Influência do oeríodo de cultivo de Panicum maximum (cultivar Tanzânia) na fitorremediação de solo contaminado com picloram

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tempo de cultivo de Panicum maximum (cultivar Tanzânia) sobre a fitorremediação de solo contaminado com picloram. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação no período de setembro de 2006 a fevereiro de 2007. Os fatores foram compostos pela combinação entre quatro períodos de cultivo da espécie vegetal Panicum maximum (cultivar Tanzânia) (0, 60, 80 e 100 dias) e três doses do picloram (0, 80 e 160 g ha-1), totalizando 12 tratamentos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, com quatro repetições. Como substrato utilizaram-se amostras de solo classificado como Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico. Após o tempo estabelecido de atuação da espécie fitorremediadora, efetuou-se a semeadura das espécies bioindicadoras da presença do picloram: tomate e soja. As espécies bioindicadoras demonstraram alta sensibilidade à presença do picloram no solo, sendo inviável o cultivo dessas culturas em áreas contaminadas com esse herbicida sem a execução de algum procedimento remediador. O cultivo prévio de Tanzânia por 60 dias garantiu crescimento inicial satisfatório das plantas de soja e tomate quando a contaminação inicial não foi maior que 80 g ha-1 de picloram. Acima desse valor, a fitorremediação ocorrida proporcionou menor crescimento das plantas de soja e tomate, sendo necessário maior tempo de descontaminação.

Efeito do consórcio de milho com Panicum maximum na comunidade infestante e na cultura da soja em rotação

Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar os efeitos do consórcio de milho com colonião (Panicum maximum cv. Aruana) na infestação de plantas daninhas e na cultura da soja em rotação. O experimento foi realizado em campo, no período de dezembro de 2008 a abril de 2010, em área experimental da UNESP, campus de Jaboticabal-SP. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema de parcela subdividida. Foram estudadas duas formas de semeadura (a lanço e em linha) de colonião nas parcelas e quatro quantidades de sementes (200, 400, 600 e 800 pontos de valor cultural - PVC) nas subparcelas, além de três testemunhas, representadas pelo monocultivo das espécies, como tratamentos adicionais. O cultivo consorciado não afetou o desenvolvimento do milho, comparado ao milho solteiro. Embora na colheita do milho houvesse maior matéria seca e densidade de plantas de colonião com a semeadura de 800 PVC, antes da semeadura da soja o acúmulo de massa não diferiu entre os tratamentos de consórcio. Portanto, a semeadura de 200 PVC de sementes de colonião, a lanço ou em linha, foi suficiente para a manutenção de quantidade (9,1 t ha-1) adequada de palha sobre o solo. Antecedendo a semeadura da soja, a infestação de plantas daninhas na testemunha de milho solteiro foi maior do que nos tratamentos de consórcio e nas testemunhas da forrageira solteira (a lanço e em linha). O mesmo foi observado para densidade de plantas daninhas após a instalação da cultura. Os sistemas de consórcio de milho com colonião não interferiram em nenhuma característica avaliada na cultura da soja cultivada em rotação. Da mesma forma, não foi observada diferença entre os tratamentos de consórcios e a testemunha de milho em monocultivo para produção de grãos de soja.

Efeito do hexazinone isolado e em mistura na eficiência fotossintética de Panicum maximum

