Intervenções percutâneas para revascularização do miocárdio no Brasil em 1996 e 1997 comparadas às do biênio 1992 e 1993. Relatório do registro CENIC (Central Nacional de Intervenções Cardiovasculares)

OBJETIVO: Relatar os resultados das intervenções coronárias percutâneas, no Brasil, no biênio 1996-97, comparando-os com os do biênio 1992-93. MÉTODOS: Foram coletados dados relativos a angioplastia com balão (ATC), aterectomia direcionada (AD), aterectomia rotacional (AR), angioplastia com laser (L) e stents coronários (ST). Estes dados foram comparados aos equivalentes, do Registro 1992-93. RESULTADOS: Participaram do registro atual 79% dos sócios titulares da SBHCI, de 127 hospitais, em 1996-97. Foram incluídos 22.025 pacientes, sendo 60,67% submetidos à ATC; 36,57% a ST; 2,3% a AR; 0,06% à AD e 0,4% ao L. A ATC foi o procedimento mais executado, observando-se um aumento relativo do implante de ST, de 1996 para 1997 de 35% (31,1 para 42,1%, p= 0,0001), com concomitante queda na utilização do balão (65,7% para 55,8%, p= 0,0001). A despeito da população de coronarianos tratados, em 1996-97 ser de maior complexidade clínica e anatômica, que a de 1992-93, verificaram-se maiores índices de sucesso do procedimento (89,7% x 92,8%, p= 0,000001), com menor lesão residual (22% x 19%, p= 0,001). Além disto, houve menores índices de complicações maiores: infarto agudo (2,5% x 1,2%, p<0,01), cirurgia de emergência (0,8% x 0,5%, p= 0,002) e óbito (1,8% x 1,4%, p= 0,0003). CONCLUSÃO: Os procedimentos mais executados no último biênio foram: o balão (60,67%) e os stents coronários (36,57%); verificam-se elevados índices de sucesso (92,3%) e baixas taxas de complicações maiores, confirmando o desempenho de excelência da Cardiologia Intervencionista brasileira.

Fatores de risco para infarto do miocárdio no Brasil: estudo FRICAS

OBJETIVO: Determinar os fatores de risco para a ocorrência de infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo conduzido entre janeiro/94 e março/95, em 20 centros médicos no Brasil, constituído de casos, 299 pacientes com IAM e, controles, 292 indivíduos, identificados no mesmo centro que os casos, e admitidos com largo espectro de doenças agudas, não relacionadas a fatores de risco conhecidos ou suspeitos para IAM. Os dados foram colhidos por meio de um questionário estruturado, preenchido pelo próprio paciente. Os efeitos das variáveis pesquisadas sobre a ocorrência de IAM foram estudadas em abordagens univariadas, considerando-se significativo p<=0,05. RESULTADOS: Os fatores relacionados ao risco de IAM foram, para os casos e controles, respectivamente: hipercolesterolemia: 210,93±46,74mg/dl e 185,71±45,45mg/dl (p= 0,000); tabagismo: 41,69% e 27,20% (p= 0,000); hipertensão arterial: 52,35% e 20,88% (p= 0,000); diabetes mellitus: 19,70% e 9,93% (p= 0,001); história familiar: positiva no pai dos indivíduos em 42,14 e 33,22% (p= 0,025) e na mãe em 42,14% e 30,82% (p= 0,007); situação socioeconômica: 88,99% e 60,20% proprietários de casa própria (p= 0,002) e 44,45% e 33,21% de automóvel (p= 0,010); atividade física: 56,83% e 48,28% haviam mantido o hábito de caminhar no ano que antecedeu à entrada no estudo (p= 0,029); hábitos alimentares: 38,79 e 28,42% consumiam habitualmente embutidos (p= 0,013). A média do peso corporal foi de 72,50±26,89kg e 69±12,26kg (p= 0,0271) e a altura média de 166,56±7,81cm e 166,66±8,47cm. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo confirmou a importância da hipercolesterolemia, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabetes, sobrepeso e história familiar positiva, como fatores de risco para ocorrência de IAM. Houve relação direta e significativa entre a ocorrência de IAM e a condição socioeconômica.

