Avaliação do perfil arritmogênico ventricular de pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada e fração de ejeção diminuída

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o perfil arritmogênico ventricular de pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada e fração de ejeção diminuída. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo em 40 pacientes com fração de ejeção média ao ecocardiograma de 32,5±2,1%, obtida pela análise do Holter de 24h, do balanço autonômico cardíaco, determinado por índices de variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (rMSSD e pNN50), do eletrocardiograma (ECG) de alta resolução (ECGAR) e do grau de dispersão da repolarização ventricular determinado no ECG de superfície. Por regressão logística determinaram-se, a partir dos resultados, os preditores de risco para morte cardíaca e morte súbita. RESULTADOS: Observou-se na população envolvida uma elevada incidência de ectopias ventriculares isoladas, pareadas e de surtos não sustentados de taquicardia ventricular. Pela análise do balanço autonômico notou-se depressão da atividade vagal cardíaca em mais da metade dos pacientes, sendo que apenas 30% apresentaram ECGAR positivo. O grau de dispersão temporal da repolarização ventricular variou de 20 a 100ms. A presença de >30 extra-sístoles isoladas por hora e de taquicardia ventricular não sustentada ao Holter foram os preditores de risco com valores mais elevados para a morte cardíaca e morte súbita, com uma razão de risco respectiva de 1,9 e 3,2 (p= 0,01 e 0,000). CONCLUSÃO: Foram observadas importantes alterações no comportamento elétrico e autonômico cardíaco, constituindo-se fatores de risco para a ocorrência de eventos arrítmicos graves ou fatais.

Correlação eletro-ecocardiográfica no diagnóstico da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda

OBJETIVO: Comparar a eficácia diagnóstica de 4 critérios eletrocardiográficos: índices de Sokolov, Gubner, Cornell e Romhilt, na detecção da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) em pacientes hipertensos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 30 pacientes ambulatoriais, com hipertensão arterial sistêmica leve, moderada ou grave, sendo considerado o diagnóstico de HVE quando os índices eram: Sokolov >35mm, Gubner >22mm, Romhilt >5 pontos e Cornell >20mm para mulheres e 28mm para homens. Determinaram-se, então, a sensibilidade, especificidade, eficácia diagnóstica e outras variáveis diagnósticas para cada um dos critérios, isoladamente, e para os 4 considerados simultaneamente, utilizando-se como padrão ouro para HVE o índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo >98g/m² para mulheres e >120g/m² para homens, obtido ao ecocardiograma. RESULTADOS: Considerando cada critério eletrocardiográfico isolado, o índice de Sokolov apresentou a melhor eficácia, com sensibilidade = 40%, eficácia diagnóstica de 50% e especificidade 100%; o 2º critério mais eficaz foi o índice de Gubner e, em 3º lugar, empatados, os índices de Romhilt e Cornell. Quando considerados, simultaneamente, ou seja, a presença de pelo menos um dos quatro critérios, a sensibilidade foi 52% e a eficácia diagnóstica 57%. CONCLUSÃO: Os quatro critérios eletrocardiográficos considerados individualmente ou em conjunto foram pouco eficazes na detecção da HVE e, considerando a importância desta entidade patológica, concluímos que é imprescindível a utilização de método propedêutico mais sensível para tal diagnóstico.

O eletrocardiograma de alta resolução no domínio da freqüência. Utilização de técnicas estatísticas de correlação espectral para identificação de pacientes com taquicardia ventricular monomórfica sustentada