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a velocidade e intensidade de ação do hexazinone isolado e em mistura com outros inibidores do fotossistema II, através da eficiência fotossintética de Panicum maximum em pós-emergência. O ensaio foi constituído de seis tratamentos: hexazinone (250 g ha-1), tebuthiuron (1,0 kg ha-1), hexazinone + tebuthiuron (125 g ha-1 + 0,5 kg ha-1), diuron (2.400 g ha-1), hexazinone + diuron (125 + 1.200 g ha-1), metribuzin (1.440 g ha-1), hexazinone + metribuzin (125 + 720 g ha-1) e uma testemunha. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Após a aplicação dos tratamentos, as plantas foram transportadas para casa de vegetação sob condições controladas de temperatura e umidade, onde ficaram durante o período experimental, sendo realizadas as seguintes avaliações: taxa de transporte de elétrons e análise visual de intoxicação. A avaliação com o fluorômetro foi realizada nos intervalos de 1, 2, 6, 24, 48, 72, 120 e 168 horas após a aplicação, e as avaliações visuais, aos três e sete dias após a aplicação. Os resultados demonstraram diferença nos tratamentos, enfatizando a aplicação do diuron, que reduziu lentamente o transporte de elétrons comparado com os outros herbicidas e, em mistura com hexazinone, apresentou efeito sinérgico. Verificou-se com o uso do fluorômetro a intoxicação antecipada em plantas de P. maximum após a aplicação de herbicidas inibidores do fotossistema II de forma isolada e em mistura.

S-metolachlor efficacy on the control of Brachiaria decumbens, Digitaria horizontalis, and Panicum maximum in mechanically green harvested sugarcane

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of S-metolachlor applied in pre-emergence conditions for the control of Brachiaria decumbens, Digitaria horizontalis, and Panicum maximum in sugar cane mechanically harvested without previous burning of the crop (green harvest) with the crop residue either left or not on the soil surface. The experiments were established in the field according to a randomized complete block design with four repetitions in a 7 x 2 split-plot scheme. In the plots, five herbicide treatments were studied (S-metolachlor at 1.44, 1.92, and 2.40 kg ha-1, clomazone at 1.20 kg ha-1, and isoxaflutole at 0.188 kg ha-1), and two control treatments with no herbicide application. In the subplots, the presence or absence of sugar cane crop residue on the soil surface was evaluated. S-metolachlor efficacy was not hampered by either 14 or 20 t ha-1 of sugar cane crop residue on the soil surface. When sugar cane crop residue was covering the soil surface, S-metolachlor at a rate of 1.44 kg ha-1 resulted in weed control similar at their larger rates, where as without the presence of crop residue, S-metolachlor controlled B. decumbens, D. horizontalis, and P. maximum at the rates of 1.92, 1.44, and 1.92 kg ha-1, respectively. The herbicides clomazone and isoxaflutole were effective for the studied species, independently of the crop residue covering the soil surface. S-metolachlor caused no visible injury symptoms to the sugar cane plant. Clomazone and isoxaflutole caused visible injuries to the sugar cane plant. None of the herbicides negatively affected the number of viable culms m² or the culm height and diameter.

Differences between remaining ability and loss of capacity in maximum aerobic impairment

In the evaluation of exercise intolerance of patients with respiratory diseases the American Medical Association (AMA) and the American Thoracic Society (ATS) have proposed similar classifications for rating aerobic impairment using maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) normalized for total body weight (ml min-1 kg-1). However, subjects with the same VO2max weight-corrected values may have considerably different losses of aerobic performance (VO2max expressed as % predicted). We have proposed a new, specific method for rating loss of aerobic capacity (VO2max, % predicted) and we have compared the two classifications in a prospective study involving 75 silicotic claimants. Logistic regression analysis showed that the disagreement between rating systems (higher dysfunction by the AMA/ATS classification) was associated with age >50 years (P<0.005) and overweight (P = 0.04). Interestingly, clinical (dyspnea score) and spirometric (FEV1) normality were only associated with the VO2max, % predicted, normal values (P<0.01); therefore, in older and obese subjects the AMA/ATS classification tended to overestimate the aerobic dysfunction. We conclude that in the evaluation of aerobic impairment in patients with respiratory diseases, the loss of aerobic capacity (VO2max, % predicted) should be used instead of the traditional method (remaining aerobic ability, VO2max, in ml min-1 kg-1).

