Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of minimally processed 'Champagne' oranges (Citrus reticulata × Citrus sinensis) in different packgings

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the level of minimal processing and modified atmosphere on the quality of 'Champagne' orange stored under refrigeration. The fruits were subjected to the following processing: a) whole fruit without flavedo; b) whole fruit without flavedo and albedo; and c) segmented into wedges and packed as follows: uncoated packaging (control); polyethylene film; PVC film; gelatin-based edible films (3%); and polyesthyrene translucent plastic container with a lid. The minimally processed oranges were stored at 5 ± 1°C for 8 days and were subjected to physicochemical and microbiological analyses every two days. Greater weight loss occurred in fruits without flavedo and segmented, uncoated, and coated with the edible gelatin film During storage, there was a slight increase in Total Soluble Solids (TSS) for the treatments with greater weight loss and reduction in acidity and ascorbic acid, regardless of the packaging type. The microbial counts did not exceed the acceptable limits in the treatments; however, higher counts were observed at the end of storage. The minimally processed fruit packed in lidded polystyrene containers and polyethylene and PVC films kept their overall fresh visual appearance with a few physicochemical and microbiological changes up to the 8th day of storage.

Evaluation of the BAX® system for the detection of Salmonella spp. in naturally contaminated chicken meat

The aim of this study was to verify the efficiency of the BAX® system for the detection of Salmonella spp. in raw chicken meat. The conventional culture method (IN 62, MAP) was used as a reference method. A total of 8,813 chicken carcass samples were analyzed. In the first part of the study, 1,200 samples were analyzed using the BAX® System and the conventional culture method. In the second part, 7,613 samples were analyzed by the BAX® system, and the conventional method was used only for samples that tested positive for Salmonella spp. by the BAX® system. The sensitivity, specificity, relative accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value obtained in the first part of this study were 100%, 92.3%, 96.4%, 53.3% and 100%, respectively. The BAX® system showed no false-negative results and reduced the time to obtain presumptive positive results. It is a suitable method for use in laboratories that perform a large number of food samples analyses daily. However, the conventional method is still required to confirm the presence of Salmonella spp. in samples that test positive using the BAX® system.

Detection of exopolysaccharide production and biofilm-related genes in Staphylococcus spp. isolated from a poultry processing plant

Staphylococcus spp. can survive in biofilms for long periods of time, and they can be transferred from one point to another and cause environmental contamination in food processing. The aim of this study was to detect Staphylococcus strains isolated from a poultry processing plant by the presence of adhesion genes and the phenotypic production of exopolysaccharide. In the present study, the production of exopolysaccharide and the presence of adhesion genes in 65 strains of Staphylococcus spp. were evaluated. All strains of Staphylococcus spp. produced exopolysaccharide, as confirmed by formation of black and opaque colonies in Congo Red Agar. The variation of sucrose content was critical for the production of exopolysaccharide in Congo Red Agar since at low sucrose concentrations all strains presented a characteristic result, i.e., there was no exopolysaccharide production. The atl gene was found in all strains, and the icaA and icaD genes were found in 97% of them. The data obtained suggest that Staphylococcus spp. isolated from the poultry processing plant evaluated has a potential for biofilm formation. An efficient control of this microorganism in food processing environment is necessary as they may represent a potential risk to consumers.

Characterization of blueberry fruits (Vaccinium spp.) and derived products

The objectives of this study were to physicochemically characterize and determine the antioxidant activities and anthocyanin contents of organic Rabbiteye blueberries grown in Southern Brazil and its derived products, in order to investigate the utility of food processing wastes as raw materials for developing products with beneficial health properties. The antioxidant capacity of the blueberries was superior to that of other fruits and juices. The pomace exhibited high activity, albeit lower than that of the fruit, while the flour and the dried blueberries lost 66% and 46% of the original antioxidant activity, respectively. The average anthocyanin contents of the fruits were moderate compared to other sources and species of blueberries. The pomace contains a large amount of anthocyanins while the flour and dried blueberries exhibited a 32% and 42% loss in anthocyanin content, respectively. The use of agro-industrial residues, in addition to adding value and minimizing the impact caused by the accumulation in the environment, can be directed toward the development of new products with bioactive properties.

Antioxidant activities and lutein content of 11 marigold cultivars (Tagetes spp.) grown in Thailand

Antioxidant activities and total phenolic content (TPC) were analyzed in ethanol extracts of 11 marigold cultivars grown in Thailand. Antioxidant activity assays performed in this study were the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorbance activity (ORAC), and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity (SRSA) assays. ‘Optiva Orange’ showed the best activity in the ORAC assay and in % SRSA, as well as the highest content of lutein (20.59 mg), gallic acid (25.77 mg), and quercetin (12.61 mg) per gram dry marigold petal among the 11 cultivars. Furthermore, ‘Optiva Orange’ showed the highest lutein yield per plant, as compared to other cultivars. In contrast, ‘Rodeo Gold’ showed the highest activity by ABTS testing (0.92 mmol of trolox/g dry sample), as well as an 89.90% inhibition of DPPH. Lutein content showed a positive correlation with TPC and all antioxidant activity assays. In conclusion, ‘Optiva Orange’ and ‘Rodeo Gold’ could be utilized as a good lutein source for functional food products and cosmetics.

