Avaliação do comportamento de espécies de Eucalyptus spp. na Zona da Mata Pernambucana. I: Resultados do primeiro ano - 2001

O trabalho objetivou selecionar, para a região da Zona da Mata de Pernambuco, cultivares de Eucalyptus e, ou, identificar clones com alto potencial de produtividade. As espécies Eucalyptus saligna Sm., E. dunnii Maiden, E. benthamii Maiden & Cambage, E. tereticornis Sm., E. urophylla S.T. Blake, E. pilularis Sm., E. camaldulensis Dehnh., E. robusta Sm., E. grandis W. Hill ex Maiden e E. citriodora Hook estão sendo avaliadas por sete anos, observando-se as seguintes variáveis: sobrevivência (%), bifurcação (%), altura (m) e diâmetro (cm). O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, sendo a parcela constituída de 35 plantas. Aos 12 meses, as espécies apresentaram sobrevivência superior a 95,0%, não foi registrado bifurcação na espécie E. dunnii.e E. citriodora exibiu o valor máximo de 35,0%, enquanto nas demais espécies os valores foram inferiores a 15,0%. Os melhores desempenhos de altura e diâmetro ocorreram em E. citriodora, E. urophylla, E. camaldulensis, E. saligna, E. grandis e E. dunnii.

Aspectos econômicos da produção e do risco nos sistemas agroflorestais e nos sistemas tradicionais de produçâo agrícola em tomé-açu, Pará - 2001 a 2003

Neste artigo, analisaram-se os fatores determinantes da produção dinâmica dos sistemas agroflorestais (SAF) e dos sistemas tradicionais de produção agrícola (ST), sob condições de risco, em pequenas e médias unidades produtivas nipo-brasileiras localizadas no Município de Tomé-Açu, Pará, no período de 2001 a 2003. Os resultados indicaram que todos os fatores, exceto a mão-de-obra contratada e as máquinas e equipamentos, afetam diretamente o Valor Bruto da Produção (VBP) dos SAF e dos ST; a variável dummy apresentou diferença cumulativa a menor no VBP dos SAF, de um ano para outro. A função de risco estimada apontou que os SAF apresentaram menor risco que os ST, evidenciando-se que a aplicação de insumos era fonte de redução de risco, mas a tecnologia adotada precisa ser adequada, pois se apresenta como fator de aumento de risco nos dois sistemas. Além disso, a dummy indicou que os SAF exibiram menor nível de risco que os ST. Nesse contexto, os resultados deixaram claro, ainda, que os produtores nipo-brasileiros eram avessos ao risco.

The impact of the law 10,267/2001 in the brazilian rural registration

The publication of the Law 10,267 of 08/28/2001 changed the paradigm of rural registration in Brazil, because this law known as the "Law of Georeferencing" has created the National Registration of Rural Property, that unifies in a common basis different registrations present in several government agencies, such as the National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (INCRA), the Secretariat of Federal Revenue, the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, and the National Indian Foundation. Also, this new registration system has a graphical component which has not existed until such date, where the boundaries of rural property are georeferenced to the Brazilian Geodetic System. This new paradigm has resulted in a standardization of the survey and its representation of rural properties according to the Technical Standard for Georeferencing of Rural Properties, published by INCRA in compliance with the new legislation. Due to the georeferencing, the creation of a public GIS of free access on the Internet was possible. Among the difficulties found it may be observed the great Brazilian territory, the need for specialized professionals, and especially the certification process that INCRA has to perform for each georeferenced property. It is hoped that this last difficulty is solved with the implementation of the Land Management System that will allow automated and online certification, making the process more transparent, agile and fast.

Teste de Papanicolaou: cobertura em dois inquéritos domiciliários realizados no município de São Paulo em 1987 e em 2001-2002