Immediate and long term evolution of valve replacement in children less than 12 years old

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this work was the follow-up and evaluation of valve replacement in children under 12 years of age. METHODS: Forty-four children less than 12 years old were underwent valve replacement at INCOR-HCFMUSP between January 1986 and December 1992. Forty (91%) were rheumatic, 39 (88.7%) were in functional classes II or IV, 19 (43.2%) were operated upon on an emergency basis, and 6 (13.6%) had atrial fibrillation. Biological prostheses (BP) were employed in 26 patients (59.1%), and mechanical prostheses (MP) in 18 (40.9%). Mitral valves were replaced in 30 (68.7%), aortic valves in 8 (18.2%), a tricuspid valve in 1 (2.3%), and double (aortic and mitral) valves in 5 (11.4) of the patients. RESULTS: Hospital mortality was of 4.5% (2 cases). The mean follow-up period was 5.8 years. Re-operations occurred in 63.3% of the patients with BP and in 12.5% of those with MP (p=0.002). Infectious endocarditis was present in 26.3% of the BP, but in none of the cases of MP (p=0.049). Thrombosis occurred in 2 (12.5%) and hemorrhage in one (6.5%) of the patients with a MP. Delayed mortality occurred in 5 (11.9%) of the patients over a mean period of 2.6 years; four had had BP and one had a MP (NS). Actuarial survival and re-operation-free curves after 10 years were respectively, 82.5±7.7 (SD)% and 20.6±15.9%. CONCLUSION: Patients with MP required fewer re-operation, had less infectious endocarditis and lower late mortality rates compared with patients with bioprostheses. The former, therefore, appear to be the best valve replacement for pediatric patients.

Primary coronary angioplasty and stent implantation in acute myocardial infarction. Comparative analysis of the in-hospital results in the CENIC/SBHCI registry

OBJECTIVE: Comparative analysis of the in-hospital results after primary implantation of stents or coronary balloon angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: CENIC (National Center of Cardiovascular Interventions) gathered data on 3,924 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty (in the primary form, without the previous use of thrombolytic agents) in the first 24 hours after a MI, during the period of 1996-1998. From these 3,924 patients, 1,337 (34%) underwent stent implantation. We analyzed the success of the procedure and the occurrence of adverse cardiac events. RESULTS: In patients undergoing stent implantation there were more males (77% vs 69%, p=0.001), previous by pass surgery (6.3% vs. 4.5%, p=0.01), anterior MI and stent implantation in left descending artery (55% vs. 48% vs. p=0.009), and saphenous vein bypass grafts (3.3% vs. 1.9%). the procedure was more succesful in the group of stents (97% vs. 84%, p=0.001) and reinfarction rate (2.5 vs. 4%, p=0.002). The need for emergency revascularization was similar (1% vs. 1.1%, NS). Total in-hospital mortality was lower in stent group (3.4% vs. 7. 2%, p=0.0001) and this effect was in patients Killip class III/V (19.5% vs. 32.5%, p= 0.002) because there was no difference in patients class I/II (1.7% vs. 2.8%, p=0.9). CONCLUSION: Primary stent implantation in acute myocardial infarction showed better early results than balloon angioplasty alome.

Changes in the profile of lipoprotein subfractions associated with hormone replacement therapy

OBJECTIVE: To report the effects of 2 regimens of hormone replacement therapy during the postmenopausal period on the profile of the major lipoprotein subfractions (HDL, LDL, and VLDL). METHODS: We carried out a cohort study in 38 postmenopausal patients who were starting their hormone replacement therapy due to gynecological indications, for a period of 12 weeks. Analysis of lipoprotein subclasses was performed through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS: Hormone replacement therapy cause an increase in the proportion of larger subfractions of VLDL and HDL (p=0.008 and 0.03, respectively) and in the proportion of larger particles of VLDL due to a 36% increase in the levels of larger particles (p=0.004), concomitantly with a 15% reduction in the levels of smaller particles (p=0.04). In regard to HDL, the increase occurred only a 17% increase in the levels of larger particles (p=0.002). No significant change occurred in the distribution pattern of LDL subfractions. CONCLUSION: The proportion of larger subfractions of VLDL and HDL increases after hormone replacement therapy. The increase in the proportion of larger particles of VLDL occurs due to an increase in the levels of the larger subclasses concomitantly with a reduction in the smaller particles. However, an increase in the proportion of larger particles of HDL occurs only due to an increase in the levels of the larger subfractions.