OBJETIVO: Avaliar uma melhoria da acurácia diagnóstica da taquicardia ventricular monomórfica (TVM), através do eletrocardiograma de alta resolução (ECGAR), adicionando à análise no domínio do tempo (DT), técnicas estatísticas de correlação espectral no domínio da freqüência (DF). MÉTODOS: Foram estudados pelo ECGAR 137 indivíduos sendo 27 com cardiopatia e TVM sustentada, 30 com cardiopatia e sem TVM e 80 sem evidências de cardiopatia. Os parâmetros analisados no ECGAR no DT foram: duração do QRS filtrado, RMS40 e LAS40 e, no DF, as médias e os devios padrões da correlação espectral intersegmentar do sinal e da banda de freqüência delimitadora da concentração do sinal. RESULTADOS: A sensibilidade (Sb) e o valor preditivo positivo (VPP) do ECGAR no DT, DF e análise combinada de ambos os domínios foram, na detecção de TVM, respectivamente: Sb = 59,3%, 63% e 81,5% e VPP = 80,0%, 81,0% e 84,6%. CONCLUSÃO: A análise combinada do ECGAR nos DT e DF aumenta a acurácia diagnóstica de pacientes com apresentação clínica de TVM sustentada.

O significado da abstinência do álcool na cardiomiopatia alcoólica com disfunção ventricular moderada

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o papel da abstenção alcoólica, no período de 12 meses, na cardiomiopatia alcoólica (CMA) com disfunção ventricular de grau moderado, em pacientes tratados com esquema anticongestivo. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional prospectivo com 20 pacientes com CMA, 9 (45%) na classe funcional (CF) II e 11(55%) na CF III, 16 (80%) homens, predomínio de negros (55%), de 35 a 56 (x=45) anos, com consumo pesado de álcool (>80g etanol/dia), por período de 51 a 112 (x=85) meses, que concordaram, inicialmente, em participar de programa de apoio, com psicoterapia de grupo, além do acompanhamento clínico com realização de exames não invasivos, antes do início do programa e após 12 meses da terapia, e foram divididos em dois grupos, o 1 (G-I) constituído pelos que atingiram a abstinência e o 2 (G-II) pelos não abstêmios. RESULTADOS: Após 12 meses, 11 (55%) pacientes permaneciam em terapia de apoio, 8 (72,72%) no G-I, enquanto os 9 (45%) que não se mantiveram no programa, apenas 2 (22,22%) tinham logrado abstinência (G-I). Ao fim da avaliação, alcançamos número igual de pacientes entre os grupos. Comparando os grupos observamos: a) menores valores médios dos diâmetros sistólico (DSVE) e diastólico (DDVE) do ventrículo esquerdo no G-I; b) maior número de internações no G-II (3) em relação ao G-I (1); c) na evolução clínica, maior número de pacientes do G-I, entre os que apresentaram melhoras (3 G-I e 1 G-II) e que permaneceram inalterados (6 G-I e 3 G-II), além do maior número de pioras entre o G-II (1 G-I e 5 G-II). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar do desejo inicial favorável, a abstinência só foi obtida em 50% dos pacientes com CMA e disfunção ventricular moderada, porém, quando alcançada, apresentou melhor evolução (melhoras + inalterados = 90%), com maior redução do DSVE e do DDVE (p<0,001), devendo sempre ser perseguida mesmo na presença de moderada disfunção ventricular.

Assessment of inotropic and vasodilating effects of milrinone lactate in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and severe heart failure

OBJECTIVE: To assess the hemodynamic and vasodilating effects of milrinone lactate (ML) in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III and IV heart failure. METHODS: Twenty patients with DCM and NYHA class III and IV heart failure were studied. The hemodynamic and vasodilating effects of ML, administered intravenously, were evaluated. The following variables were compared before and during drug infusion: cardiac output (CO) and cardiac index (CI); pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP); mean aortic pressure (MAP); mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP); mean right atrial pressure (MRAP); left ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures (LVSP and LVEDP, respectively); peak rate of left ventricular pressure rise (dP/dt); systemic vascular resistance (SVR); pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR); and heart rate (HR). RESULTS: All patients showed a significant improvement of the analysed parameters of cardiac performance with an increase of CO and CI; a significant improvement in myocardial contractility (dP/dt) and reduction of the LVEDP; PCWP; PAP; MAP; MRAP; SVR; PVR. Were observed no significant increase in HR occurred. CONCLUSION: Milrinone lactate is an inotropic dilating drug that, when administered intravenously, has beneficial effects on cardiac performance and myocardial contractility. It also promotes reduction of SVR and PVR in patients with DCM and NYHA class III and IV of heart failure.

