A survey on Triatoma dimidiata in an urban area of the province of Heredia, Costa Rica

Triatoma dimidiata has been found in several cities and towns of those countries where the insect is a domestic or peridomestic pest. In Central America, urban infestations occur in the capitals of at least five countries. During 2001 and 2002 a survey was carried out in the county of San Rafael, Heredia province, located 15 km northwest of San José, capital of Costa Rica, in order to determine the degree of infestation by T. dimidiata in an entire city block. Six peridomestic colonies of the insect were detected in the backyards of eight households. The ecotopes occupied by the insects consisted of store rooms with old objects, wood piles or firewood, and chicken coops. A total of 1917 insects were found in the six foci, during two sampling periods, and a mean infection rate by Trypanosoma cruzi of 28.4% was found in 1718 insects examined. The largest colony found in one of the households yielded 872 insects that were thriving mainly at the expenses of two dogs. Opossums and adult insects were common visitors of the houses and it became evident that this marsupial is closely related to the peridomestic cycle of the Chagas disease agent. Lack of colonization of the insect inside the human dwellings is explained by the type of construction and good sanitary conditions of the houses, in contrast to the situation in most peridomiciliary areas. Stomach blood samples from the insects showed that the main hosts were, in order of decreasing frequency: rodents, dogs, fowl, humans, opossums, and cats. The fact that no indication of infection with Chagas disease could be detected in the human occupants of the infested houses, vis a vis the high infection rate in dogs, is discussed.

Distribution and ecological aspects of Rhodnius pallescens in Costa Rica and Nicaragua and their epidemiological implications

In light of the Central American Initiative for the control of Chagas disease, efforts were made on the part of Costa Rican and Nicaraguan teams, working separately, to determine the present status of Rhodnius pallescens in areas close to the common border of the two countries, where the insect has appeared within the last few years. The opportunity was also used to establish whether R. prolixus, a vector present in some areas of Nicaragua, has been introduced in recent years into Costa Rica with Nicaraguan immigrants. It became evident that wild adults of R. pallescens are common visitors to houses in different towns of a wide area characterized as a humid, warm lowland, on both sides of the frontier. Up to the present, this bug has been able to colonize a small proportion of human dwellings only on the Nicaraguan side. There was strong evidence that the visitation of the adult bug to houses is related to the attraction of this species to electric lights. There were no indications of the presence of R. prolixus either in Nicaragua or in Costa Rica in this area of the Caribbean basin. Triatoma dimidiata, a widespread domestic species in both countries, was totally absent in the explored areas of Costa Rica but occasionally occurs on the Nicaraguan side. Serological surveys in children of both areas showed that transmission of Chagas disease takes place in a rather small degree in Costa Rica and more commonly in Nicaragua, indicating that R. pallescens could be a potential threat as a vector in this particular region.

Environmental management for the control of Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811), (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in Costa Rica: a pilot project

An ecological control method, using environmental management operations, based on biological and behavioral characteristics of Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811), was implemented as a pilot project in an area of Costa Rica where the bug is prevalent. The sample was represented by 20 houses with peridomestic colonies (two also had indoor infestation), divided in two equivalent groups of 10 each. In one group we intervened the houses, i.e. all objects or materials that were serving as artificial ecotopes for the bugs were removed, and the second group was used as control houses. After a year of periodic follow up, it became evident that in those houses with a modified environment the number of insects had decreased notoriously even after the first visits and this was more evident after a period of 12.5 to 13.5 months in which no insects were detected in eight of the houses. It also became clear that in this group of houses, recolonization by wild bugs from the surrounding areas, became more difficult, probably due to the absence of protection from bug predators. In the control houses, with the exception of three in which the inhabitants decided to intervene on their own, and another house with a peculiar situation, the insect populations remained the same or even showed a tendency to increase, as confirmed at the end of the experiment. We believe that the method is feasible, low costing and non contaminating. It could be used successfully in other places where T. dimidiata is common and also in countries where other species colonize peridomestic areas of homes. Environmental management of this kind should seek the participation of the members of the communities, in order to make it a more permanent control measure.