OBJETIVO: comparar a cobertura da citologia convencional de Papanicolaou em mulheres de 15 a 59 anos entre dois inquéritos domiciliários, relacionando a alguns atributos pessoais e à tendência da mortalidade por câncer de colo do útero. MÉTODOS: analisou-se os dados coletados por meio de dois inquéritos domiciliários, com amostragem complexa, realizados no município de São Paulo nos anos de 1987 e 2001 a 2002. Foram comparadas as respostas autorreferidas de 968 mulheres no primeiro inquérito e 1.125 mulheres no segundo inquérito, na resposta à pergunta sobre a realização "alguma vez na vida" do teste de Papanicolaou, relacionando com faixa etária, cor da pele, situação conjugal, escolaridade e tendência da mortalidade por câncer de colo no período de 1980 a 2007. Foi aplicado o teste exato de Fisher em cada uma das comparações entre as amostras, consideradas como devidas ao acaso as diferenças que ocorreram com probabilidade p>5%. RESULTADOS: do primeiro inquérito para o segundo houve aumento de 24% na realização da citologia convencional de Papanicolaou (de 68,8% para 85%). As maiores variações do aumento de cobertura relacionadas com atributos pessoais das mulheres foram encontradas nas de cor da pele preta, solteiras e de nível de escolaridade mais baixo. Quanto à tendência nas taxas de mortalidade por câncer de colo, não se observou nítida disposição de ascensão e nem de declínio ao longo dos 28 anos estudados (1980 a 2007). CONCLUSÃO: houve aumento no acesso ao exame citológico de Papanicolaou nas mulheres mais vulneráveis. Desde 2001 e 2002, a cobertura de 85% já atingia a recomendação da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), porém sem nítida tendência de declínio nas taxas de mortalidade por câncer de colo nos anos seguintes, indicando que o rastreamento é apenas parte de um programa efetivo e organizado para o controle do câncer do colo, cujo modelo deve garantir a integralidade da atenção à saúde da mulher.

Canine papillomatosis: a retrospective study of 24 cases (2001-2011) and immunohistochemical characterization

A retrospective study of 24 cases of papillomas in dogs was performed from January 2001 to March 2011. Additionally, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to characterize and evaluate the samples. We found that disease was observed more in mixed breed dogs, ages ranging from 6 months to 10 years (mean 3.1 years), and there was no gender predilection. The main lesion sites were the skin (75%), lips (16.7%), and eyelids (8.3%). Upon histological evaluation, we observed papillary exophytic proliferation of squamous epithelium and papillary endophytic proliferation (inverted) in 87.5% and 12.5% of cases, respectively. The tumors were characterized by spinous layer hyperplasia (87.5%) with koilocytes (70.8%) and intranuclear pale basophilic inclusions bodies (8.3%), prominent granular layer with large amounts of keratohyalin granules (95.8%), and hyperkeratosis in the stratum corneum (100%). Positive immunostaining for Papillomavirus was found in 83.3% of cases, which were distributed between the granular layer and the stratum corneum. These findings indicate the following: that papillomas in dogs are caused by Papillomavirus, the viral cytopathic effect induces epithelial lesions, viral particles are found inside the cell nuclei, and inclusions bodies are rare.

Genetic characterization of dengue virus type 3 isolates in the State of Rio de Janeiro, 2001

The genetic characterization of dengue virus type 3 (DEN-3) strains isolated from autochthonous cases in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2001 is presented. Restriction site-specific (RSS)-PCR performed on 22 strains classified the Brazilian DEN-3 viruses as subtype C, a subtype that contains viruses from Sri Lanka, India, Africa and recent isolates from Central America. Nucleic acid sequencing (positions 278 to 2550) of one DEN-3 strain confirmed the origin of these strains, since genotype III - classified by sequencing - and RSS-PCR subtype C are correlated. This genetic subtype has been associated with hemorrhagic dengue epidemics and the information provided here could be useful to implement appropriate prevention and control measures.

Use of molecular epidemiology to monitor the nosocomial dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a University Hospital from 1991 to 2001

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been the cause of major outbreaks and epidemics among hospitalized patients, with high mortality and morbidity rates. We studied the genomic diversity of MRSA strains isolated from patients with nosocomial infection in a University Hospital from 1991 to 2001. The study consisted of two periods: period I, from 1991 to 1993 and period II from 1995 to 2001. DNA was typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and the similarity among the MRSA strains was determined by cluster analysis. During period I, 73 strains presented five distinctive DNA profiles: A, B, C, D, and E. Profile A was the most frequent DNA pattern and was identified in 55 (75.3%) strains; three closely related and four possibly related profiles were also identified. During period II, 80 (68.8%) of 117 strains showed the same endemic profile A identified during period I, 18 (13.7%) closely related profiles and 18 (13.7%) possibly related profiles and, only one strain presented an unrelated profile. Cluster analysis showed a 96% coefficient of similarity between profile A from period I and profile A from period II, which were considered to be from the same clone. The molecular monitoring of MRSA strains permitted the determination of the clonal dissemination and the maintenance of a dominant endemic strain during a 10-year period and the presence of closely and possibly related patterns for endemic profile A. However, further studies are necessary to improve the understanding of the dissemination of the endemic profile in this hospital.

