120 resultados para Baterias de Lítio-ar
Resumo:
In Surface water concentrations of N2O were measured at 37 stations in Guanabara Bay and fluxes estimated across the air-sea interface. Concentrations averaged 8.2 ± 2.2 nmol L-1 and 90% of the stations showed supersaturation averaging 33%. N2O fluxes were estimated using a two-film model which is given by the product of the concentration difference across the film and the gas transfer coefficient (k w). Two parametrizations of k w were used which provided average fluxes of 0.3 and 3.0 µg N m-2 h-1. Flux measurements using floating chambers (not reported here) seem to agree with the upper limit of these estimates.
Resumo:
Alkaline salts of the palmitic acid were synthesized and characterized from aqueous and ethanolic medium. The salts were characterized by elemental analysis (EA) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). EA and IR, being its synthesis comproved, also characterized the ethyl palmitate. All the salts and the ester were submitted to thermal analysis using thermogravimetry (TG), and differential thermal analysis (DTA) in the temperature ranging from room to 700 ºC under air dynamic atmosphere. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were taken from -90 ºC up to temperatures close to the starting of the decomposition temperature, determined by thermogravimetry, using heating and cooling cycles.
Resumo:
Foliar analysis of biochemical parameters were carried out in order to investigate the influence of air pollutants on two tropical tree species (Licania tomentosa (Benth.) and Bauhinia forfícata (Link.)). Special attention was given to tropospheric ozone due to the fact that concentration levels in the region were found to be up to 140 µg m-3 for a 4 h average time, which is well above the value that can cause injuries to orchides and tobacco (59 µg m-3). Other pollutants such as nitrogen and sulphur oxides were measured and their ambient concentrations were also associated to biochemical alterations in the investigated species.
Resumo:
This paper describes a project, construction and test of a low cost air pycnometer, developed to be used preferentially in pharmaceutical research. A complete discussion of the construction, test and calibration of this equipment is presented and some measurements are made using pharmaceutical powders and dry granulations. The equipment performance has been estimated through its calibration curve, and the obtained value to its volume resolution is about 1%. This equipment is accomplished at the Applied Nuclear Physics Laboratory of University of Sorocaba (LAFINAU) in Sorocaba, SP, Brazil and it was denominated "Picnômetro a Ar Uniso - PICNAU".
Resumo:
The present review paper describes the main features of nickel hydroxide modified electrodes covering its structural and electrochemical behavior and the newest advances promoted by nanostructured architectures. Important aspects such as synthetic procedures and characterization techniques such as X-Ray diffraction, Raman and Infrared spectroscopy, Electronic Microscopy and many others are detailed herein. The most important aspect concerning nickel hydroxide is related to its great versatility covering different fields in electrochemical-based devices such as batteries, electrocatalytic systems and electrochromic electrodes, the fundamental issues of these devices are also commented. Finally, some of the newest advances achieved in each field by the incorporation of nanomaterials will be shown.
Resumo:
Conventional stationary lead acid batteries positive tubular plates have a specific capacity of about 120 Ah/kg. This value represents an active material utilization coefficient of 50%. The production of these plates includes some initial processes to generate the active PbO2 from a precursor material. In the present work it will be presented a proper and novel methodology to assemble tubular plates directely with nanometric powder of PbO2 particles. The utilization coefficient of these plates was about 80%, and they were able to endure more than 130 severe duty cycles. This high utilization coefficient is a higly desirable feature for electric vehicles batteries.
Resumo:
Leaves and flower heads of P. brevipedunculata were submitted to four drying-air temperatures (room temperature, 40, 50 and 60 ºC). Room temperature (approximately 30 ºC) and higher temperature drying (50 and 60 ºC) had a deleterious effect on the essential oil content. The recommended drying-air temperature for the species is 40 ºC for it results in the same amount of essential oil observed in fresh cut plants. Overall, 13 components accounting for more than 92% of the total composition were identified. Citral was the major component, followed by α-pinene and limonene. The essential oil showed high toxicity against Artemia salina larvae.
Resumo:
In this work, noise and aromatic hydrocarbons levels of indoor and outdoor karting circuits located in Rio de Janeiro were assessed. The sampling was perfomed using active charcoal cartridges, followed by solvent desorption and analysis by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. This study demonstrated that the karting circuits, venues for entertainment, were a major source of air pollution with the detection of considerable amounts of these compounds (2.0 to 19.7 µg m-3 of benzene; 4.1 to 41.1 µg m-3 of toluene; 2.8 to 36.2 µg m-3 of ethylbenzene; 0.7 to 36.2 µg m-3 of xylenes) and high noise levels.
Resumo:
An alternative system was tested for the determination of CO2 in air using recyclable materials. The results indicate that the proposed system allows for reliable, accurate, robust and efficient collection, comparable to the standard gravimetric method. Laboratory wastes are easily treated using a filtrate that can be discharged into the sewer and solids that can be reused. The proposed system is a simple and low-cost tool that encompasses important aspects of environmental education, which should be part of the education in chemistry of undergraduate students and technicians.