Ecological control of Triatoma dimidiata (Latreille, 1811): five years after a Costa Rican pilot project

An ecological pilot project for the control of Triatoma dimidiata allowed a new evaluation four and five years after environmental modifications in the peridomestic areas of 20 households. It was verified that the two groups of houses, 10 case-houses and 10 control-houses, were free of insects after those periods of time. In the first group, the owners started a chicken coop in the backyard and a colony of bugs was found there without infesting the house. In the second group, the inhabitants of one house once again facilitated the conditions for the bugs to thrive in the same store room, reaffirming that man-made ecotopes facilitates colonization. This ecological control method was revealed to be reliable and sustainable and it is recommended to be applied to those situations where the vectors of Chagas disease can colonize houses and are frequent in wild ecotopes.

Revisão do gênero Opselater Costa (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Agrypninae)

O gênero Opselater é formado por elaterídeos bioluminescentes, com vesículas luminescentes laterais, pequenas, localizadas na região posterior do pronoto, e corpo delgado com élitros gradualmente afilados do úmero ao ápice. Distribuem-se do Panamá à Argentina. São redescritas sete espécies, Opselater hebes (Germar, 1841), O. helvolus (Germar, 1841), O. lucens (Illiger, 1807), O. melanurus (Candèze, 1863), O. pyrophanus (Illiger, 1807), O. quadraticollis (Blanchard, 1843) e O. succinus Costa, 1980. O. costae sp. nov. de Linhares, Espírito Santo, é descrita. Também são apresentados uma chave para a identificação das espécies e ilustrações dos principais caracteres, incluindo protórax, pterotórax, asas e metendosternito.

Nova espécie do gênero Ptesimopsia Costa (Coleoptera, Elateridae, Agrypninae)

Ptesimopsia gracilis sp. nov. coletada em armadilha malaise na Fazenda Jaburu, Canindé do São Francisco, Sergipe, Brasil, é descrita e ilustrada.

Contribuição ao conhecimento dos Hemilophini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae), principalmente da Costa Rica

Novos registros: Sphallonycha irundisa Galileo & Martins, 2001 para o Ecuador; Hilaroleopsis icuapira Martins & Galileo, 1992, para a Costa Rica. Novos táxons descritos da Costa Rica: Apebusu gen. nov., espécie-tipo A. rubriventris sp. nov.; Esamirim gen. nov., espécie-tipo E. fasciatus sp. nov.; E. carinatus sp. nov.; Kuatinga gen. nov. espécie-tipo, K.. bicolor sp. nov.: Hilaroleopsis theurgus sp. nov.; Abanycha pectoralis sp. nov.; do Panamá: Esamirim divisus sp. nov. Nova combinação: Esamirim chionides (Bates,1885) comb. nov. (anteriormente em Adesmus). Chaves para gêneros de Hemilophini com garras tarsais internas reduzidas e para as espécies de Esamirim são fornecidas.

Novas espécies de Prodecatoma (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) associadas a galhas em frutos de duas espécies de Psidium L. (Myrtaceae), com comentários sobre Prodecatoma spermophaga Costa-Lima

Três novas espécies de Prodecatoma obtidas a partir de galhas em frutos de Psidium cattleianum Sabine e Psidium cinereum Mart. ex DC.(Myrtaceae) são descritas a partir de material obtido no Paraná e Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Duas das novas espécies, Prodecatoma carpophaga sp. nov. e Prodecatoma petrodoma sp. nov. são descritas como indutoras das galhas. Prodecatoma ferruginea sp. nov. e Prodecatoma spermophaga Costa-Lima são apontadas como inquilinas das galhas ou parasitóides. São incluídos também comentários sobre a morfologia macroscópica da galha e a biologia das vespas.

Três espécies novas de Lestrimelitta Friese (Hymenoptera, Apidae) da Costa Rica, Panamá e Guiana Francesa

Três espécies novas de abelhas do gênero Lestrimelitta são descritas: L. danuncia sp. nov. (da Costa Rica e Panamá), L. mourei sp. nov. (da Costa Rica) e L. glaberrima sp. nov. (da Guiana Francesa). Todas essas espécies foram identificadas anteriormente como Lestrimelitta limao Smith.

Cordiluroides Albuquerque from Costa Rica: first records, descriptions and taxonomic changes (Diptera, Muscidae, Coenosiinae)

Cordiluroides Albuquerque is a genus of Neotropical Coenosiinae (Muscidae), known from six species. The genus is here recorded for the first time from Costa Rica, on the basis of three species: C. listrata Albuquerque, 1954, C. insularis (Willliston, 1896) and C. bistriata (Wulp, 1896) sp. rev.. We provide a key for the identification of these Costa Rican species, redescribe and illustrate their external morphological characters and terminalia. C. bistriata and C. vittifera (Stein, 1904) are both considered to be good species and are re-instated from the synonymy of C. insularis. The type material of C. listrata (Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro), of C. insularis and C. bistriata (The Natural History Museum, London) and of C. vittifera (Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) has been examined.

