Isokinetic assessment of knee flexor/extensor muscular strength in elderly women

OBJECTIVE: To assess knee flexor-extensor muscular strength in elderly women with no previous history of musculoskeletal disorders on the lower limbs using an isokinetic dynamometer, in order to obtain data that could be used as a comparative parameter in the evaluation of elderly women with knee disorders, thus facilitating a better rehabilitation of these patients. METHODS: Twenty-six volunteers aged 75 to 83 years were studied using a Cybex® 6000 isokinetic dynamometer. The chosen angular velocity was 60 º/s, and concentric exercise was used for either flexion or extension. The studied parameters were: peak torque, angle of peak torque, and flexor-extensor torque rate. RESULTS: There were no differences between dominant (D) and nondominant (ND) knee peak torque values. This was true for both flexor (D = 42.46 ± 9.09 Nm / ND = 40.65 ± 9.38 Nm) and extensor (D = 76.92 ± 13.97 Nm / ND = 77.65 ± 15.21 Nm) movements. The descriptive statistical analysis of the values obtained for the flexor-extensor peak torque rate and for the angle of occurrence of peak torque was the same for the dominant and nondominant sides. CONCLUSIONS: The values of peak torque for the contralateral side can be used as a reference during rehabilitation of elderly women with acute disease of the knee, and the angular velocity of 60 º/s is proper and safe for isokinetic assessment of elderly people.

Enraizamento de estacas de material juvenil de Pau-rosa (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke - Lauraceae)

RESUMOO presente, trabalho teve como objetivo o enraizamento de estacas de material juvenil ramos laterais e terminais) de pau-rosa, através do uso das concentrações de 2000 ppm, 4000 ppm e 6000 ppm de ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) na forma líquida. Αs condições do enraizamento αs estacas foram oferecidas mediante o uso de ncbulização intermitente, regulada em 20 segundos para espécies com intervalos de 20 minutos. O substrato utilizado foi terriço + areia, na proporção de 4:1. Semanalmente foram feitas aplicações de fertilizante foliar. Aos 210 dias do plantio, as estacas foram retiradas, do substrato e avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: porcentagem de enraizamento, porcentagem de sobrevivência, tamanho das raízes e Peso da matéria fresca das raízes. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a emissão de raízes das estacas de material juvenil, possivelmente independe do uso do ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB).

Transport of Pirarucu Arapaima gigas juveniles in plastic bag

This study examined the stress response of pirarucu juveniles in a closed system transport. Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) is a native Amazonian fish species from the Osteoglossidae family and an obligated air breather. A short duration transport trial (6h) was undertaken comparing closed polyethylene bags filled with atmospheric air (Air group) and bags filled with pure oxygen (Oxi group). Dissolved oxygen was the only water parameter that presented a difference between fish groups, and was saturated in the oxi group as expected. There was no mortality in either group after transport. Fish feeding was observed 36 h after transport for all fish, and normal feeding consumption was observed at 72 h. In both groups physiological responses were similar. Cortisol did not show any significant alteration during the sampled period. Unlike most fish species, cortisol values were unaltered in both groups during sampling, while glucose presented a significant change up to 12 h after transport. The results showed that pirarucu transport in plastic bags could be made with either atmospheric air or pure oxygen, since physiological response to stress, water quality and feeding behavior after 36 h were similar in both groups.

Protected environments and substrates for production of genipap seedlings

Genipap (Genipa americana L., Rubiaceae ) is a native Brazilian species and can be used in the recovery of degraded forest areas or for food supply. In order for the species to reach its potential, production of high quality seedlings is essential. The objective of this study was to evaluate genipap seedlings in protected environments and different substrates. The environments tested were: (1) a greenhouse with polyethylene film in the top, with aluminized screen (Aliminet®) of 50%-shading under this film, and lateral sides covered with 50%-shading nylon net (Sombrite®), (2) a shaded hut, all sides covered with 50%-shading nylon net (Sombrite®), and (3) a nursery shelter, with all lateral sides uncovered and the roof covered with leaves of buriti (Mauritia flexuosa). In these environments the following substrates were tested: 50% cattle manure + 50% cassava foliage, 50% cattle manure + 50% Vida Verde®, 50% cattle manure + 50% vermiculite, and 25% cattle manure + 25% vermiculite + 25% of cassava foliage + 25% Vida Verde®. Because there was no repetition of the growth environment, the effect of environment was examined using statistical procedures for analysis of combined experiments. Within environments a completely randomized design was used with five replications. All substrates are suitable for the formation of genipap seedlings, where the recommended substrates are: 50% cattle manure + 50% cassava foliage and 50% cattle manure + 50% Vida Verde® for the greenhouse and the substrates composed of 50% cattle manure + 50% vermiculite and 25% cattle manure + 25% cassava foliage + 25% Vida Verde®+ 25% vermiculite for the shaded hut. The buriti shelter is not recommended for production of genipap seedlings.

