Fenóis totais e atividade antioxidante de cinco plantas medicinais

This paper describes total phenolics content and antioxidant activity in the ethanolic extract of leaves, bark and roots of five medicinal plants: Terminalia brasiliensis Camb., Terminalia fagifolia Mart. & Zucc., Copernicia cerifera (Miller) H.E. Moore, Cenostigma macrophyllum Tul. var. acuminata Teles Freire and Qualea grandiflora Mart. The total phenolics content of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, varied from 250.0 ±8,2 to 763,63 ± 13.03 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g dry EtOH extract. The antioxidant activity of extracts was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay system. Extract of bark from T. brasiliensis, the most active, with an EC50 value of 27.59 ± 0.82 µg/mL, was comparable to rutin (EC50 = 27.80 ± 1.38) and gallic acid (EC50 = 24.27 ± 0.31), used as positive controls. The relationship between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was positive and significant for T. brasiliensis, C. macrophyllum and C. cerifera.

Plantas medicinais: fatores de influência no conteúdo de metabólitos secundários

Since secondary metabolites represent a chemical interface between plants and surrounding environment, their syntheses are frequently affected by environmental conditions. Thus, variations in the total content and/or of the relative proportions of secondary metabolites in plants can take place. We review the main environmental factors that can streamline or alter the production or concentration of secondary metabolites in plants. How seasonality, circadian rhythm, developmental stage and age, temperature, water availability, UV radiation, soil nutrients, altitude, atmospheric composition and tissue damage influence secondary metabolism are discussed.

Determinação não destrutiva do nitrogênio total em plantas por espectroscopia de reflectância difusa no infravermelho próximo

Diffuse reflectance near-infrared (DR-NIR) spectroscopy associated with partial least squares (PLS) multivariate calibration is proposed for a direct, non-destructive, determination of total nitrogen in wheat leaves. The procedure was developed for an Analytical Instrumental Analysis course, carried out at the Institute of Chemistry of the State University of Campinas. The DR-NIR results are in good agreement with those obtained by the Kjeldhal standard procedure, with a relative error of less than ± 3% and the method may be used for teaching purposes as well as for routine analysis.

Produção de matéria seca e de grãos por plantas de feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivadas em solos tratados com metais pesados

This work aimed at evaluating the contents of extractable Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu with a solution of DTPA (diethyleneaminopentacetic acid) and to relate them with the production of dry material and grain production of bean plants under two conditions of experimentally contaminated soil materials with Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn: (i) samples of distrofic red latosol and (ii) humic yellow-red latosol. A decrease in the yield of dry matter was observed for all treatments, if compared with the zero-dose control sample; the grain yield was affected for the soil samples treated with Cd and Cu but only slightly for those treated with Pb and Zn.

Avaliação do potencial antioxidante de extratos ativos de plantas obtidos por extração com fluido supercrítico

The aim of this work was to evaluate the antioxidant properties of ginger and rosemary extracts, obtained by supercritical extraction. The extracts were characterized by HPLC, GC-MS, phenolic compounds content and antioxidant activity. The main active compounds were identified and high content of phenolic compounds was observed. The extracts presented high antioxidant activity against the free radicals ABTS•+ (350 and 200 mM Trolox/g, for ginger and rosemary, respectively) and DPPH•+ (145 and 80 mM Trolox/g, for ginger and rosemary, respectively). These results suggested that the attained extracts are potential substitutes of synthetic antioxidants used in chemical, food and pharmaceutical industries.

Química e farmacologia de quimioterápicos antineoplásicos derivados de plantas

This review demonstrates the importance of plants as sources of molecules used in anticancer therapies. The approach is performed by relating the active molecules to their origins, details, mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationship and chemical characteristics of chemotherapeutical medicines. It was also described the development of anticancer agents from plants by the pharmaceutical industry and the difficulties to release these compounds as a trademark. These include the well known paclitaxel, docetaxel, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine, vindesine, etoposide, teniposide, and other molecules that are undergoing clinical trials.

