e de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm, respectivamente. Avaliaram-se pH, teores de Ca2+, Mg2+, K, P e S disponíveis, saturação por bases e matéria orgânica do solo. Em 2013 e 2014, houve redução nos teores de P na linha do cafeeiro, com o aumento da concentração de CO2. Em 2014, houve redução nos teores de K disponível no solo e aumento dos teores de K na folha do cafeeiro sob 550 μmol mol-1 de CO2. Em cafeeiro cultivado em atmosfera enriquecida com CO2, o teor de P disponível no solo é o que mais reduz, o que indica a necessidade de reposição adequada deste nutriente.

Emissão de etileno e de CO2 em mamão 'Sunrise Solo' e 'Golden'

Frutos de mamoeiro 'Sunrise Solo' e 'Golden' foram armazenados a 10º C e a 25º C e monitorados diariamente quanto às emissões de CO2 e de C2H4, observando-se a evolução do índice de cor de casca. A não-alteração do índice de cor de casca, ao longo dos 20 dias de conservação a 10º C, refletiu a influência da refrigeração na retenção do metabolismo dos mamões. Houve dois incrementos da respiração e da emissão de etileno, no quarto dia e entre o oitavo e o nono dia, nos frutos armazenados a 25º C. A temperatura de 10º C deteve a respiração climatérica do mamão e a emissão de etileno, comprovando que o seu metabolismo se reduz, permitindo que os frutos apresentem aspecto imaturo após 20 dias de armazenamento.

Qualidade de caqui 'Rama forte' após armazenamento refrigerado, influenciada pelos tratamentos 1-MCP e/ou CO2

Avaliaram-se os efeitos dos tratamentos com CO2 e 1-MCP (1-metilciclopropeno) sobre a adstringência (índice de tanino), firmeza da polpa e distúrbios da epiderme em caqui 'Rama Forte'. Frutos foram tratados com 1-MCP por 24 h, logo após a colheita e/ou com alto CO2 (70%) por 24 ou 48 h, um dia após a colheita ou após o armazenamento refrigerado (AR). Os caquis foram armazenados sob atmosfera modificada a 0 ºC, por 45 dias, e a seguir mantidos a 23 ºC, por 9 dias. Frutos-controle (não tratados com 1-MCP nem com CO2) amoleceram em três dias e perderam aproximadamente 50% da adstringência em 6 dias após o AR. A exposição ao CO2 acelerou a redução da adstringência. Esse efeito do CO2 foi menor em frutos tratados com 1-MCP, especialmente quando o CO2 foi aplicado após o AR, por apenas 24 h. O tratamento com 1-MCP inibiu o amolecimento e a redução da adstringência, especialmente nos frutos não tratados com CO2. O amolecimento de frutos tratados com 1-MCP foi maior quando a exposição ao CO2 ocorreu antes do AR. A combinação dos tratamentos com 1-MCP e alto CO2 reduziu a incidência de podridões e manchas translúcidas, mas não alterou o desenvolvimento de pintas pretas ('estrias'). Os resultados indicam que é possível induzir perda da adstringência sem excessiva perda da firmeza da polpa de caquis 'Rama Forte' após o AR pela associação dos tratamentos com 1-MCP logo após a colheita e alto CO2 após o AR.

Determinação de traços de Co e Co2 "em linha" por cromatografia em fase gasosa

The present work describes a rapid and sensitive method for the determination of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide at low concentration levels, on line, in ethylene and hydrogen lines. These gases were separated in a column filled with Porapak Q, converted to methane and quantified by a flame ionization detector. Some modifications were made in the injection system and in the lines of the carrier gas. The detection limits of 2,6 ppbV and 4,85 ppbV for CO and CO2, respectively, were reached after modifications.

Análise teórica da interação de CO, CO2 e NH3 com ZnO

This paper presents a study of the interaction of small molecules with ZnO surfaces by means of theoretical methods. The AM1 semi-empirical method was used for optimizing the geometric parameters of adsorbed molecules. The optimized AM1 structures were used in the calculations of the ab initio RHF method with the 3-21G* basis set. The interaction of CO, CO2 and NH3 molecules were studied with (ZnO)22 and (ZnO)60 cluster models. We have analyzed the interaction energy, SCF orbital energies, Mulliken charges and the density of states (DOS).

Datação radiocarbônica de sítios arqueológicos do tipo sambaqui pela técnica de absorção de CO2: uma alternativa à síntese benzênica

The sambaquis are archaeological sites with remains of pre-historical Brazilian civilizations. They look like small hills containing different kinds of shells, animal and fish bones, small artifacts and even human skeletons. Since the sambaqui sites in the Rio de Janeiro state are younger than 6000 years, the applicability of CO2 absorption on Carbo-Sorb® and 14C determination by counting on a low background liquid scintillation counter was tested. The International Atomic Energy Agency standard reference material IAEA-C2 was used in order to standardize the method. Nine sambaqui samples from five different archaeological sites found in the Rio de Janeiro state were analyzed and 14C ages between 2100 and 3600 years BP were observed. The same samples were sent to the 14C Laboratory of the Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA/USP) where similar results were obtained.