Use of magnitude-squared coherence to identify the maximum driving response band of the somatosensory evoked potential

The present study proposes to apply magnitude-squared coherence (MSC) to the somatosensory evoked potential for identifying the maximum driving response band. EEG signals, leads [Fpz'-Cz'] and [C3'-C4'], were collected from two groups of normal volunteers, stimulated at the rate of 4.91 (G1: 26 volunteers) and 5.13 Hz (G2: 18 volunteers). About 1400 stimuli were applied to the right tibial nerve at the motor threshold level. After applying the anti-aliasing filter, the signals were digitized and then further low-pass filtered (200 Hz, 6th order Butterworth and zero-phase). Based on the rejection of the null hypothesis of response absence (MSC(f) > 0.0060 with 500 epochs and the level of significance set at a = 0.05), the beta and gamma bands, 15-66 Hz, were identified as the maximum driving response band. Taking both leads together ("logical-OR detector", with a false-alarm rate of a = 0.05, and hence a = 0.0253 for each derivation), the detection exceeded 70% for all multiples of the stimulation frequency within this range. Similar performance was achieved for MSC of both leads but at 15, 25, 35, and 40 Hz. Moreover, the response was detected in [C3'-C4'] at 35.9 Hz and in [Fpz'-Cz'] at 46.2 Hz for all members of G2. Using the "logical-OR detector" procedure, the response was detected at the 7th multiple of the stimulation frequency for the series as a whole (considering both groups). Based on these findings, the MSC technique may be used for monitoring purposes.

Plasma cytokine response, lipid peroxidation and NF-κB activation in skeletal muscle following maximum progressive swimming

Our objective was to determine lipid peroxidation and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in skeletal muscle and the plasma cytokine profile following maximum progressive swimming. Adult male Swiss mice (N = 15) adapted to the aquatic environment were randomly divided into three groups: immediately after exercise (EX1), 3 h after exercise (EX2) and control. Animals from the exercising groups swam until exhaustion, with an initial workload of 2% of body mass attached to the tail. Control mice did not perform any exercise but were kept immersed in water for 20 min. Maximum swimming led to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in skeletal muscle, as indicated by increased thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) levels (4062.67 ±1487.10 vs 19,072.48 ± 8738.16 nmol malondialdehyde (MDA)/mg protein, control vs EX1). Exercise also promoted NF-κB activation in soleus muscle. Cytokine secretion following exercise was marked by increased plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels 3 h post-exercise (P < 0.05). Interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were reduced following exercise and remained reduced 3 h post-exercise (P < 0.05). Plasma levels of other cytokines investigated, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-12 (IL-12), were not altered by exercise. The present findings showed that maximum swimming, as well as other exercise models, led to lipid peroxidation and NF-κB activation in skeletal muscle and increased plasma IL-6 levels. The plasma cytokine response was also marked by reduced IL-10 levels. These results were attributed to exercise type and intensity.

THE GENERALIZED MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD METHOD APPLIED TO HIGH PRESSURE PHASE EQUILIBRIUM

The generalized maximum likelihood method was used to determine binary interaction parameters between carbon dioxide and components of orange essential oil. Vapor-liquid equilibrium was modeled with Peng-Robinson and Soave-Redlich-Kwong equations, using a methodology proposed in 1979 by Asselineau, Bogdanic and Vidal. Experimental vapor-liquid equilibrium data on binary mixtures formed with carbon dioxide and compounds usually found in orange essential oil were used to test the model. These systems were chosen to demonstrate that the maximum likelihood method produces binary interaction parameters for cubic equations of state capable of satisfactorily describing phase equilibrium, even for a binary such as ethanol/CO2. Results corroborate that the Peng-Robinson, as well as the Soave-Redlich-Kwong, equation can be used to describe phase equilibrium for the following systems: components of essential oil of orange/CO2.

