Human infection by Angiostrongylus costaricensis in Venezuela: first report of a confirmed case

A proven case of human infection caused by Angiostrongylus costaricensis is reported for the first time in Venezuela. The patient was a 57-year-old female surgically operated because of signs of peritonitis with a palpable mass at the lower right quadrant of the abdomen. WBC count reported 16,600 cells/mm³, with 46% eosinophils. The tumoral aspect of ileocolic area and peritoneal lymph nodes prompted the resection of a large area of the terminal ileum, cecum, part of the ascending colon and a small part of the jejunum, where a small lesion was found. The pathology showed thickened areas of the intestinal wall with areas of hemorrhage and a perforation of the cecum. Histology showed intense eosinophil infiltration of the whole intestinal wall, granulomas with giant cells and eosinophils. Some of the granuloma surrounded round or oval eggs with content characterized by a large empty area, cells or embryo in the center, and sometimes nematode larvae. A cross section of an adult nematode worm was observed inside a branch of mesenteric artery. The intestinal affected area, the characteristics of the lesions, the presence of eggs in the submucosa with nematode larvae inside, and the observation of a nematode inside a mesenteric artery, makes sufficient criteria for the diagnosis of an infection by Angiostrongylus costaricensis.

Seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis in women of childbearing age from a marginal community of Maracaibo, Venezuela

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-T. gondii total and IgM antibodies in women of childbearing age. One hundred serum samples of women were studied with age range from 11 to 45 years old. Samples were chosen by random. The determination of total antibodies was carried out through the indirect hemagglutination technique and IgM antibodies by ELISA's technique. The statistical analysis was carried out through the Chi square and the Spearman correlation tests. The theoretical estimated incidence of congenital toxoplasmosis was calculated, according to the annual increment of antibody prevalence among the age groups. The overall prevalence of toxoplasmosis was 33%, while only six individuals (18.2%) were positive to IgM. The highest prevalence was observed in the 11-35 year-old age group. The theoretical estimated incidence was 1.5 for 100 pregnancies in women of 21-25 year-old group; it decreased until 0.1% in the 41-45 year-old age group. The findings show a high prevalence of toxoplasmosis in this community with a high infection risk in women of the studied age group and the high cat population observed, suggesting that the transmission way by contaminated soils may play a main role in the spreading of toxoplasmosis in this community.

Hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients in Maracaibo, Venezuela

Over a two year period, the incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was evaluated in 29 hemodialysis patients, aged between 15 and 75 years (mean ± SD: 45 ± 39.5 years), from the University Hospital Hemodyalisis Unit, Maracaibo, Zulia State, Venezuela. Anti-HCV antibodies were determined using a fourth generation ELISA (Innotest HCV Ab IV) kit and positive blood samples were tested using a recombinant assay kit (Inno-LIA HCV Ab III), both kits from Innogenetics N.V., Belgium. The findings indicate a lack of HCV seroconversion in the hemodialysis patients over the study period, confirmed by the recombinant assay. Risk factors for HCV infection were 0.3270 (95% confidence interval: 0.01323-8.080) in patients undergoing hemodialysis. The findings suggest a lack of significant sources for HCV infection due to the preventive measures to avoid its transmission in the hemodialysis unit.

FIRST REPORT OF METALLO-β-LACTAMASES PRODUCING Enterobacter spp. STRAINS FROM VENEZUELA

Clinical strains of Enterobacter were isolated from Cumana's Central Hospital in Venezuela, and classified as E. cloacae (21), E. aerogenes(7), E. intermedium (1), E. sakazakii (1) and three unclassified. The strains showed high levels of resistance, especially to SXT (58.1%), CRO (48.8%), CAZ (46.6%), PIP (46.4%), CIP (45.2%) and ATM (43.3%). This is the first report for South America of blaVIM-2 in two E. cloacae and one Enterobacter sp., which also showed multiple mechanisms of resistance. Both E. cloacaeshowed blaTEM-1, but only one showed blaCTX-M-15 gene, while no blaSHV was detected.

AMINOGLYCOSIDE RESISTANCE GENES IN Pseudomonas aeruginosa ISOLATES FROM CUMANA, VENEZUELA

The enzymatic modification of aminoglycosides by aminoglycoside-acetyltransferases (AAC), aminoglycoside-adenyltransferases (AAD), and aminoglycoside-phosphotransferases (APH), is the most common resistance mechanism in P. aeruginosa and these enzymes can be coded on mobile genetic elements that contribute to their dispersion. One hundred and thirty seven P. aeruginosa isolates from the University Hospital, Cumana, Venezuela (HUAPA) were evaluated. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method and theaac, aadB and aph genes were detected by PCR. Most of the P. aeruginosa isolates (33/137) were identified from the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), mainly from discharges (96/137). The frequency of resistant P. aeruginosaisolates was found to be higher for the aminoglycosides tobramycin and amikacin (30.7 and 29.9%, respectively). Phenotype VI, resistant to these antibiotics, was the most frequent (14/49), followed by phenotype I, resistant to all the aminoglycosides tested (12/49). The aac(6´)-Ib,aphA1 and aadB genes were the most frequently detected, and the simultaneous presence of several resistance genes in the same isolate was demonstrated. Aminoglycoside resistance in isolates ofP. aeruginosa at the HUAPA is partly due to the presence of the aac(6´)-Ib, aphA1 andaadB genes, but the high rates of antimicrobial resistance suggest the existence of several mechanisms acting together. This is the first report of aminoglycoside resistance genes in Venezuela and one of the few in Latin America.