Substitutos do " novo" mundo para as antigas plantas raras: um estudo de caso dos bálsamos

Convinced that the " true balsam" was lost forever, Conrad Gesner described other substances with similar healing virtues. However, he was not the only one in the 16th to search for other varieties of balsamic oleoresins. The arrival of the Europeans to the Americas allowed the finding of native plants with properties similar to those of the original balsam, including Balsam of Peru, Balsam of Tolu and particularly in the Brazilian area, Balsam of Copaiba. Focusing on the Brazilian context, this paper analyzes two different moments in the transit of the newly found varieties of balsams to the pharmacopeia and materia medica.

HIV: mecanismo de replicação, alvos farmacológicos e inibição por produtos derivados de plantas

The AIDS epidemy has spread out and led to the diversification on the research for new antiviral drugs. Natural products, especially those derived from plants, are well-recognized as excellent sources of new drugs. Several of them have inhibitory activity against HIV replication, and some have been already clinically tested, with favorable results. This review presents the biochemical basis of the viral cycle and the research up to date on the identification, determination of the mechanism of biological action together with the therapeutical potential of plants-derived natural products, in the inhibition of HIV.

Absorção de bário por plantas de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) e mobilidade em solo tratado com baritina sob diferentes condições de potencial redox

Two parallel tests were carried out to evaluate barium solubility in soils treated with barite under reducing conditions: one in leaching columns and another with potted plants cultivated with rice. Soils were treated with three doses of barite and kept at two humidity levels. The reduction (-200 mV) condition promoted an increase in barium in the geochemical fraction of higher liability, higher concentrations of barium in the leached extracts, and higher absorption by rice plants. As a result of increased uptake and accumulation of barium, the plants showed stunted growth

Efecto del secado térmico y el tratamiento alcalino en las características microbiológicas y químicas de biosólidos de plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales domésticas

We evaluated the effect of thermal drying (60 to 75 ºC and times from 0 to 12.58 h) and alkaline treatment (Ca(OH)2 and CaO at doses from 8 to 10%.) on the microbiological and chemical characteristics of biosolids from the Cañaveralejo WWTP. The results showed that in thermal drying all temperatures studied were sufficient to achieve the sanitation of biosolids. In the alkaline treatment the two types of lime showed the total elimination of fecal coliforms, E. coli and helminth eggs, however, the process of alkalization of biosolids had significant influences on organic carbon and calcium.

Compostos orgânicos voláteis na defesa induzida das plantas contra insetos herbívoros

The identification and manipulation of chemical compounds involved in vital activities of arthropods have the potential for developing less aggressive pest control strategies. Herbivory induces the emission of volatile organic compounds involved in the recruitment of natural enemies, plant-plant interactions and repellency of other herbivores. In this report, we review the main chemical groups of volatile organic compounds and their ecological functions, provide an overview of the signal transduction pathways activated upon herbivory, and review the current state of knowledge for practical applications in pest management. We conclude by proposing perspectives for future research.

COMPOSIÇÃO QUÍMICA E TEMPERATURA DE CRISTALIZAÇÃO DE ÉSTERES OBTIDOS DE QUATRO ÓLEOS VEGETAIS EXTRAÍDOS DE SEMENTES DE PLANTAS DO CERRADO

The seed oils from four plants (Scheelea phalerata, Butia capitata, Syagrus romanzoffiana, Terminalia cattapa) found in Mato Grosso do Sul were extracted at good yields. Alkaline transesterification of these seed oils to esters using methanol and ethanol was studied and also produced good yields. Oleic acid (30.5/32.3%), lauric acid (30.7/32.9%) methyl and ethyl esters, were the main components of transesterification of the oils from Scheelea phalerata and Syagrus romanzoffiana. Lauric acid (42.2%), capric acid (15.9%) and caprylic acid (14.6%) methyl and ethyl esters were the main ester components of transesterification of the oil from Butia capitata. Oleic acid (37.8%), palmitic acid (33.5%) and linoleic acid (22.6%) methyl and ethyl esters were the main components of transesterification of oil from Terminalia catappa. Based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies, the first crystallization peak temperature of esters was observed. Esters derived from oils of the family Arecaceae (Scheelea phalerata, Butia capitata, Syagrus romanzoffiana) showed the lowest points of crystallization, despite having high levels of saturated fat. Esters of Terminalia cattapa oil, rich in unsaturated fat, showed the highest crystallization temperature. This difference in behavior is probably related to the high concentration of esters derived from lauric acid and palmitic acid.