Fotoluminescência e adsorção de CO2 em nanopartículas de CaTiO3 dopadas com lantânio

Ca1-xLa xTiO3 powders were prepared by the polymeric precursor method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and N2 and CO2 adsorption were used for the microstructural and surface characterization of the powders. Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) was observed in Ca1-xLa xTiO3 amorphous particles. The PL intensity of these powders was found to be dependent on the lanthanum molar concentration.

Efeito do teor metálico em catalisadores Co/Al2O3 aplicados à reação de reforma a vapor de etanol

The development of cobalt catalysts to produce hydrogen from ethanol is the goal of this investigation. Co/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by impregnation and characterized by atomic absorption, nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, temperature programmed reduction and carbon analysis. The catalysts contained Co3O4 oxide and Co3+ and Co2+ species interacting with alumina. The cobalt load affects the crystal size and the crystalline structure and higher Co loads influence the reaction mechanism, changing the selectivity of the catalysts, decreasing the amount of CO produced and avoiding the formation of products catalyzed by the support. The ethanol conversion was 50-70% with 10-<1% of CO in the hydrogen.

Separação de CO2 por meio da tecnologia PSA

This paper describes the separation of CO2 from a gas mixture containing 25% CO2, 4% O2 and 71% N2 using the pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technique. The adsorbent selected was the zeolite 13X due to its great adsorption capacity for CO2 and selectivity towards the other components of the gas mixture. The experimental technique was designed to identify the most important variables for the process and to optimize it. It is shown that the PSA technique can be used to separate CO2 from O2 and N2 to obtain an effluent containing 2% CO2 with 99% separation efficiency.

Cu and Co exchanged ZSM-5 zeolites: activity towards no reduction and hydrocarbon oxidation

|Cu x|[Si yAl]-MFI and |Co x|[Si yAl]-MFI catalysts were prepared by ion exchange from |Na|[Si yAl]-MFI zeolites (y = 12, 25 and 45). The activity of the catalysts was evaluated in the reduction of NO to N2 in an oxidative atmosphere using propane or methane as reducing agents. The Cu catalysts were only active with propane and they presented higher activity than the Co-based catalysts, the latter being active with both hydrocarbons. H2-TPR and DRS-UV/Vis data allowed correlation between the activity towards NO reduction and the presence of cationic charge-compensating species in the zeolite. It was also verified that the hydrocarbons are preferentially oxidised by O2, a reaction that occurs simultaneously with their oxidation with NO.

Caracterização química de extratos de Ocimum basilicum L. obtidos através de extração com CO2 a altas pressões

This work reports extraction yield and chemical characterization of the extracts obtained by high-pressure CO2 extraction of a cultivar of Ocimum basilicum L. The experiments were performed in the temperature range of 20 to 50 °C, from 100 to 250 atm of pressure. Chemical analyses were carried out by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, permitting to identify 23 compounds that were grouped into five chemical classes. Results showed that temperature and solvent density influenced positively the extraction yield. At 20 °C and 0.41 g cm-3 occurred a rise in the concentration of monoterpenes, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes.

Síntese e caracterização de perovskitas LaNi(1-x)Co xO3 como precursores de catalisadores para a conversão do metano a gás de síntese pela reforma com CO2

LaNiO3 perovskite was modified by partial substitution of nickel by cobalt in order to increase the stability and resistance to carbon deposition during the methane CO2 reforming. The results showed that a suitable combination of precipitation and calcination steps resulted in oxides with the desired structure and with important properties for application in heterogeneous catalysis. The partial substitution of Ni by Co resulted in lower rates of conversion of both the reactants, but the catalyst stability was highly increased. The LaNi0.3Co0.7O3 catalyst, calcined at 800 ºC, was the most active under the reaction conditions.

Supercritical CO2 recovery of caffeine from green coffee oil: new experimental solubility data and modeling

The caffeine solubility in supercritical CO2 was studied by assessing the effects of pressure and temperature on the extraction of green coffee oil (GCO). The Peng-Robinson¹ equation of state was used to correlate the solubility of caffeine with a thermodynamic model and two mixing rules were evaluated: the classical mixing rule of van der Waals with two adjustable parameters (PR-VDW) and a density dependent one, proposed by Mohamed and Holder² with two (PR-MH, two parameters adjusted to the attractive term) and three (PR-MH3 two parameters adjusted to the attractive and one to the repulsive term) adjustable parameters. The best results were obtained with the mixing rule of Mohamed and Holder² with three parameters.

Conteúdo lipídico e composição de ácidos graxos de microalgas expostas aos gases CO2, SO2 e NO

The objective of the present work was to verify the lipid content and the fatty acid composition of the microalgae Spirulina sp., Scenedesmus obliquus, Synechococcus nidulans and Chlorella vulgaris cultivated in a medium containing CO2, SO2 and NO. The microalga Scenedesmus obliquus presented the highest lipid content (6.18%). For the other microalgae the lipid content ranged from 4.56 to 5.97%. The major monounsaturated fatty acids content was 66.01% for S. obliquus. The PUFA were obtained in major amount by the microalgae Spirulina sp. (29.37%) and S. nidulans (29.54%). The palmitoleic acid was in larger amount, with 41.02% concentration (Spirulina sp.).