Contribuição para o conhecimento dos Parandrini da Costa Rica e do Panamá (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Parandrinae)

Somente quatro espécies de Parandrini eram conhecidas da Costa Rica e do Panamá: três em Parandra Latreille, 1802 (das quais só duas estavam registradas para o Panamá) e uma em Birandra Santos-Silva, 2002. Este trabalho registra Parandra (Parandra) solisi (Santos-Silva, 2007) pela primeira vez para o Panamá e acrescenta duas espécies novas: Parandra (Parandra) gilloglyi sp. nov., procedente do Panamá, e Birandra (Birandra) boucheri sp. nov., proveniente da Costa Rica e Panamá. São fornecidas chaves para as espécies de Parandra (Parandra) que ocorrem na Costa Rica e Panamá e para as espécies de Birandra (Birandra) conhecidas na América Central.

Definition of tolerable soil erosion values

Although the criteria for defining erosion tolerance are well established, the limits generally used are not consistent with natural, economical and technological conditions. Rates greater than soil formation can be accepted only until a minimum of soil depth is reached, provided that they are not associated with environmental hazard or productivity losses. A sequence of equations is presented to calculate erosion tolerance rates through time. The selection of equation parameters permits the definition of erosion tolerance rates in agreement with environmental, social and technical needs. The soil depth change that is related to irreversible soil degradation can be calculated. The definition of soil erosion tolerance according to these equations can be used as a guideline for sustainable land use planning and is compatible with expert systems.

Reconsolidation of the soil surface after tillage discontinuity, with and without cultivation, related to erosion and its prediction with RUSLE

Site-specific regression coefficient values are essential for erosion prediction with empirical models. With the objective to investigate the surface-soilconsolidation factor, Cf, linked to the RUSLE's prior-land-use subfactor, PLU, an erosion experiment using simulated rainfall on a 0.075 m m-1 slope, sandy loam Paleudult soil, was conducted at the Agriculture Experimental Station of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (EEA/UFRGS), in Eldorado do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Firstly, a row-cropped area was excluded from cultivation (March 1995), the existing crop residue removed from the field, and the soil kept clean-tilled the rest of the year (to get a degraded soil condition for the intended purpose of this research). The soil was then conventional-tilled for the last time (except for a standard plot which was kept continuously cleantilled for comparison purposes), in January 1996, and the following treatments were established and evaluated for soil reconsolidation and soil erosion until May 1998, on duplicated 3.5 x 11.0 m erosion plots: (a) fresh-tilled soil, continuously in clean-tilled fallow (unit plot); (b) reconsolidating soil without cultivation; and (c) reconsolidating soil with cultivation (a crop sequence of three corn- and two black oats cycles, continuously in no-till, removing the crop residues after each harvest for rainfall application and redistributing them on the site after that). Simulated rainfall was applied with a Swanson's type, rotating-boom rainfall simulator, at 63.5 mm h-1 intensity and 90 min duration, six times during the two-and-half years of experimental period (at the beginning of the study and after each crop harvest, with the soil in the unit plot being retilled before each rainfall test). The soil-surface-consolidation factor, Cf, was calculated by dividing soil loss values from the reconsolidating soil treatments by the average value from the fresh-tilled soil treatment (unit plot). Non-linear regression was used to fit the Cf = e b.t model through the calculated Cf-data, where t is time in days since last tillage. Values for b were -0.0020 for the reconsolidating soil without cultivation and -0.0031 for the one with cultivation, yielding Cf-values equal to 0.16 and 0.06, respectively, after two-and-half years of tillage discontinuation, compared to 1.0 for fresh-tilled soil. These estimated Cf-values correspond, respectively, to soil loss reductions of 84 and 94 %, in relation to soil loss from the fresh-tilled soil, showing that the soil surface reconsolidated intenser with cultivation than without it. Two distinct treatmentinherent soil surface conditions probably influenced the rapid decay-rate of Cf values in this study, but, as a matter of a fact, they were part of the real environmental field conditions. Cf-factor curves presented in this paper are therefore useful for predicting erosion with RUSLE, but their application is restricted to situations where both soil type and particular soil surface condition are similar to the ones investigate in this study.