Unsupported valvuloplasty in children with congenital mitral valve anomalies. Late clinical results

OBJECTIVE: To analyze late clinical evolution after surgical treatment of children, with reparative and reconstructive techniques without annular support. METHODS: We evaluated 21 patients operated upon between 1975 and 1998. Age 4.67±3.44 years; 47.6% girls; mitral insufficiency 57.1% (12 cases), stenosis 28.6% (6 cases), and double lesion 14.3% (3 cases). The perfusion 43.10±9.50min, and ischemia time were 29.40±10.50min. The average clinical follow-up in mitral insufficiency was 41.52±53.61 months. In the stenosis group (4 patients) was 46.39±32.02 months, and in the double lesion group (3 patients), 39.41±37.5 months. The echocardiographic follow-up was in mitral insufficiency 37.17±39.51 months, stenosis 42.61±30.59 months, and in the double lesion 39.41±37.51 months. RESULTS: Operative mortality was 9.5% (2 cases). No late deaths occurred. In the group with mitral insufficiency, 10 (83.3%) patients were asymptomatic (p=0.04). The majorit y with mild reflux (p=0.002). In the follow-up of the stenosis group, all were in functional class I (NYHA); and the mean transvalve gradient varied between 8 and 12mmHg, average of 10.7mmHg. In the double lesion group, 1 patient was reoperated at 43 months. No endocarditis or thromboembolism were reported. CONCLUSION: Mitral stenosis repair has worse late results, related to the valve abnormalities and associated lesions. The correction of mitral insufficiency without annular support showed good long-term results.

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring of patients with heart failure: a new prognosis marker

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between 24-hour ambulatory arterial blood pressure monitoring and the prognosis of patients with advanced congestive heart failure. METHODS: We studied 38 patients with NYHA functional class IV congestive heart failure, and analyzed left ventricular ejection fraction, diastolic diameter, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring data. RESULTS: Twelve deaths occurred. Left ventricular ejection fraction (35.2±7.3%) and diastolic diameter (72.2±7.8mm) were not correlated with the survival. The mean 24-hour (SBP24), waking (SBPw), and sleeping (SBPs) systolic pressures of the living patients were higher than those of the deceased patients and were significant for predicting survival. Patients with mean SBP24, SBPv, and SBPs > or = 105mmHg had longer survival (p=0.002, p=0.01 and p=0.0007, respectively). Patients with diastolic blood pressure sleep decrements (dip) and patients with mean blood pressure dip <=6mmHg had longer survival (p=0.04 and p=0.01, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, SBPs was the only variable with an odds ratio of 7.61 (CI: 1.56; 3704) (p=0.01). Patients with mean SBP<105mmHg were 7.6 times more likely to die than those with SBP > or = 105 mmHg CONCLUSION: Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring appears to be a useful method for evaluating patients with congestive heart failure.

Effects of Sibutramine on the Treatment of Obesity in Patients with Arterial Hypertension

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of weight reduction with 10mg of sibutramine or placebo on blood pressure during 24 hours (ambulatory blood pressure monitoring), on left ventricular mass, and on antihypertensive therapy in 86 obese and hypertensive patients for 6 months. METHODS: The patients underwent echocardiography, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, and measurement of the levels of hepatic enzymes prior to and after treatment with sibutramine or placebo. RESULTS: The group using sibutramine had a greater weight loss than that using placebo (6.7% versus 2.5%; p<0.001), an increase in heart rate (78.3±7.3 to 82±7.9 bpm; p=0.02), and a reduction in the left ventricular mass/height index (105±29.3 versus 96.6±28.58 g/m; p=0.002). Both groups showed similar increases in the levels of alkaline phosphatase and comparable adjustments in antihypertensive therapy; blood pressure, however, did not change. CONCLUSION: The use of sibutramine caused weight loss and a reduction in left ventricular mass in obese and hypertensive patients with no interference with blood pressure or with antihypertensive therapy.