Application of chemicals on Ficus carica L. transplanted

This research deals with the effects of chemicals on, transplantation of Ficus carica L. cv. Roxo de Valinhos. Fig plants were sprayed with Transplantone (naphthaleneacetamide plusnaphtaleneacetic acid) 10 g/1 , Oed green (oxyethylene docosanol) 40 ml/1, Good-rite peps (polyethylene polysulfite) 0,6 ml/1, and Mobileaf 200 ml/1. A check treatment and aereduction to half of leaf area were also established. Reduction of leaf area and application of oxyethylene docosanol promoted higher plant survival. The chemicals did not affect the growth of transplanted plants. Auxins constituents of Transplantone increased leaf number of fig plants.

Macroinvertebrates under stochastic hydrological disturbance in Cerrado streams of Central Brazil

In the Cerrado vegetation, where the seasonal is well defined, rainfall has an important role in controlling the flow of streams and consequently on the structure of macroinvertebrates community. Despite the effects of rainfall associated with seasonality are well studied, little is known about the effects of stochastic rains on the community. In the present study we evaluated the structure and faunal composition of four first-order streams in Central Brazil during the dry season in two years, with and without stochastic rains. Community sampling was done by colonization of boards of high density polyethylene (HDPE), removed after one month submerged in streams. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) performed indicated no difference in rarefied richness between the two periods, different from numeric density of organisms that was higher in the period without disturbance; moreover, the Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) revealed differences in faunal composition between the two periods. Our results indicate that stochastic rainfall is an important factor in structuring the macroinvertebrates community in studied region.

Separation and Mapping of Chromosomes of Parasitic Protozoa

Many protozoan parasites represent an important group of human pathogens. Pulsed Field Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis has been an important tool for fundamental genetic studies of parasites like Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Giardia or the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. We present PFGE conditions allowing a high resolution separation of chromosomes ranging from 500 to 4000 kb within a two day electrophoresis run. In addition, we present conditions for separating large chromosomes (2000-6000 kb) within 36 hr. We demontrate that the application of two dimentional PFGE (2D-PFGE) technique to parasite karyotypes is a very useful method for the analysis of dispersed gene families and comparative studies of the intrachomosomal genome organization

Additives and Protein-DNA Combinations Modulate the Humoral Immune Response Elicited by a Hepatitis C Virus Core-encoding Plasmid in Mice

Humoral and cellular immune responses are currently induced against hepatitis C virus (HCV) core following vaccination with core-encoding plasmids. However, the anti-core antibody response is frequently weak or transient. In this paper, we evaluated the effect of different additives and DNA-protein combinations on the anti-core antibody response. BALB/c mice were intramuscularly injected with an expression plasmid (pIDKCo), encoding a C-terminal truncated variant of the HCV core protein, alone or combined with CaCl2, PEG 6000, Freund's adjuvant, sonicated calf thymus DNA and a recombinant core protein (Co.120). Mixture of pIDKCo with PEG 6000 and Freund's adjuvant accelerated the development of the anti-core Ab response. Combination with PEG 6000 also induced a bias to IgG2a subclass predominance among anti-core antibodies. The kinetics, IgG2a/IgG1 ratio and epitope specificity of the anti-core antibody response elicited by Co.120 alone or combined with pIDKCo was different regarding that induced by the pIDKCo alone. Our data indicate that the antibody response induced following DNA immunization can be modified by formulation strategies.

Speciation of antimony (III) and antimony (V) using hydride generation for meglumine antimoniate pharmaceutical formulationsquality control

The pentavalent antimonies, mainly the meglumine antimoniate, are recommends as first-choice medicines for leishmaniasis therapy. In this work we described the development of formulations of meglumine antimoniate injectable medication, as well as the analytical methodology used in the selective determination of Sb(III) and Sb(Total) by hydride generation - inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (HG-ICP-AES) and ICP-AES, respectively. On that purpose the analytical methodology was developed focusing on the HG-ICP-AES technique. The formulations using propylene glycol/water as vehicles in a 20:80 proportion were more appropriate for subsequent use in industrial scale. These formulations also showed a lower variation on Sb(III) percentage, no need of buffer solution to stabilize the formulation and no influence of the autoclaving in the quality of the product. The results of the development of the analytical methodology point out the proposed method as an efficient alternative for the determination of Sb(III) in the presence of large quantities of Sb(V) in injectable solutions of meglumine antimoniate, in a selective, linear, accurate and precise manner. In addition, the method showed a low limit of quantification, less interference of the matrix, and more resilience than batch techniques proposed in the Brazilian Pharmacopeia.