Molecular epidemiology of type 1 and 2 dengue viruses in Brazil from 1988 to 2001

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection that in recent decades has become a major international public health concern. Epidemic dengue fever reemerged in Brazil in 1981. Since 1990 more than one dengue virus serotype has been circulating in this tropical country and increasing rates of dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome have been detected every year. Some evidence supports the association between the introduction of a new serotype and/or genotype in a region and the appearance of dengue hemorrhagic fever. In order to study the evolutionary relationships and possible detection of the introduction of new dengue virus genotypes in Brazil in the last years, we analyzed partial nucleotide sequences of 52 Brazilian samples of both dengue type 1 and dengue type 2 isolated from 1988 to 2001 from highly endemic regions. A 240-nucleotide-long sequence from the envelope/nonstructural protein 1 gene junction was used for phylogenetic analysis. After comparing the nucleotide sequences originally obtained in this study to those previously studied by others, and analyzing the phylogenetic trees, we conclude that, after the initial introduction of the currently circulating dengue-1 and dengue-2 genotypes in Brazil, there has been no evidence of introduction of new genotypes since 1988. The increasing number of dengue hemorrhagic fever cases seen in Brazil in the last years is probably associated with secondary infections or with the introduction of new serotypes but not with the introduction of new genotypes.

Use of alcohol among the inhabitants of the 107 largest cities in Brazil - 2001

Alcohol is part of the history of humanity, seemingly as a result of countless factors including the easy production of alcoholic beverages in practically all regions of the world. The authors studied aspects of the use of and the dependence on alcohol in Brazil, through a household survey conducted by Centro Brasileiro de Informações sobre Drogas Psicotrópicas (CEBRID). A total of 8,589 interviews were held in 107 of the largest cities in Brazil, all of them with more than 200 thousand inhabitants. The study was planned to gather information within the household environment about a stratified probabilistic sample obtained in three selection phases: 1) the censitaire sectors for each municipality, 2) a systematic randomized sampling, and 3) drafting a respondent by lot in each household to provide information. Approximately 11.2% of the subjects were concerned with their own consumption of alcohol. The signs/symptoms of the syndrome of dependence evident in a greater percentage were the desire to stop or reduce the use of alcohol and to stop or reduce resorting to alcoholic beverages more often than desired, as reported by 14.5 and 9.4% of the respondents, respectively. The regions in Brazil with the highest percentage of dependents were the North (16.3%) and the Northeast (19.9%). According to the estimates obtained in the survey, 5.2% of the teenagers were concerned about the use of alcohol. The estimates obtained in this survey reveal a need to implant specific preventive programs for the problem of alcohol, especially for the very young.

National exchange rate policies and international debt crises: how Brazil did not follow Argentina into a default in 2001-2002

This paper examines how exchange rate policies and IMF Stand-By Arrangements affect debt crises using econometrics and a comparison between Argentina and Brazil. It refines an existing diagram outlining crisis development to propose crisis prevention strategies. Flexible exchange rate policies reduce a country's probability of default by over 4%, but Stand-By Arrangements increase it by an inconsequential percentage. Unlike Argentina, Brazil avoided a default via a freely-floating exchange rate system, fiscal deficit reduction, and a cooperative and coordinated relationship with the IMF. The results provide policymakers from developing countries with lessons to manage their countries' default risks more effectively.

Produtividade do trabalho e mudança estrutural nas indústrias brasileiras extrativa e de transformação, 1970-2001

Using an indicator of labor productivity, this paper aims to assess the contribution of structural changes in the Brazilian manufacturing and mining industries to productivity growth, during the 1970-2001 period. The conclusion is that: (i) there is no evidence to sustain that the Brazilian industry has definitely reversed the productivity growth rates slowdown trend; (ii) there is no clear evidence of a positive influence of the structural bonus; and (iii) job creation seems to be concentrated in low productivity growth sectors.