Coronary heart disease clinical manifestation and risk factors in Japanese immigrants and their descendents in the city of São Paulo

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether a difference exists in coronary heart disease clinical manifestations and the prevalence of risk factors between Japanese immigrants and their descendents in the city of São Paulo. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of coronary artery disease clinical manifestations and the prevalence of risk factors, comparing 128 Japanese immigrants (Japanese group) with 304 Japanese descendents (Nisei group). RESULTS: The initial manifestation of the disease was earlier in the Nisei group (mean = 53 years), a difference of 12 years when compared with that in the Japanese group (mean = 65 years) (P<0.001). Myocardial infarction was the first manifestation in both groups (P = 0.83). The following parameters were independently associated with early coronary events: smoking (OR = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.35-3.77; P<0.002); Nisei group (OR = 10.22; 95% CI = 5.64-18.5; P<0.001); and female sex (OR = 5.04; 95% CI = 2.66-9.52; P<0.001). CONCLUSION: The clinical presentation of coronary heart disease in the Japanese and their descendents in the city of São Paulo was similar, but coronary heart disease onset occurred approximately 12 years earlier in the Nisei group than in the Japanese group.

Right ventricular structure and function as possible determinants of surgical outcome 30 years after repair of tetralogy of Fallot

OBJECTIVE: To identify the variables that may be involved in the persistence of symptoms (functional class II, III, or IV vs. I) in patients being followed up for 30 years after surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot. METHODS: Fifty-three patients (27 women), who underwent corrective surgery for tetralogy of Fallot between 1960 and 1970, were studied. Their ages ranged from 7 months to 26 years. At the end of follow-up, 13 patients were asymptomatic and the remaining were in functional class II (N=24), III (N=15), and IV (N=1). To differentiate asymptomatic from symptomatic patients, the following variables were analyzed: age at surgery, need for widening the pulmonary ring and trunk, need for a second (2nd OP) or 3rd operation, residual defect of the interventricular septum, residual regurgitation of the pulmonary valve, systolic gradient through the right ventricular outflow tract, right ventricular dilation or hypertrophy (RVH), cardiothoracic index (CTI), right and left ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF/LVEF), and arrhythmias. RESULTS: The univariate analysis showed an association between the presence of symptoms and the 2nd OP (P=0.03), an increase in the CTI (P=0.0001), moderate to severe RVH (P=0.002), and dilation (P=0.0003). In the logistic regression model, the combination of the 2nd OP (P=0.008), the RVH (P=0.002), and the reduction in RVEF (P=0.01) determined the presence of symptoms. CONCLUSION: Despite the surgical treatment, right ventricular remodeling and performance were the major determinants in the late follow-up of tetralogy of Fallot.

