Tropical biodiversity: has it been a potential source of secondary metabolites useful for medicinal chemistry?

The use of natural products has definitely been the most successful strategy in the discovery of novel medicines. Secondary metabolites from terrestrial and marine organisms have found considerable use in the treatment of numerous diseases and have been considered lead molecules both in their natural form and as templates for medicinal chemistry. This paper seeks to show the great value of secondary metabolites and emphasize the rich chemical diversity of Brazilian biodiversity. This natural chemical library remains understudied, but can be a useful source of new secondary metabolites with potential application as templates for drug discovery.

Is it necessary to soak rice grains to prepare Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 inoculum?

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects on the development of root rot on common bean, cv. 'Dufrix' after treatment with four volumes of water (0, 30%, 60%, and 90%, v/w) added to rice grains previously immersed in water for 24 hours before autoclaving and colonization of grains by Rhizoctoniasolani AG-4. Colonized rice grains and non-infested rice grains were mixed in pots with sterilized soil and sand (2:1), where beans were sown. Based on results of area under plant emergence curve, plant height, plant dry weight, and disease severity, we conclude that inoculum is more effective in causing disease when no water is added to the rice grains before autoclaving.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de guabijuzeiro (Myrcianthes pungens (Berg) Legrand - Myrtaceae) em armazenamento

O guabijuzeiro ocorre no Brasil desde São Paulo até o Rio Grande do Sul. Suas sementes são de curta longevidade e intolerantes à dessecação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de guabijuzeiro ao longo de oito meses de armazenamento em câmara fria (5±1 ºC e 80% UR). Sementes de seis diferentes plantas localizadas os Municípios de Encruzilhada do Sul e Cachoeira do Sul, no Rio Grande do Sul, constituíram seis lotes, que foram avaliados quanto ao teor de água, à massa de mil sementes, à germinação, ao tempo médio de germinação em laboratório, à emergência e ao tempo médio de emergência em casa de vegetação. Até o terceiro mês de armazenamento, a viabilidade das sementes foi superior a 50%, porém três lotes apresentaram valores acima de 75%. Ao longo do período de armazenamento ocorreu pequena variação no teor de água (entre 40 e 45%), e as sementes de todos os lotes perderam qualidade. Contudo, aos oito meses foram registradas viabilidades entre 56% e 61% em sementes de dois lotes, mostrando que, em ambiente de câmara fria, é possível prolongar a longevidade de sementes de guabijuzeiro.

ASSESSMENT OF A 5-YEAR-OLD REHABILITATED RIPARIAN FOREST: IS IT ALREADY SUSTAINABLE?

ABSTRACTAs important as the establishment of projects of ecological restoration is its assessment post-implementation to know whether the area is becoming self-sustainable or need to be redirected. In this way, this study aimed to know the current situation of a 5-year-old rehabilitated riparian forest,inserted in an anthropogenic impacted region,at the das Velhas River, Minas Gerais State, studying the canopy openness and recruitment of seedlings as plant indicators. 15 plots were allocated in the forest, where hemispherical photographs were taken to analyze the canopy openness and evaluate all seedlings from 0.30 m to 1.30 m height.Canopy openness ranged from 23.7% to 38.8% between seasons and only 192 seedlings were found,from 13 species, five of them exotic and aggressive. Although canopy openness was low, it seems that lateral penetration of light has been favoring the development and dominancy of plants from invasive species, whereas few native ones have been recruited. The exotic/invasive plants may compromise the success of restoration mainly by competition with native planted species. The outcomes evidenced an unsustainability of the riparian forest and the requirement of some management actions to control exotic and invasive plants and ensure the preservation of the area and its ecological roles over time.

Damage control surgery: it's evolution over the last 20 years

In less than twenty years, what began as a concept for the treatment of exsanguinating truncal trauma patients has become the primary treatment model for numerous emergent, life threatening surgical conditions incapable of tolerating traditional methods. Its core concepts are relative straightforward and simple in nature: first, proper identification of the patient who is in need of following this paradigm; second, truncation of the initial surgical procedure to the minimal necessary operation; third, aggressive, focused resuscitation in the intensive care unit; fourth, definitive care only once the patient is optimized to tolerate the procedure. These simple underlying principles can be molded to a variety of emergencies, from its original application in combined major vascular and visceral trauma to the septic abdomen and orthopedics. A host of new resuscitation strategies and technologies have been developed over the past two decades, from permissive hypotension and damage control resuscitation to advanced ventilators and hemostatic agents, which have allowed for a more focused resuscitation, allowing some of the morbidity of this model to be reduced. The combination of the simple, malleable paradigm along with better understanding of resuscitation has proven to be a potent blend. As such, what was once an almost lethal injury (combined vascular and visceral injury) has become a survivable one.

The principle of autonomy in Brazil: one needs to discuss it ...