Lagochilascariasis humana en Venezuela: descripción de un caso fatal

Lagochilascaris minor Leiper, 1909, puede producir lesiones graves, con invasión de músculo, hueso, ojo, oido medio, pulmones o cerebro. En este trabajo se comunica uri caso de lagochilascariasis en unajóvem de 17anos venezolana, que desarrolló signos de hipertensión endocraneana. Se revisan las publicaciones sobre lagochilascariasis y los aspectos clínicos-patológicos de la invasión dei sistema nervioso central por estos vermes.

Seroprevalencia de HTLV-I/II en hombres gays y trabajadoras sexuales de la Isla de Margarita, Venezuela

Sabida la importante seroprevalencia en la Isla de Margarita para el HIV-1 nos propusimos conocer la seroprevalencia de HTLV-I/II en muestras de grupos epidemiologicamente importantes en su transmisión. El estudio se desarrolló con 141 trabajadoras sexuales y 40 hombres gays entre 1994 y 1997. Nuestros resultados permitieron establecer infección por HTLV-I en un hombre. Este es el primer reporte conocido sobre pesquisa epidemiológica de la infección por HTLV-I/II en la Isla de Margarita.

Prevalencias de las geohelmintiasis intestinales en 100 municipios de Venezuela (1989-1992)

El examen coproparasitológico (técnica de Kato-Katz) de un total de 113.254 personas, pertenecientes a 100 municipios de Venezuela, permitió establecer las siguientes prevalencias a nivel nacional: Ascaris lumbricoides: 26,9%, Trichuris trichiura: 32,6% y Anquilostomideos: 5,6%. Además se determinaron los valores de la prevalencia para los mencionados geohelmintos en los 100 municipios considerados observándose una gran variabilidad. Para T. trichiura los valores máximos se obtuvieron en los municipios Arévalo González (54,6%), en el Estado Miranda, Urama (76,9%) en el Estado Carabobo y Punta de Piedra (78,4%) en el Estado Sucre. Para A. lumbricoides, en los municipios Punta de Piedra (63%) y Tunapuy (61,9%), en el Estado Sucre y Arévalo González (62,7%) en el Estado Miranda. Mientras que para los Anquilostomideos las prevalencias máximas se detectaron en los municipios El Amparo (39,5%) y San Camilo (35,9%) en el Estado Apure. En cuanto a la edad las prevalencias más altas se determinaron en niños de edad pre-escolar y escolar, para A. lumbricoides y T. trichiura y en adolescentes y adultos para anquilostomideos.

Fauna flebotomínica (Díptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) do Estado Bolívar, Venezuela

Foi feito um estudo para conhecer a fauna flebotomínica do Estado Bolívar, Venezuela. Foram identificados 2364 flebotomíneos distribuídos em 18 espécies. As espécies que podem estar participando da transmissão da Leishmaniose tegumentar americana no Estado Bolívar são possivelmente Lutzomyia anduzei, L. wellcomei e L. squamiventris ao Sul do estado, e L. flaviscutellata e L. gomezi as espécies transmissoras ao Norte.

Evaluación de un brote de leishmaniasis tegumentaria americana en una comunidad rural del Estado Bolívar, Venezuela

La presencia de un foco de leishmaniasis tegumentaria americana (LTA) en la localidad de San José de Hacha, al sur del Estado Bolívar en Venezuela, motivó la realización de un estudio epidemiológico utilizando la intradermorreacción (IDR) de Montenegro. De los 184 habitantes de San José de Hacha, se aplicó la IDR a 121 (65,8%). El 33,9% fueron reactores positivos (44/121). El mayor porcentaje de positividad se observó en personas del sexo masculino con 39,5% (P<0,05), y en adultos, principalmente en el grupo etáreo de 31 a 40 años (52,4%) (ji2 = 18,28; g.l. = 6). Según la ocupación, los trabajadores agrícolas resultaron los más reactivos (69,0%). El 65,9% (27/41) de las personas IDR positiva presentaron áreas de reacción entre 5 y 9mm. Se identificaron lesiones activas de LTA en 22 habitantes y cicatrices en sólo siete casos. Se sugiere que San José de Hacha constituye un foco de LTA de reciente instalación.

Elevada prevalência de blastocistose em pacientes do Centro de Saúde de Soledad, Estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela

Entre 98 exames parasitológicos de fezes de pacientes do Centro de Saúde de Soledad, Anzoátegui, Venezuela, foram encontrados 46 (46,9%) positivos para Blastocystis hominis.

Meningoencephalitis by Naegleria fowleri: epidemiological study in Anzoategui state, Venezuela

A case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis produced by Naegleria fowleri was diagnosed in the Independencia county of Anzoategui State, Venezuela. This case motivated the realization of the present epidemiological study with the aim of identifying free-living amoebae in this area. Representative water samples were taken and physicochemical and microbiologic analyses were carried out. Trophozoites and cysts of Naegleria spp, were detected in 44.4% (n=4). An excellent concordance was found among the observations of free-living amoebae in smears and those of monoxenic cultures in non nourishing agar with Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kappa=1; p= 0.003). A variable load of aerobic mesophils was obtained. Moulds and yeast averages presented 3.0 CFU/ml (SD± 2.0) and 102.9 CFU/ml (SD± 32.2), respectively. One hundred per cent of the samples presented a most probable number of total and fecal coliforms of 240,000 NMP/100mL. Naegleria spp was present in waters of the Independence county of Anzoategui state, which constitutes a risk for people that use these sources.

Scorpionism due to Tityus neoespartanus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) in Margarita Island, northeastern Venezuela

The first two cases of scorpion envenoming caused by Tityus neoespartanus (Buthidae) are described. The accidents took place within human environments (one inside a home and the other inside a school), in the village of La Sierra, Margarita Island, State of Nueva Esparta, northeastern Venezuela. Both cases were moderately severe and developed pancreatic involvement and electrocardiographic abnormalities. This report allows inclusion of Margarita Island among the endemic areas of scorpionism in Venezuela.