Lipid profile and cardiovascular risk in two Amazonian populations

OBJECTIVE: To compare the lipid profiles and coronary heart disease risks of 2 Brazilian Amazonian populations as follows: a riverside population (village of Vigia) and an urban population (city of Belém in the state of Pará). METHODS: Fifty individuals controlled for age and sex were assessed in each region, and the major risk factors for coronary heart disease were analyzed. RESULTS: According to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP III) and using the Framingham score, both populations had the same absolute risk of events (Vigia = 5.4 ± 1 vs Belém = 5.7 ± 1), although the population of Vigia had a lower consumption of saturated fat (P<0.0001), a greater consumption of mono- and polyunsaturated fat (P<0.03), in addition to lower values for body mass index (25.4± 0.6 vs 27.6 ± 0.7 kg/m², P<0.02), of biceps skin fold (18.6 ± 1.1 vs 27.5 ± 1.3 mm, P<0.0001), of triceps skin fold (28.7 ± 1.2 vs 37.3 ± 1.7 mm, P<0.002), and of total cholesterol (205 ± 5 vs 223 ± 6 mg/dL, P< 0.03) and triglycerides (119 ± 9 vs 177 ± 18 mg/dL, P<0.005). Both populations did not differ in regard to HDL-C (46 ± 1 vs 46 ± 1 mg/dL), LDL-C (135 ± 4 vs 144 ± 5 mg/dL) and blood pressure (SBP 124 ± 3 vs 128 ± 3 mmHg; DBP 80 ± 2 vs 82 ± 2 mmHg). CONCLUSION: The riverside and urban populations of Amazonia had similar cardiovascular risks. However, the marked difference in the variables studied suggests that different strategies of prevention should be applied.

Avaliação das pressões sistólica, diastólica e pressão de pulso como fator de risco para doença aterosclerótica coronariana grave em mulheres com angina instável ou infarto agudo do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se as pressões, medidas na raiz da aorta, são fatores de risco para doença aterosclerótica coronariana grave em mulheres com angina instável ou infarto agudo do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (AI/IAMSS). MÉTODO:As pressões, assim como os fatores de risco para doença arterial coronariana (DAC) foram prospectivamente coletados de março/1993 a agosto/2001 em 593 mulheres com diagnóstico de AI/IAMSS submetidas à cinecoronariografia. Lesões coronarianas definidas como graves estenoses > 70%. RESULTADOS: Idade média de 59,2±11,2 anos, significantemente mais alta nas pacientes com DAC: 61,9 ± 10,8 anos vs 56.4 ± 10,8 anos; tabagismo, diabetes e climatério foram mais freqüentes nas pacientes com DAC. As médias das pressões sistólica e arterial média foram iguais nos dois grupos, entretanto as médias das pressões diastólicas do ventrículo esquerdo (17.6 ± 8.7 x 15.1 ± 8.1, p=0.001) e da pressão de pulso aórtica foram significantemente maiores nas pacientes com DAC (75.5 ± 22 x 70 ± 19, p=0.002), enquanto a média da pressão diastólica aórtica foi significantemente mais alta nas pacientes sem DAC (75.3 ± 17.5 x 79.8 ± 16, p=0.003). Na análise multivariada a pressão de pulso > 80 mmHg e pressão sistólica > 165 foram independentemente associadas a DAC com razão de chance de 2.12 e 2.09, p<0.05, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A doença arterial coronariana está associada à pressão de pulso mais elevada e pressão diastólica mais baixa em mulheres com AI/IAMSS. Embora a média da pressão sistólica não tenha se associado com DAC, valores dicotomisados de pressão de pulso > 80 mmHg e pressão sistólica > 165 mmHg determinaram risco duas vezes maior de lesão coronariana grave.

Complicações da hipertensão arterial em homens e mulheres atendidos em um ambulatório de referência

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se o sexo se associa à hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, ao acidente vascular cerebral e à insuficiência renal em hipertensos atendidos em ambulatório de referência. MÉTODOS: Dados de 622 hipertensos, admitidos com diagnóstico de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda baseado no eletrocardiograma, de insuficiência renal, na creatinina > 1,4 mg/dl, e de acidente vascular cerebral em história pregressa e exame físico. Regressão logística foi utilizada para estimar odds ratio da associação entre sexo e lesão de órgãos-alvo da hipertensão, ajustadas para raça, idade e sua duração. RESULTADOS: A média das idades foi 48,4±13,8 anos, 74,1% eram mulheres, 84,9% mulatos ou negros. Quase a metade dos homens e mais de 40% das mulheres apresentavam pelo menos um evento definido com lesão órgão-alvo. Insuficiência renal foi maior nos homens, OR ajustada (ORa) = 2,73; (p=0,002). Nos pacientes brancos, a freqüência de acidente vascular cerebral foi significantemente (p=0,017) maior nos homens (4/33) do que nas mulheres (0/56) e, na análise para idade > 49 anos, a prevalência de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda foi significantemente maior em homens, ORa = 1,99; (p=0,024). CONCLUSÃO: Os dados obtidos sugerem maior prevalência de insuficiência renal em homens do que em mulheres, de acidente vascular cerebral em homens brancos do que em mulheres brancas, e de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em homens do que em mulheres com idade > 49 anos.