Mitral valve disease with rheumatic appearance in the presence of left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis

This is a report of a nine-year-old boy with both mitral stenosis and regurgitation and extensive endomyocardial fibrosis of the left ventricle. Focus is given to the singularity of the fibrotic process, with an emphasis on the etiopathogenic aspects.

Characteristics and identification of sites of chagasic ventricular tachycardia by endocardial mapping

OBJECTIVE: To study electrophysiological characteristics that enable the identification and ablation of sites of chagasic tachycardia. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease and sustained ventricular tachycardia (SVT) underwent electrophysiological study to map and ablate that arrhythmia. Fifteen patients had hemodinamically stable SVT reproducible by programmed ventricular stimulation, 9 men and 6 women with ages ranging from 37 to 67 years and ejection fraction varying from 0.17 to 0.64. Endocardial mapping was performed during SVT in all patients. Radiofrequency (RF) current was applied to sites of presystolic activity of at least 30 ms. Entrainment was used to identify reentrant circuits. In both successful and unsuccessful sites of RF current application, electrogram and entrainment were analyzed. RESULTS: Entrainment was obtained during all mapped SVT. In 70.5% of the sites we observed concealed entrainment and ventricular tachycardia termination in the first 15 seconds of RF current application. In the unsuccessful sites, significantly earlier electrical activity was seen than in the successful ones. Concealed entrainment was significantly associated with ventricular tachycardia termination. Bystander areas were not observed. CONCLUSION: The reentrant mechanism was responsible for the genesis of all tachycardias. In 70.5% of the studied sites, the endocardial participation of the slow conducting zone of reentrant circuits was shown. Concealed entrainment was the main electrophysiological parameter associated with successful RF current application. There was no electrophysiological evidence of bystander regions in the mapped circuits of SVT.

Aortic stenosis. Gender influence on left ventricular geometry and function in patients under 70 years of age

OBJECTIVE: To verify if adaptive left ventricle (LV) characteristics are also present in individuals under 70 years of age with severe aortic stenosis (AS). METHODS: The study comprised 40 consecutive patients under 70 years of age with AS and no associated coronary artery disease, referred for valve surgery. Out of the 40 patients, 22 were men and 18 women, and the mean age was 49.8±14.3 years. Cardiac symptoms, presence of systemic hypertension (SH), functional class according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA), and valve lesion etiology were considered. LV cavity dimensions, ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), mass (MS), and relative diastolic thickness (RDT) were examined by Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS: Fourteen (63.6%) men and 11 (61.6%) women were classified as NYHA class III/IV (p=0.70). There was no difference in the frequency of angina, syncope or dyspnea between genders. The incidence of SH was greater in women than in men (10 versus 2, p=0.0044). Women had a smaller LV end-diastolic diameter index (32.1±6.5 x 36.5±5.3mm/m², p=0.027), LV end-systolic diameter index (19.9±5.9 x 26.5±6.4mm/m², p=0.0022) and LV mass index (MS) (211.4±71.1 x 270.9±74.9g/m², p=0.017) when compared with men. EF (66.2±13.4 x 52.0±14.6%, p=0.0032), FS (37.6±10.7 x 27.9±9.6%, p=0.0046) and RDT (0.58±0.22 x 0.44±0.09, p=0.0095) were significantly greater in women than in men. CONCLUSION: It is the patient gender rather than age that influences left ventricular adaptive response to AS.