Nitrate role in basic cation leaching under no-till

Especially under no-tillage, subsuface soil acidity has been a problem, because it depends on base leaching, which has been associated with the presence of low molecular weigth organic acids and companion anions. The objective of this study was to evaluate exchangeable base cation leaching as affected by surface liming along with annual urea side-dressing of maize and upland rice. Treatments consisted of four lime rates (0, 1500, 3000, and 6000 kg ha-1) combined with four nitrogen rates (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha-1) applied to maize (Zea mays) and upland rice (Oryza sativa), in two consecutive years. Maize was planted in December, three months after liming. In September of the following year, pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) was planted without fertilization and desiccated 86 days after plant emergence. Afterwards, upland rice was grown. Immediately after upland rice harvest, 18 months after surface liming, pH and N-NO3-, N-NH4+, K, Ca, and Mg levels were evaluated in soil samples taken from the layers 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm. Higher maize yields were obtained at higher N rates and 3000 kg ha-1 lime. Better results for upland rice and pearl millet yields were also obtained with this lime rate, irrespective of N levels. The vertical mobility of K, Ca and Mg was higher in the soil profiles with N fertilization. Surface liming increased pH in the upper soil layers causing intense nitrate production, which was leached along with the base cations.

Symbiotic capability of calopo rhizobia from an agrisoil with different crops in Pernambuco

Biological nitrogen fixation by rhizobium-legume symbiosis represents one of the most important nitrogen sources for plants and depends strongly on the symbiotic efficiency of the rhizobium strain. This study evaluated the symbiotic capacity of rhizobial isolates from calopo (CALOPOGONIUM MUCUNOIDES) taken from an agrisoil under BRACHIARIA DECUMBENS pasture, sabiá (MIMOSA CAESALPINIIFOLIA) plantations and Atlantic Forest areas of the Dry Forest Zone of Pernambuco. A total of 1,575 isolates were obtained from 398 groups. A single random isolate of each group was authenticated, in randomized blocks with two replications. Each plant was inoculated with 1 mL of a bacterial broth, containing an estimated population of 10(8) rhizobial cells mL-1. Forty-five days after inoculation, the plants were harvested, separated into shoots, roots and nodules, oven-dried to constant mass, and weighed. Next, the symbiotic capability was tested with 1.5 kg of an autoclaved sand:vermiculite (1:1) mixture in polyethylene bags. The treatments consisted of 122 authenticated isolates, selected based on the shoot dry matter, five uninoculated controls (treated with 0, 50, 100, 150, or 200 kg ha-1 N) and a control inoculated with SEMIA 6152 (=BR1602), a strain of BRADYRHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM The test was performed as described above. The shoot dry matter of the plants inoculated with the most effective isolates did not differ from that of plants treated with 150 kg ha-1 N. Shoot dry matter was positively correlated with all other variables. The proportion of effective isolates was highest among isolates from SABIÁ forests. There was great variation in nodule dry weight, as well as in N contents and total N.

Avaliação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja, após o processo de hidratação-desidratação e envelhecimento acelerado

Foi conduzido um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) , envolvendo as variedades UFV-10, IAC-8 e Doko RC, submetidas ao processo de hidratação-desidratação, seguido por uma condição de estresse induzida pelo teste de envelhecimento acelerado. As sementes foram pré-condicionadas em PEG 6000, com potencial osmótico de -0,8 MPa, a uma temperatura de 20ºC, por quatro dias. Em seguida, as sementes foram novamente desidratadas, até atingir o conteúdo de umidade inicial, sendo então submetidas ao teste de envelhecimento acelerado pelos seguintes períodos: 0, 24, 48 e 72 horas. As sementes pré-condicionadas foram comparadas com duas testemunhas: sementes não-tratadas e sementes embebidas em água. Após cada período de envelhecimento, as sementes foram avaliadas pelo teste padrão de germinação, comprimento de plântula e biomassa seca das plântulas. Em casa de vegetação, determinaram-se o índice de velocidade de emergência e a emergência final em substrato de areia. O tratamento de hidratação-desidratação em solução de PEG 6000 melhorou o desempenho das sementes em termos de germinação e vigor. O aumento nos períodos de envelhecimento acelerado influenciou negativamente o desempenho das sementes, em todos os tratamentos avaliados. Contudo, o tratamento com PEG 6000 foi satisfatório em manter a qualidade das sementes. A embebição das sementes de soja em água desmineralizada prejudicou a qualidade fisiológica. As variedades de soja mostraram resposta diferenciada aos tratamentos de hidratação-desidratação e aos períodos de envelhecimento acelerado.