Resumo:
A hydrometallurgical method for the recovery of rare earth metals, cobalt, nickel, iron, and manganese from the negative electrodes of spent Ni - MH mobile phone batteries was developed. The rare earth compounds were obtained by chemical precipitation at pH 1.5, with sodium cerium sulfate (NaCe(SO4)2.H2O) and lanthanum sulfate (La2(SO4)3.H2O) as the major recovered components. Iron was recovered as Fe(OH)3 and FeO. Manganese was obtained as Mn3O4.The recovered Ni(OH)2 and Co(OH)2 were subsequently used to synthesize LiCoO2, LiNiO2 and CoO, for use as cathodes in ion-Li batteries. The anodes and recycled materials were characterized by analytical techniques.
Resumo:
Spent nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) batteries and salts of nickel and cadmium were placed in two different columns of soil for a period of two years. A leaching solution was passed through them at ambient temperature in this period. The behavior of metals in each column was then evaluated. Under the conditions of the experiment, cadmium and nickel demonstrated the potential to contaminate and affect the natural cycles of soil. The disposal of Ni-Cd batteries directly to the soil also increased the concentration of nickel (349 mg kg-1) and cadmium (2890 mg kg-1), sometimes exceeding the intervention values defined in CONAMA resolution 420/09.
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Devido ao aumento da ocorrência e da intensidade de epidemias nos últimos anos, a giberela tem sido apontada como uma das doenças que mais danos causa em cereais de inverno. O principal inóculo do fungo patógeno (Giberella zeae) são os ascosporos produzidos em peritécios sobre os restos culturais da maioria das espécies cultivadas. Os esporos são transportados a longas distâncias pelo vento e depositados sobre as anteras causando infecção. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram quantificar a densidade de esporos no ar, a incidência da infecção em anteras de trigo (Triticum aestivum), a intensidade da doença no campo e elucidar o papel das anteras no processo infeccioso. Durante o período correspondente à antese do trigo, foram coletados, em média, 6,6 esporos/10 cm²/dia, em 1999 e 13,5 esporos/10 cm²/dia em 2000. No estádio de floração plena, a infecção por G. zeae foi de 11,8% nas anteras soltas e de 24,3% nas anteras presas. As condições ambientais após a antese influenciaram a intensidade da doença no campo. Os resultados reforçam que as anteras presas desempenham um papel importante no processo infeccioso e, portanto, devem ser os principais sítios de infecção a serem protegidos com fungicidas.
Resumo:
A quantificação do inóculo de Diplodia macrospora e de D. maydis nos restos culturais do milho (Zea mays)é fundamental para demonstrar a importância desta fonte de inóculo, bem como servir de base para o desenvolvimento de estratégias alternativas de controle. Em experimentos conduzidos no campo, nas safras de verão de 1995/96 e 1996/97, quantificaram-se a quantidade de restos culturais do milho sobre o solo após a semeadura, a densidade de conídiosnos resíduos e o inóculo disseminado pelo ar, bem como a incidência de cada espécie de Diplodia nos grãos de milho colhidos. A quantidade de conídios nos restos culturais foi de 2,1 x 10(5), para D. macrospora, e de 1,0 x 10(5) para D. maydis, no primeiro ano e de 4,2 x 10(5) e 3,4 x 10(6) m-2, respectivamente, no segundo. A dispersão anemófila de conídios foi mais intensa da semeadura até a quarta semana para D. maydis, e da décima semana até a colheita para D. macrospora. O número médio de conídios por cirro foi de 865 para D. macrospora e de 685 para D. maydis. A incidência média nos grãos foi de 75,5% para D. macrospora e de 25,5% para D. maydis. Com este trabalho, observou-se a importância relativa das espécies de Diplodia envolvidas no processo infeccioso de espigas de milho, demonstrando-se que D. macrospora foi a mais freqüente. Comprovou-se também que os restos culturais são necessários à sobrevivência desses patógenos na área cultivada, servindo como fonte de inóculo à infecção da planta e espigas de milho.
Resumo:
O fungo Magnaporthe grisea (Anamorfo Pyricularia grisea) é o agente causal da brusone do trigo (Triticum aestivum), uma doença limitante à cultura do trigo no Brasil em regiões produtoras localizadas acima do paralelo 24 °S. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o efeito da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar na esporulação de M. grisea. O número médio de conídios foi determinado em ráquis de plantas de trigo previamente colonizados com o fungo e expostos em câmaras de crescimento sob temperaturas de 23 e 28 ºC, e com umidade relativa do ar de 80, 85, 90, 95 e 100%. A determinação do número de conídios produzidos foi feita após 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas de exposição em cada combinação de temperatura e umidade. Os efeitos da temperatura e da umidade foram significativos (P<0.001), mas não o da interação. A produção de conídios também foi determinada sob condições naturais de ambiente onde se verificou flutuação da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar. Os resultados do presente trabalho permitiram observar que quando a umidade relativa é elevada (> 90%) e a temperatura se encontra ao redor de 28 ºC, a produção de conídios de M. grisea é favorecida.