Efeito da rotação de culturas, da monocultura e da densidade de plantas na incidência das podridões da base do colmo e no rendimento de grãos do milho

Quantificou-se neste trabalho o efeito da rotação de culturas, da monocultura e da densidade de plantas na incidência de doenças e no rendimento de grãos, associados às podridões da base do colmo (PBC) do milho (Zea mays), em experimentos de campo conduzidos na área experimental da Universidade de Passo Fundo (RS) durante a safra 1998/99. Utilizou-se o genótipo Pioneer 3071, semeado em parcelas de quatro linhas de 5 m distribuídas em blocos ao acaso e cinco tratamentos (30, 40, 50 ,60, e 70 mil plantas ha-1) com quatro repetições. As avaliações da incidência das PBC foram realizadas a cada sete dias. A incidência das PBC variou de zero a 12,9% sob rotação de culturas e de 1 a 46,8% em monocultura. Os fungos Diplodia maydis (8,4%) e D. macrospora (4,8%) foram as espécies isoladas com maior freqüência de colmos sintomáticos em monocultura. Na área de rotação de culturas, a maior incidência foi de D. maydis, com 3,4% seguida de D. macrospora, com 3,3%.

Variabilidade genética de isolados do complexo Colletotrichum associados a sementes de algodoeiro, por meio de técnicas moleculares e inoculação em plantas

A antracnose e a ramulose são doenças do algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum) causadas, respectivamente, por Colletotrichum gossypii e C. gossypii var. cephalosporioides, sendo a ramulose a mais importante sob o ponto de vista de prejuízos causados. Por se tratarem de fungos transmitidos por sementes, de difícil diferenciação por métodos convencionais, o desenvolvimento de metodologia usando técnicas moleculares é uma opção que se dispõe na busca de maior precisão e rapidez. O presente trabalho objetivou associar informações do teste de patogenicidade com marcadores bioquímicos e moleculares de DNA/RAPD, visando a identificação e diferenciação do complexo Colletotrichum. Foram usados dez isolados, sendo três classificados como causadores de antracnose e sete de ramulose, pelo teste de patogenicidade. Os marcadores bioquímicos não se mostraram eficientes para a distinção dos isolados causadores da ramulose e da antracnose. Na análise de RAPD, o valor de similaridade encontrado para os dois grupos foi de 51,7%, confirmando a potencialidade da técnica para diferenciar tais fungos.

Efeito das cianobactérias Synechococcus leopoliensis e nostoc sp. sobre Colletotrichum sublineolum e na interação do patógeno com plantas de sorgo

Entre os patógenos que provocam perdas na cultura de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor), Colletotrichum sublineolum, agente causal da antracnose, é tido como um dos principais problemas. Com o objetivo de buscar medidas alternativas para o controle da doença, testou-se o efeito de duas cianobactérias, Synechococcus leopoliensis e Nostoc sp., sobre o fitopatógeno em condições de laboratório e na proteção de plantas de sorgo mantidas em casa de vegetação. O filtrado de cultura de ambas cianobactérias estimulou a germinação de conídios do fungo, em testes conduzidos sobre lâminas cobertas com poliestireno. O crescimento micelial in vitro do patógeno também foi estimulado por S. leopoliensis. As cianobactérias não induziram o acúmulo de fitoalexinas em mesocótilos estiolados de sorgo. A proteção de uma cultivar suscetível, no estágio de seis folhas verdadeiras, só foi alcançada quando os tratamentos com cianobactérias foram aplicados em sorgo por duas vezes antes da inoculação das plantas com o patógeno. O efeito do estímulo das cianobactérias sobre C. sublineolum pode ser atribuído aos nutrientes presentes nos filtrados de cultura cianobacterianos. A ausência de efeito antagonista direto ao fitopatógeno e a incapacidade de desencadear o acúmulo de fitoalexinas, uma importante resposta de defesa em sorgo, por parte das cianobactérias poderiam explicar o baixo nível de controle da antracnose. Com base nas condições experimentais do presente trabalho e nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que S. leopoliensis e Nostoc sp. não revelaram potencial para atuarem como agentes biológicos de controle de C. sublineolum em sorgo.