The principle of patient autonomy is a cornerstone of bioethics. According to this concept, patients should be given the power to make decisions related to their treatment. It is an important component of modern medical ethics, which has received much interest in current literature. However, the rate of participation of patients and their willingness to participate are variable according to the cultural, social and family environments in which they are inserted. The aim of this paper is to promote a brief descriptive review on autonomy, the preferences of patients and the use of informed consent as an instrument for the exercise of autonomy in literature, and to stress the lack of debate, as well as the pressing need for discussion of these current issues nationwide.

Complementary exams in blunt torso trauma. Perform only radiographs and fast: is it safe?

ABSTRACTObjective:to evaluate effectiveness of using chest X-ray (CXR), pelvis X-ray (RXP) and FAST (Focused Abdominal Sonography on Trauma) to exclude significant lesions of the body in blunt trauma.Methods:a prospective study involving 74 patients whom made the three tests (CXR, RXP and FAST) during the initial evaluation between October 2013 and February 2014. The results were compared to the tomography of the same patients or clinical outcome. If the patient did not have alterations on the CT scans or during the observation time, the initial workup was considered safe. All patients were evaluated at the Hospital João XXIII, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.Results:of the 74 patients studied the average age was 33 years, RTS: 6.98, ECG: 12. From 44 (59.45%) patients with exams (radiographs and FAST) unchanged, three had significant injuries (two splenic injuries and one liver injury) diagnosed by clinical monitoring. The remaining patients - 30 (40.55%) - had at least one alteration in conventional tests. Of these group 27 (90%) had significant injuries and three (10%) minor injuries. The sensitivity of all three tests for screening considerable lesions was 90% and the specificity was 93%. The negative predictive value was 93% and the positive predictive value 89%.Conclusion:this research showed that all the three exams - chest X-ray, pelvis and FAST - are safe to lead with the blunt trauma if well used and associated with clinical examination.

Efeito da temperatura na germinação de sementes e morfologia da plântula de Maquira sclerophylla (Ducke) C.C. Berg

Maquira sclerophylla é uma árvore de interesse econômico madeireiro, encontrada na floresta de terra firme por toda a bacia Amazônica. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estudar a morfologia do fruto, da semente e da plântula e observar o efeito de temperaturas constantes entre 10 e 35°C na germinação e formação de plântulas. Os frutos de M. sclerophylla são pseudodrupas globosas contendo uma grande semente também globosa, que representa cerca de 80% da massa fresca do fruto. A germinação é semi-hipogea e fanerocotiledonar, com cotilédones carnosos e viridiscentes. A emergência da radícula ocorreu nas temperaturas entre 15 e 35°C, porém, o desenvolvimento da plântula normal foi observado somente entre 20 e 30°C. Os resultados indicam 30°C como temperatura ótima para a germinação das sementes. Nesta condição, a emergência da radícula ocorreu após 18 dias, em média, e a formação da plântula com raiz primária, epicótilo e o primeiro par de folhas desenvolvidas, cerca de 37 dias após a semeadura.

Efeito do frio sobre os carboidratos solúveis em culturas embriogênicas de Acca sellowiana O. Berg (Myrtaceae)

A rota da embriogênese somática de Acca sellowiana, uma espécie arbórea frutífera com limitações quanto à propagação vegetativa, já foi estabelecida mas o número de embriões que restabelecem o crescimento após a fase cotiledonar é baixo. No presente trabalho, embriões somáticos em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento foram obtidos após tratamentos com 2,4-D e submetidos à condição de frio (4 °C) durante 20 dias, visando induzir a transformação de embriões somáticos em plântulas. Observou-se que 95% dos embriões zigóticos desenvolveram embriões somáticos quando tratados com 2,4-D de forma contínua (T1), enquanto que apenas 55% foram formados quando a auxina foi usada na forma pulsada (T2). Porém, o tratamento T1 induziu altas taxas (82%) de deformações nos embriões quando comparados a T2 (62%). Em ambos os tratamentos, não houve formação de plântulas a partir de embriões somáticos após a exposição ao frio, sendo observada redução nos níveis de rafinose. Em T1, 50% dos embriões cultivados na fase globular permaneceram quiescentes e apenas os embriões na fase cotiledonar (76%) apresentaram características positivas de retomada de desenvolvimento, havendo, porém, redução nos teores de açúcares totais com o desenvolvimento e a diferenciação dos embriões. No tratamento T2, apenas 30% dos embriões na fase cotiledonar tornaram-se verdes e apresentaram maiores valores de carboidratos solúveis totais. A análise da composição destes açúcares evidenciou que os componentes majoritários foram myo-inositol, glucose e frutose, no início da cultura e teores decrescentes de sacarose durante o período de cultivo. As baixas concentrações de rafinose durante o período de crescimento e sua redução durante o tratamento a frio, bem como o complexo metabolismo dos carboidratos associado ao uso de reguladores de crescimento podem estar relacionadas com as alterações observadas no desenvolvimento normal dos embriões somáticos, sem haver acúmulo de carboidratos, e inibindo a regeneração das plântulas de Acca sellowiana.