Soil solarization for weed control in carrot

Soil solarization is a technique used for weed and plant disease control in regions with high levels of solar radiation. The effect of solarization (0, 3, 6, and 9 weeks) upon weed populations, carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. Brasília) yield and nematode infestation in carrot roots was studied in São Luís (2º35' S; 44º10' W), MA, Brazil, using transparent polyethylene films (100 and 150 mm of thickness). The maximum temperature at 5 cm of depth was about 10ºC warmer in solarized soil than in control plots. In the study 20 weed types were recorded. Solarization reduced weed biomass and density in about 50% of weed species, including Cyperus spp., Chamaecrista nictans var. paraguariensis (Chod & Hassl.) Irwin & Barneby, Marsypianthes chamaedrys (Vahl) O. Kuntze, Mitracarpus sp., Mollugo verticillata L., Sebastiania corniculata M. Arg., and Spigelia anthelmia L. Approximately 40% of species in the weed flora were not affected by soil mulching. Furthermore, seed germination of Commelina benghalensis L. was increased by soil solarization. Marketable yield of carrots was greater in solarized soil than in the unsolarized one. It was concluded that solarization for nine weeks increases carrot yield and is effective for controlling more than half of the weed species recorded. Mulching was not effective for controlling root-knot nematodes in carrot.

Efeito do estresse hídrico e envelhecimento precoce na viabilidade de sementes osmocondicionadas de paineira (Chorisia speciosa)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do condicionamento osmótico em aumentar a tolerância de sementes de paineira (Chorisia speciosa St. Hil.) ao estresse hídrico e ao envelhecimento precoce. As sementes foram condicionadas em solução de KNO3 (0,1M) a 20ºC durante 24 horas, e desidratadas a 27ºC até atingirem o peso inicial, apresentado antes do tratamento. Em seguida, foram expostas ao estresse hídrico simulado com soluções de PEG 6000 nos potenciais osmóticos de 0,0, -0,1, -0,2, -0,3, -0,4, -0,5, -0,6 e -0,7 MPa e aos efeitos do envelhecimento precoce (45ºC e 100% UR) durante 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas. Nas sementes condicionadas e submetidas ao estresse hídrico, os valores médios de porcentagem e velocidade de germinação foram estatisticamente superiores aos obtidos em sementes não condicionadas. Além disso, o condicionamento osmótico aumentou o limite máximo de tolerância ao estresse hídrico. As sementes condicionadas foram mais sensíveis ao envelhecimento precoce.

Condicionamento osmótico na germinação de sementes de cássia-do-nordeste sob estresse hídrico, térmico e salino

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do condicionamento osmótico na germinação de sementes de Cassia excelsa Schrad. sob condições de estresse hídrico, térmico e salino. O condicionamento consistiu na imersão de quatro repetições de 25 sementes cada, em soluções de polietilenoglicol (PEG 6000) com potenciais osmóticos de -0,2, -0,4 e -0,6 MPa por 72, 96, 168 horas, respectivamente, e em água destilada por 48 horas, a 20ºC. Em seguida, as sementes foram colocadas para germinar em três condições: estresse hídrico, simulado com soluções de PEG a -0,2, -0,4, -0,6 e -0,8 MPa a 27ºC; estresse térmico, sob temperaturas subótima (12ºC) e supra-ótima (39ºC) em água destilada; estresse salino, em soluções de NaCl a -0,2, 0,4, 0,6, 0,8, 1,0, 1,2 e 1,4 MPa a 27ºC. Foram avaliadas as porcentagens de germinação e tempos médios de emergência da radícula. A técnica de condicionamento osmótico com PEG ou com água destilada foi eficiente em aumentar a germinabilidade sob estresse hídrico e sob estresse térmico. A porcentagem de germinação sob estresse salino aumentou com o condicionamento com PEG, porém não houve redução no tempo de germinação.