HIGH PRESSURE PHASE EQUILIBRIUM: PREDICTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL SOLUBILITY

This work describes a method to predict the solubility of essential oils in supercritical carbon dioxide. The method is based on the formulation proposed in 1979 by Asselineau, Bogdanic and Vidal. The Peng-Robinson and Soave-Redlich-Kwong cubic equations of state were used with the van der Waals mixing rules with two interaction parameters. Method validation was accomplished calculating orange essential oil solubility in pressurized carbon dioxide. The solubility of orange essential oil in carbon dioxide calculated at 308.15 K for pressures of 50 to 70 bar varied from 1.7± 0.1 to 3.6± 0.1 mg/g. For same the range of conditions, experimental solubility varied from 1.7± 0.1 to 3.6± 0.1 mg/g. Predicted values were not very sensitive to initial oil composition.

Effect of sugar and water contents on non-expanded cassava flour extrudates

The effects of sucrose and water contents on cassava flour processed by extrusion at varied concentrations of sucrose (0-20% w/w) and water (28-42% w/w) were studied by applying response surface methodology. The extrusion of the mixtures was performed in a twin screw extruder fitted to a torque rheometer. The specific mechanical energy (SME) dissipated inside a conical twin-screw extruder was measured. Water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI) and paste viscosity readings (cold viscosity (CV), peak viscosity (PV), breakdown (BD) and set back (SB)) during a gelatinization-retrogradation cycle measured in a Rapid Visco Analyzer were determined on non-directly extruded products. The results indicated that SME and WSI decreased as a function of water and sucrose contents. WAI and pasting properties were influenced by water content. A non antiplasticizing effect of the sucrose content was observed on pasting properties, suggesting that sucrose did not reduce the availability of water available for gelatinizing cassava flour during the extrusion process. The nature of the optimum point was characterized as a saddle point for WAI, WSI, PV and BD, whereas SME showed a maximum and CV and SB a minimum. The results indicated to be valuable for the production of non-expanded cassava flour extrudates with desirable functional properties for specific end users.

Quality of propolis commercialized in the informal market

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the quality of propolis produced and commercialized informally in São Paulo State through physicochemical analyses of ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP). Thus, 40 samples of in nature propolis, provided by beekeepers from 32 towns, were analyzed. The EEP were prepared in a proportion of 30% (w/v), and the physicochemical tests were performed according to the Technical Regulation of Propolis Identity and Quality. The pH of each EEP sample was also evaluated. Regarding the dry extract, it was observed that 80% of the samples meet the minimum requirements established by the Brazilian legislation. With regard to the oxidizing property, 67.5% of EEP were below the maximum time allowed for oxidation. With regard to the solubility in lead acetate, 97.5% of the samples showed positive results, whereas no sample produced a negative result in terms of solubility in sodium hydroxide. Regarding the concentration of flavonoids, 95% of the samples produced results consistent with the minimum value allowed, and regarding the phenolic compounds, all samples were in accordance with the legislation. The EEP pH was slightly acidic. Therefore, it can be concluded that most EEP is consistently in accordance with the Brazilian legislation, which suggests that good quality propolis is produced by those beekeepers.

Solubility and Seeded Metastable Zone width of functional sugar L-arabinose

L-arabinose is widely used in food, medicine, chemistry, and biology fields; however, solubility and seeded metastable zone width (MSZW) of L-arabinose have not been reported in the literature. In this paper, solubility and MSZW of L-arabinose in aqueous solution were determined. Solubility of L-arabinose was measured in the range of 20-68 °C by a conventional equilibrium solubility method and quantitation was determined using the ion chromatography technique. Seeded MSZW was determined in the range of 51-73% by the calorimetric method. The effect of two salts (potassium chloride and calcium chloride) on the solubility and MSZW of L-arabinose were also evaluated. Results showed that both potassium chloride and calcium chloride increased the solubility of L-arabinose, and this increase was intensified with temperature rise. The MSZW of L-arabinose was not constant but a spread. Potassium chloride increased the MSZW of L-arabinose. However, the effect of calcium chloride on MSZW of L-arabinose was concentration dependent. Conclusion: the L-arabinose solubility increased with the increase in temperature, and both potassium chloride and calcium chloride increased the solubility of L-arabinose in aqueous solution. The seeded MSZW of L-arabinose is not a constant; it increases in the presence of potassium chloride and varies with the change in calcium chloride concentration.