Influence of the elevation of the left ventricular diastolic pressure on the values of the first temporal derivative of the ventricular pressure (dP/dt)

PURPOSE: To assess the effects of the elevation of the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) on the value of the 1st temporal derivative of the ventricular pressure (dP/dt). METHODS: Nineteen anesthetized dogs were studied. The dogs were mechanically ventilated and underwent thoracotomy with parasympathetic nervous system block. The LVEDP was controlled with the use of a perfusion circuit connected to the left atrium and adjusted to the height of a reservoir. The elevation of the LVEDP was achieved by a sudden increase in the height of a reservoir filled with blood. Continuous recordings of the electrocardiogram, the aortic and ventricular pressures and the dP/dt were performed. RESULTS: Elevation of the LVEDP did not result in any variation of the heart rate (167±16.0bpm, before the procedure; 167±15.5bpm, after the procedure). All the other variables assessed, including systolic blood pressure (128±18.3mmHg and 150±21.5mmHg), diastolic blood pressure (98±16.9mmHg and 115±19.8mmHg), LVEDP (5.5±2.49 and 9.3±3.60mmHg), and dP/dt (4,855 ± 1,082 mmHg/s and 5,149±1,242mmHg/s) showed significant increases following the expansion of the ventricular cavity. Although the elevation of the dP/dt was statistically significant, 6 dogs curiously showed a decrease in the values of dP/dt. CONCLUSION: Sudden elevation of the LVEDP resulted in increased values of dP/dt; however, in some dogs, this response was not uniform.

Aortic valve assessment. Anatomical study of 100 healthy human hearts

PURPOSE: To assess anatomical characteristics of the aortic valve, so that they may be useful in diagnostic situations and surgical treatment. METHODS: The study analyzed 100 healthy fixed human hearts; 84% of them obtained from males, 61% of them from Caucasian individuals. The ages of the individuals ranged from 9 to 86 years (mean 30±15.5 years). The characteristics assessed related to age, sex, and race were the following: number and height of the cusps, size of the lunulae, internal and external intercommissural distance, position of the coronary ostium in relation to the aortic valve, position of the ventricular septum in relation to the aortic valve, thickness of the cusps. RESULTS: All hearts assessed had a tricuspidal aortic valve. In regard to the height of the cusps and size of the lunula, the left coronary cusp was larger, followed by the right coronary cusp and the noncoronary cusp. The internal and external intercommissural distances had mean values of 24.6±5.7mm and 19.7±7mm, respectively. In regard to the position of the coronary ostia, in one heart two ostia emerged from the left coronary sinus, and in another, the ostium was supracommissural. The mean diameter of the aorta was 21.8±3.6mm, and there were no significant sexual or racial differences, but the diameter increased progressively with the increase in age. The thickness of the cusps did not show any significant difference in the 3 points assessed. CONCLUSION: The aortic valve annulus did not show a perfect circumference, with some variations in the measurements of the annulus, in the cusps and in the relation with the ventricular septum.

Ventricular evoked response in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy treated with DDD pacing

OBJECTIVE: To assess the changes in ventricular evoked responses (VER) produced by the decrease in left ventricular outflow tract gradient (LVOTG) in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) treated with dual-chamber (DDD) pacing. METHODS: A pulse generator Physios CTM (Biotronik, Germany) was implanted in 9 patients with severe drug-refractory HOCM. After implantation, the following conditions were assessed: 1) Baseline evaluation: different AV delay (ranging from 150ms to 50 ms) were sequentially programmed during 5 to 10 minutes, and the LVOTG (as determined by Doppler echocardiography) and VER recorded; 2) standard evaluation, when the best AV delay (resulting in the lowest LVOTG) programmed at the initial evaluation was maintained so that its effect on VER and LVOTG could be assessed during each chronic pacing evaluation. RESULTS: LVOTG decreased after DDD pacing, with a mean value of 59 ± 24 mmHg after dual chamber pacemaker, which was significantly less than the gradient before pacing (98 + 22mmHg). An AV delay >100ms produced a significantly lower decrease in VER depolarization duration (VER DD) when compared to an AV delay <=100ms. Linear regression analyses showed a significant correlation between the LVOTG values and the magnitude of VER (r=0.69; p<0.05) in the 9 studied patients. CONCLUSION: The telemetry obtained intramyocardial electrogram is a sensitive means to assess left ventricular dynamics in patients with HOCM treated with DDD pacing.