Lecythidaceae Poit. in the Tupé Sustainable Development Reserve, Manaus, Brazil

Lecythidaceae is the family of the Brazil nut, and comprises about 300 species belonging to 17 genera with pantropical distributions. One hundred and twenty-two species belonging to nine genera are distributed throughout Brazil, demonstrating its greatest diversity in the Amazon rainforest where Lecythidaceae is also one of the most abundant families. It is usually difficult to collect fertile material from these trees because of their canopy heights, and species determinations using sterile material can be complex because of their morphological similarities. There have been relatively few studies of this family even though it is one of the most important groups in the Amazon region, and a detailed taxonomic treatment of the species of Lecythidaceae in the Tupé Sustainable Development Reserve was therefore the goal of the present work. Ten species were found, Allantoma lineata (Mart. ex O.Berg) Miers, Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl., Couratari tenuicarpa A.C.Sm., Lecythis poiteaui O. Berg; and six species of Eschweilera, the richest genus. The descriptions and identification keys of the species used 56 characters. The main reproductive characters useful for distinguishing the species were the pubescence of the inflorescence rachis, pedicel length and trichomes presence, floral symmetry, hood type, filament shape, stigma shape, fruit shape and size, and aril type. The most diagnostic vegetative characters were the type and color of the outer bark, inner bark color, midrib prominence, and petiole shape and pubescence.

Brazilian version of the Berg balance scale

The purpose of the present study was to translate and adapt the Berg balance scale, an instrument for functional balance assessment, to Brazilian-Portuguese and to determine the reliability of scores obtained with the Brazilian adaptation. Two persons proficient in English independently translated the original scale into Brazilian-Portuguese and a consensus version was generated. Two translators performed a back translation. Discrepancies were discussed and solved by a panel. Forty patients older than 65 years and 40 therapists were included in the cultural adaptation phase. If more than 15% of therapists or patients reported difficulty in understanding an item, that item was reformulated and reapplied. The final Brazilian version was then tested on 36 elderly patients (over age 65). The average age was 72 years. Reliability of the measure was assessed twice by one physical therapist (1-week interval between assessments) and once by one independent physical therapist. Descriptive analysis was used to characterize the patients. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Pearson's correlation coefficient were computed to assess intra- and interobserver reliability. Six questions were modified during the translation stage and cultural adaptation phase. The ICC for intra- and interobserver reliability was 0.99 (P < 0.001) and 0.98 (P < 0.001), respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient for intra- and interobserver reliability was 0.98 (P < 0.001) and 0.97 (P < 0.001), respectively. We conclude that the Brazilian version of the Berg balance scale is a reliable instrument to be used in balance assessment of elderly Brazilian patients.

Description of Lyme disease-like syndrome in Brazil: is it a new tick borne disease or Lyme disease variation?

An emerging clinical entity that reproduces clinical manifestations similar to those observed in Lyme disease (LD) has been recently under discussion in Brazil. Due to etiological and laboratory particularities it is named LD-like syndrome or LD imitator syndrome. The condition is considered to be a zoonosis transmitted by ticks of the genus Amblyomma, possibly caused by interaction of multiple fastidious microorganisms originating a protean clinical picture, including neurological, osteoarticular and erythema migrans-like lesions. When peripheral blood of patients with LD-like syndrome is viewed under a dark-field microscope, mobile uncultivable spirochete-like bacteria are observed. PCR carried out with specific or conservative primers to recognize Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto or the genus Borrelia has been negative in ticks and in biological samples. Two different procedures, respectively involving hematoxylin and eosin staining of cerebrospinal fluid and electron microscopy analysis of blood, have revealed spirochetes not belonging to the genera Borrelia, Leptospira or Treponema. Surprisingly, co-infection with microorganisms resembling Mycoplasma and Chlamydia was observed on one occasion by electron microscopy analysis. We discuss here the possible existence of a new tick-borne disease in Brazil imitating LD, except for a higher frequency of recurrence episodes observed along prolonged clinical follow-up.

Asthma: where is it going?

Asthma is characterized by reversible airway obstruction, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway inflammation. Although our understanding of its pathophysiological mechanisms continues to evolve, the relative contributions of airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation are still debated. The first mechanism identified as important for asthma was bronchial hyperresponsiveness. In a second step, asthma was recognized also as an inflammatory disease, with chronic inflammation inducing structural changes or remodeling. However, persistence of airway dysfunction despite inflammatory control is observed in chronic severe asthma of both adults and children. More recently, a potential role for epithelial-mesenchymal communication or transition is emerging, with epithelial injury often resulting in a self-sustaining phenotype of wound repair modulation by activation/reactivation of the epithelial-mesenchymal trophic unit, suggesting that chronic asthma can be more than an inflammatory disease. It is noteworthy that the gene-environmental interactions critical for the development of a full asthma phenotype involve processes similar to those occurring in branching morphogenesis. In addition, a central role for airway smooth muscle in the pathogenesis of the disease has been explored, highlighting its secretory function as well as different intrinsic properties compared to normal subjects. These new concepts can potentially shed light on the mechanisms underlying some asthma phenotypes and improve our understanding of the disease in terms of the therapeutic strategies to be applied. How we understand asthma and its mechanisms along time will be the focus of this overview.