Qualidade de sementes de limão-cravo (Citrus limonia Osbeck) durante o armazenamento

Um dos maiores problemas enfrentados na citricultura durante o processo de formação de mudas é a germinação lenta e a baixa longevidade das sementes. Fatores como o teor de água das sementes, temperatura do ambiente e tipo de embalagem podem influenciar na viabilidade das sementes, durante o armazenamento. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento das sementes de limão-cravo tratadas ou não com fungicidas, acondicionadas com quatro teores de água e em três tipos de embalagens durante o armazenamento. Após colhidos, os frutos foram despolpados mecanicamente e as sementes degomadas. Para atingir os teores de água desejados de 44, 27, 13 e 9%, as sementes foram submetidas à secagem na sombra. Parte das amostras das sementes foi tratada com a mistura dos fungicidas Tecto 100 (200g/100kg de sementes) e Captan 75 (300g/100kg de sementes) e a outra parte não recebeu tratamento. Em seguida, as sementes foram acondicionadas em embalagem impermeável, semipermeável e permeável e armazenadas em condições ambiente e de câmara fria por um período de nove meses. Em intervalos trimestrais foram realizados os testes de germinação, envelhecimento acelerado, teor de água e sanidade. As sementes de limão-cravo comportaram-se como recalcitrantes a partir de sexto mês de armazenamento, principalmente, para as amostras acondicionadas em embalagens semipermeável e permeável e armazenadas em condição ambiente. As melhores condições para a conservação das sementes de limão-cravo foram o acondicionamento com 44 e 27% de teor de água em embalagem impermeável e em câmara fria. Recomenda-se, também, o tratamento fungicida das sementes, no momento do armazenamento para maior segurança na manutenção da qualidade fisiológica.

Physical purity and germination of sugarcane seeds (caryopses) (Saccharum spp.)

Plant breeding is generally done through sexual reproduction even when the species is propagated asexually for commercial exploitation, as for example, in sugarcane. Therefore, the development of procedures to evaluate sugarcane seed viability is important for plant breeding programs. The objective of this research was to develop a methodology for analyzing the viability of sugarcane seeds (Saccharum spp.). Three crosses were used, two biparental crosses and one polycross. For the germination test study, two substrates (paper and sand) and three constant incubation temperatures (25 ºC, 30 ºC and 35 ºC), in the presence of constant light and also an alternating temperatures (20-30 ºC), with 8 hours light (30 ºC) and 16 hours darkness (20 ºC), were studied. Seedlings were evaluated every five days. The results demonstrated that temperature affected sugarcane seed germination with the most favorable conditions being the alternating temperature (20-30 ºC) and the constant temperature of 30 ºC on a paper substrate.

Osmotic priming methodologies in relation to the physiological performance of rangpur lime seeds (Citrus limonia Osbeck)

Several mechanisms have been used to promote rapid germination of citrus seeds and uniform seedling emergence. We evaluated the effects of osmotic priming on the physiological performance of Rangpur lime seeds (Citrus limonia Osbeck). Seeds were treated with 30 g of Captan and 10 g of Tecto 600 in 20-litre batches and stored, without drying, at 10 ºC and 50% relative humidity for periods of 3, 6 and 9 months. After each period, seeds were primed at 25 ºC, in the light, by immersion in Poliethylenoglicol (PEG 6000), potassium nitrate (KNO3) and 70% PEG 6000 plus 30% KNO3, all at an osmotic potential of -1.1MPa, for priming periods of 3, 6, 9 and 12 days. Percentage germination, tray emergence and the emergence rate index (ERI) were evaluated. Priming in PEG 6000 solution, independent of priming period, or in KNO3 or PEG 6000 plus KNO3 for up to 9 days, were efficient at improving the physiological performance of seeds stored for up to 3 months. Osmotic priming appears to be a promising technique for improving the physiological quality of Rangpur lemon seeds.

Superação de dormência em sementes de três espécies de Parkia spp.

O conhecimento dos processos germinativos de sementes com tegumentos resistentes, como ocorre em algumas espécies pertencentes à família Fabaceae, pode fornecer subsídios para a produção de mudas e recomposição de áreas degradadas. As sementes de Parkia apresentam germinação natural lenta e irregular, o que pode ser atribuído à impermeabilidade do tegumento. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes métodos de superação de dormência física das sementes de Parkia multijuga, P. velutina e P. panurensis. Foram utilizadas sementes coletadas na Base de Operações Geólogo Pedro de Moura (BOGPM), em Coari/AM, submetidas aos seguintes tratamentos: testemunha (T0), desponte (T1), desponte seguido da imersão em água por 8 horas (T2), escarificação mecânica do tegumento em esmeril elétrico (T3), escarificação mecânica do tegumento em esmeril elétrico seguido pela imersão em água por 8 horas (T4), punção com agulha quente (T5), punção com agulha quente seguido pela imersão em água por 8 horas (T6), imersão em ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4) por 30 minutos (T7), imersão em ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4) por 20 minutos (T8), imersão em ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4) por 15 minutos (T9). As sementes de cada tratamento foram submetidas ao teste de germinação, avaliando-se a porcentagem de germinação, tempo médio de emergência de plântulas, índice de velocidade de emergência de plântulas e índice de sincronização. Em geral, todos os tratamentos pré-germinativos aplicados às sementes das três espécies, foram eficientes para aumentar a porcentagem de germinação em relação à testemunha. Os tratamentos de escarificação mecânica com esmeril elétrico na lateral da semente foram mais eficientes na superação da dormência de sementes de P. panurensis e P. multijuga, enquanto a escarificação química com ácido sulfúrico em maior tempo de imersão foi mais eficiente para as sementes de P. panurensis e P. velutina tanto para emergência de plântulas quanto para a formação de plântulas normais.