Production, solubility and antioxidant activity of curcumin nanosuspension

Curcumin is a powerful bioactive agent and natural antioxidant, but it is practically water-insoluble and has low bioavailability; a possible solution to this obstacle would be formulations of curcumin nanoparticles. Surfactants such as tween 80 can be used to stabilize low-solubility molecules preventing particle aggregation. The objectives of this study were the preparation of a suspension with curcumin nanoparticles in tween 80, the testing of pure curcumin solubility and of a simple mixture of curcumin with tween 80 and nanosuspension in water and ethanol as solvents, and finally the assessment of the antioxidant activity. We prepared the nanosuspension by injecting a curcumin solution in dichloromethane at low flow in water with tween 80 under heating and ultrasound. The analysis of particles size was conducted through dynamic light scattering; the non-degradation of curcumin was verified through thin-layer chromatography. The analyses of antioxidant activity were carried out according to the DPPH method. The method applied to reduce the particles size was efficient. Both the curcumin suspension and nanosuspension in tween 80 increased its solubility. Curcumin and the formulations presented antioxidant activity.

Sulphuric acid scarification effects on Brachiaria brizantha, B. humidicola and Panicum maximum seed dormancy release

Most tropical forage grass species have dormant seeds, which reduce percentages in germination tests. The objective of this study was to evaluate H2SO4 scarification effects on seed dormancy releasing, through germination time (T50) and variability among germination test replicates, in 630, 94 and 82 seed samples of B. brizantha, B. humidicola and P. maximum, respectively, tested at the Central Seed Testing Laboratory, Campinas, Brazil, from 1991 to 1999. Germination tests used two 4 x 100 replicates of intact and scarified seeds (15-, 10-, 5-minute treatments, respectively). Mean germination time (T50) and variability among germination replicates were also analysed. Statistical analysis was performed by t-test paired samples for means. Scarification promoted general decreases in T50, while variability among germination test replicates was reduced in B. brizantha. Scarification increase germination in B. brizantha and P. maximum, but is deleterious in B. humidicola.

Avaliação da viabilidade de sementes de Panicum maximum Jacq pelo teste de tetrazólio

O Brasil tem muitas áreas com Panicum maximum Jacq, sendo produtor, consumidor e exportador de suas sementes. Contudo, a qualidade das sementes produzidas é duvidosa. O teste de germinação não é eficiente para estimar a viabilidade de sementes desta espécie, principalmente logo após a colheita, quando se tem alto percentual de sementes dormentes, sendo necessária a realização do teste de tetrazólio. Com o objetivo de avaliar as metodologias mais utilizadas na condução do teste de tetrazólio determinou-se a viabilidade de quatro lotes da cultivar Tanzânia, com diferentes qualidades fisiológicas e intensidades de dormência, através das seguintes metodologias e concentrações da solução de 2,3,5 trifenil cloreto tetrazólio: 1,0% (conforme metodologia prescrita pela International Seed Testing Association - ISTA); 0,2% com descarte de metade da sementes e 0,1% sem descarte de uma metade da semente. Como referencial, o teste de germinação foi realizado com e sem tratamento para superação da dormência, sendo as avaliações realizadas em quatro épocas trimestrais. Como tratamento para superação da dormência utilizou-se a temperatura de 42° C durante 72 horas. Não houve diferenças significativas entre as diferentes metodologias utilizadas para o teste de tetrazólio. A visualização da estrutura embrionária foi facilitada quando foram avaliadas as duas metades das sementes. Não houve diferença siginifcativa entre a viabilidade, pelo teste de tetrazólio, e a germinação de lotes sem sementes dormentes. O tratamento para superação da dormência não foi eficiente para todas as sementes e prejudicou a germinação, quando não havia mais dormência. Os lotes que não possuíam sementes dormentes não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os resultados dos testes de germinação e tetrazólio.