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right pulmonary artery with intramural aortic trajectory. Clinicosurgical diagnostic implications

OBJECTIVE: Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right pulmonary artery (AOLCARPA), is a rare entity that is usually associated with other defects. Of the 20 cases of AOLCARPA reported in the literature, 14 (70%) had associations. We describe four patients with AOLCARPA without associated defects, but with a peculiar intramural aortic trajectory. METHODS: Fifty-five patients with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery were operated upon at INCOR-FMUSP. Four of the patients had the anomalous origin from the right pulmonary artery (RPA) without associated defects but with intramural aortic trajectory. Clinical and laboratory examinations were analyzed, as well as surgical findings. RESULTS: All patients had congestive heart failure (CHF) and 3 also had angina pectoris. Two patients had a murmur of mitral regurgitation, signs of myocardial infarction on the ECG and cardiomegaly. The shortening fraction varied from 9% to 23%. The hemodynamic study confirmed the diagnosis of anomalous origin of the coronary artery, but the intramural trajectory and the origin from the RPA were established only at surgery. In 3 patients, the technique of side-to-side anastomosis was performed with a good outcome. One patient, who underwent end-to-side anastomosis, died 6 months after the surgery. CONCLUSION: Association with other defects usually occurs in the AOLCARPA, and the intramural aortic trajectory is difficult to clinically diagnose but easy to surgically correct.

Reduction in left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients treated with enalapril, losartan or the combination of enalapril and losartan

OBJECTIVE: To compare the regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with moderate hypertension treated with enalapril, losartan or a combination of the two drugs at lower doses. METHODS: Patients of both sexes with moderate hypertension confirmed by ambulatory monitoring of arte-rial blood pressure and with left ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiogram were assigned to three groups: enalapril (35 mg/day, n=15), losartan (175 mg/day, n=15) and enalapril+losartan (15 mg+100 mg/day, n=16). The patients received the drugs for 10 months. RESULTS: The three therapeutic regimens were equally effective in reducing blood pressure and left ventricular mass index (LVMI, g/m²): 141±3.9 to 123±3.6 in the enalapril group (p<0.05), from 147±3.8 to 133±2.8 in the losartan group (p<0.05), and from 146±3.0 to 116±4.0 in the enalapril+losartan group (p<0.05). However, the percent reduction of LVMI was significantly greater (p<0.01) in the enalapril+losartan group (20.5±5.0%) than in enalapril (12.4±3.2%) and the losartan (9.1±2.1%) groups. Normalization of LVMI was obtained in 10 out of the 16 patients who received enalapril+ losartan, in 6 out of the 15 patients who received only enalapril and in 4 out of the 15 patients treated with losartan. CONCLUSION: The combination of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist (AT1 receptor antagonist) in patients produced an additional effect on the reduction of left ventricular hypertrophy. This finding may depend on a more complete inhibition of the cardiac renin-angiotensin.

The Brugada syndrome. Outcome of one case

The Brugada syndrome is a rare condition, and due to its mutating manner of presentation it may be difficult to diagnose. We report one case and discuss the diagnostic aspects and the clinical outcome of one patient with characteristic findings of this syndrome. These findings are especially defined by J-ST elevation in the right leads of serial electrocardiographic records, wide oscillations of J points and ST segments during 24-hour Holter monitoring, and nocturnal sudden death. We stress the importance of the Holter monitor findings for diagnostic complementation. Through this method it is possible to establish a correlation between vigil activities and sleep and the variability of the degree of impairment in ventricular repolarization.