Efeito do estradiol sobre as respostas cardiopulmonar e metabólica em mulheres normotensas após a menopausa submetidas à cicloergoespirometria

OBJETIVO: Avaliar pela cicloergoespirometria as respostas cardiopulmonar e metabólica, em 30 usuárias de estrogênio após a menopausa, durante exercício físico máximo, sendo que 25 completaram o estudo. MÉTODOS: Em estudo prospectivo, duplo-cego, randomizado, controlado por placebo foram avaliados dois grupos de mulheres: um, constituído por 14 mulheres (57,6±4,8 anos) após a menopausa, usuárias de estradiol na dose de 2 mg/dia por via oral durante 90 dias, e, outro, por 11 mulheres (55,8±6,7 anos) usuárias de placebo no mesmo período. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos a testes cicloergoespirométricos e analisadas as variáveis: volume de oxigênio consumido por kg/min no pico do exercício (VO2 pico), limiar anaeróbio (LA), volume de oxigênio consumido por Kg/min no limiar anaeróbio (VO2 no LA), ponto de descompensação respiratória (PDR), tempo de exercício (TE), carga máxima atingida (CM), freqüência cardíaca máxima (FC), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD), antes e após administração dos medicamentos. RESULTADOS: Constataram-se reduções estatisticamente significantes em VO2 pico (p=0,002), LA (p=0,01), VO2 no LA (p=0,001) e TE (p=0,05) somente no grupo de usuárias de estradiol. As outras variáveis não sofreram alterações. CONCLUSÃO: O estradiol não promoveu melhora nas respostas cardiopulmonar e metabólica, quando comparado ao placebo.

Perfil inflamatório, metabólico e lipídico na síndrome isquêmica aguda: relação com eventos intra e pós-hospitalares

OBJETIVO: Associar o perfil lipídico, inflamatório (proteína C reativa ultra sensível - PCR us - e fibrinogênio) e metabólico (glicose) com eventos intra e pós-hospitalares de pacientes com síndrome isquêmica aguda (SIA) e descrever preditores de mortalidade nesta população. MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte com 199 pacientes com SIA (angina instável, infarto agudo do miocárdio com ou sem supradesnivelamento de ST) internados na unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) de uma instituição de referência cardiológica, no período de março a novembro de 2002. Foram registrados as doenças prévias, as medicações em uso e os fatores de risco coronarianos. Os eventos clínicos intra-hospitalares considerados foram Re-IAM, angina, insuficiência cardíaca (IC), fibrilação ventricular e óbito e os pós-hospitalares (30 dias após a alta) foram Re-IAM, angina, IC, óbito e re-internação para procedimentos percutâneos (ACTP) ou de revascularização (CRM). RESULTADOS: A PCR us e a glicemia alterada associaram-se, significativamente, com os eventos intra-hospitalares (p=0,03 e p<0,01, respectivamente), mas não com os eventos pós-hospitalares (p=0,19 e p=0,61, respectivamente). O perfil lipídico e o fibrinogênio não mostraram associação estatisticamente significativa em nenhum dos momentos avaliados. Após regressão logística múltipla, idade (p=0,04), IAM prévio (p=0,04), infarto do miocárdio com supra ST (p=0,008) ou sem supra de ST (p=0,048) e glicemia alterada (p=0,002) foram preditores de mortalidade hospitalar. CONCLUSÃO: A PCR us elevada e a glicemia alterada associaram-se a maior incidência de eventos intra-hospitalares enquanto a idade, IAM prévio, IAM com ou sem supra de ST e glicemia alterada foram preditores de mortalidade hospitalar.