Surface and subsurface decomposition of a desiccated grass pasture biomass related to erosion and its prediction with RUSLE

Erosion is deleterious because it reduces the soil's productivity capacity for growing crops and causes sedimentation and water pollution problems. Surface and buried crop residue, as well as live and dead plant roots, play an important role in erosion control. An efficient way to assess the effectiveness of such materials in erosion reduction is by means of decomposition constants as used within the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation - RUSLE's prior-land-use subfactor - PLU. This was investigated using simulated rainfall on a 0.12 m m-1 slope, sandy loam Paleudult soil, at the Agriculture Experimental Station of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, in Eldorado do Sul, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The study area had been covered by native grass pasture for about fifteen years. By the middle of March 1996, the sod was mechanically mowed and the crop residue removed from the field. Late in April 1996, the sod was chemically desiccated with herbicide and, about one month later, the following treatments were established and evaluated for sod biomass decomposition and soil erosion, from June 1996 to May 1998, on duplicated 3.5 x 11.0 m erosion plots: (a) and (b) soil without tillage, with surface residue and dead roots; (c) soil without tillage, with dead roots only; (d) soil tilled conventionally every two-and-half months, with dead roots plus incorporated residue; and (e) soil tilled conventionally every six months, with dead roots plus incorporated residue. Simulated rainfall was applied with a rotating-boom rainfall simulator, at an intensity of 63.5 mm h-1 for 90 min, eight to nine times during the experimental period (about every two-and-half months). Surface and subsurface sod biomass amounts were measured before each rainfall test along with the erosion measurements of runoff rate, sediment concentration in runoff, soil loss rate, and total soil loss. Non-linear regression analysis was performed using an exponential and a power model. Surface sod biomass decomposition was better depicted by the exponential model, while subsurface sod biomass was by the power model. Subsurface sod biomass decomposed faster and more than surface sod biomass, with dead roots in untilled soil without residue on the surface decomposing more than dead roots in untilled soil with surface residue. Tillage type and frequency did not appreciably influence subsurface sod biomass decomposition. Soil loss rates increased greatly with both surface sod biomass decomposition and decomposition of subsurface sod biomass in the conventionally tilled soil, but they were minimally affected by subsurface sod biomass decomposition in the untilled soil. Runoff rates were little affected by the studied treatments. Dead roots plus incorporated residues were effective in reducing erosion in the conventionally tilled soil, while consolidation of the soil surface was important in no-till. The residual effect of the turned soil on erosion diminished gradually with time and ceased after two years.

Frações de carbono e nitrogênio em função da textura, do relevo e do uso do solo na microbacia do agreste em Vaca Brava (PB)

A produtividade em sistemas agrícolas de subsistência ou de baixos insumos depende do fornecimento de nutrientes oriundos da mineralização da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). Portanto, a quantidade e a qualidade da MOS são duas variáveis fundamentais relacionadas com a sustentabilidade da produção agropecuária de subsistência. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar as inter-relações de usos do solo, as posições no relevo e suas texturas com os teores totais de C (Ct) e N (Nt), a fração de C oxidável por KMnO4 16,5 mol L-1 (Cox) e a fração de N aminoaçúcar (N amino). Esses atributos foram quantificados em 260 amostras simples de solo (0-20 cm) retiradas da microbacia Vaca Brava (PB), em áreas de uso agropecuário, num sistema de amostragem com arranjo fatorial de estratos. Os teores de Ct, Nt e N amino decresceram na seqüência: pastagem > capineira > roçado. Em relação ao relevo, tanto os teores de Ct e Nt quanto suas frações apresentaram os maiores teores nas áreas de várzea, siltosas e os menores nas áreas de rampa pedimentada, mais arenosas. A redistribuição de sedimentos nas vertentes foi ocasionada por processos erosivos da camada superficial das encostas, nas quais predominam texturas finas. Em relação às classes texturais, os teores de MOS e de suas frações foram maiores (p < 0,05) nas amostras de textura argilo-arenosa e menores nas de textura areia franca. Em todas as situações analisadas, os teores de Cox e N amino tenderam a acompanhar as variações nos teores de Ct e Nt. Por conta desta última tendência, os índices Cox/Ct e Nt/N amino, que representam a qualidade da MOS, indicaram poucas mudanças significativas nesse atributo de acordo com o uso, relevo ou classe textural.