Estudos em larga escala de educação infantil nos Estados Unidos

A versão revisada da escala Early childhood environment rating scale tem sido amplamente utilizada em pesquisas sobre os programas para crianças em idade pré-escolar, muitas das quais realizadas nos EUA. No artigo três grandes estudos são apresentados e discutidos no contexto da educação infantil nos Estados Unidos, e seus resultados indicam que a escala é um recurso valioso na análise da qualidade dos serviços prestados em vários tipos de configurações de educação infantil. É descrito o sucesso do uso de dados da referida escala para influenciar políticas públicas e esforços de melhoria dos programas, e são discutidos cuidados e lições aprendidas com o uso prolongado desse instrumento.

Impact of 18F-FDG PET scan on the prevalence of benign thoracic lesions at surgical resection

OBJECTIVE: The main utility of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) lies in the staging of lung cancer. However, it can also be used to differentiate indeterminate pulmonary lesions, but its impact on the resection of benign lesions at surgery is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of benign lesions at thoracotomy carried out for suspected lung cancer, before and after the introduction of PET scanning in a large thoracic surgical centre. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed our prospectively recorded surgical database for all consecutive patients undergoing thoracotomy for suspected or proven lung cancer and compared the prevalence of benign lesions in 2 consecutive 2-year groups, before (group I) and after (group II) the introduction of FDG-PET scan respectively. RESULTS: Surgical resection was performed on 1233 patients during the study period. The prevalence of benign lesions at surgery in groups I and II was similar (44/626 and 41/607, both 7%), and also in group II between those who underwent FDG-PET scan and the remainder (21/301 and 20/306 respectively, both 7%). In group II, of the 21 patients with benign lesions, who underwent FDG-PET, 19 had a false positive scan (mean standardised uptake value 5.3 [range 2.6-12.7]). Of these, 13 and 4 patients respectively had non-diagnostic bronchoscopy and percutaneous transthoracic lung biopsy pre thoracotomy. There was no difference in the proportion of different benign lesions resected between group I and those with FDG-PET in group II. CONCLUSION: The introduction of FDG-PET scanning has not altered the proportion of patients undergoing thoracotomy for ultimately benign lesions, mainly due to the avidity for the isotope of some non-malignant lesions. Such false positive results need to be considered when patients with unconfirmed lung cancer are contemplated for surgical resection.

Analytical methods for vancomycin determination in biological fluids and in pharmaceuticals

Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic employed in the treatment of infections caused by certain methicillin-resistant staphylococci. It is indicated also for patients allergic to penicillin or when there is no response to penicillins or cephalosporins. The adequate vancomycin concentration levels in blood serum lies between 5 and 10 mg/L. Higher values are toxic, causing mainly nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Various analytical methods are described in the literature: spectrophotometric, immunologic, biologic and chromatographic methods. This paper reviews the main analytical methods for vancomycin determination in biological fluids and in pharmaceutical preparations.

Feira de saúde do curso de medicina da UFRR: uma aproximação com a comunidade

As Feiras de Saúde do curso de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR) buscam informar e sensibilizar a comunidade quanto à melhoria da qualidade de vida a partir da prevenção, orientando para a mudança de hábitos de vida e diagnosticando precocemente as doenças a fim de tratá-las e curá-las. Além disso, a UFRR busca se aproximar da população boa-vistense por meio desse trabalho de extensão universitária e da realização de um serviço de utilidade pública de grande relevância acadêmica e comunitária. A diversidade das lições aprendidas, registradas como relatos de experiências ou como estudos, pelo conjunto de profissionais, gestores, pesquisadores e acadêmicos constituiu um importante estímulo ao debate acerca dos limites e possibilidades do Programa Saúde da Família e da interação do acadêmico na comunidade.

The dawn of paraconsistency: Russia's logical thought in the turn of XX century

The paper deals with the factors which enabled N. A. Vasiliev to put forward in 1910 - 12 the idea of logics free of the laws of contradiction and excluded middle, the idea of metalogic and to construct his imaginary logic as novel non-classical system. It is shown that background of Vasiliev's ideas lies deeply in Russia's culture and particular approach to logical discourse. Several Russian scholars expressed ideas similar to Vasiliev's though not in such explicit form. This period might be called the prehistory of paraconsistency. Real history of paraconsistency starts with N.C.A. da Costa's works.

Aspectos epidemiológicos, clinicopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de carcinomas de células escamosas vulvares em 33 vacas

Carcinomas de células escamosas vulvares (CCEVs) em bovinos foram estudados retrospectivamente quanto à prevalência, epidemiologia, quadro clinicopatológico e aspectos imuno-histoquímicos. O grau de pigmentação da pele vulvar foi também avaliado. Nos 48 anos analisados retrospectivamente, foram computados materiais de necropsias e biópsias de 7.483 bovinos recebidos no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da UFSM. Desses, em 664 (8,87%) casos de neoplasmas foram identificados, sendo 33 (4,97%) casos de CCEVs. Dezenove eram vacas da raça Holandesa, três da Charolesa, uma era Jersey e 10 eram sem raça definida. A principal alteração macroscópica foi aumento de volume vulvar, sangrante e com miíase concomitante. As massas tumorais eram firmes, ulceradas e com áreas amarelas. Foi possível reavaliar microscopicamente 30 dos 33 casos. Desses, oito eram CCEVs bem diferenciados, 17 eram moderadamente diferenciados e cinco eram pobremente diferenciados. A avaliação de lesões intraepiteliais escamosas (LIEs) foi realizada em tecidos de 21 casos que tinham epitélio de revestimento. Hiperplasia epitelial foi observada em 10 casos; displasia leve em dois, moderada em um e acentuada em cinco casos; em três casos não havia LIEs. A técnica de Fontana-Masson para melanina foi realizada em 21 casos. Desses, em 17 a pigmentação do epitélio da epiderme vulvar era ausente, em dois era leve e em outros dois era moderada. Independentemente do grau de diferenciação dos CCEVs, houve imunomarcação acentuada da maioria dos ceratinócitos neoplásicos para pancitoceratina bovina pela técnica de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ). Papilomavírus bovino não foi detectado pela IHQ neste estudo.

First record of Reticulocaulis mucosissimus I. A. Abbott (Naccariaceae, Rhodophyta) for the western Atlantic Ocean

Espírito Santo State lies in the transition region (18°-21° S) between the tropical and subtropical marine-algal provinces and is considered the richest area of the Brazilian flora. The subtidal substratum presents extensive areas of rhodoliths associated with a diversified marine biota. A detailed exploration using Scuba diving technique has revealed many little-known and previously unreported taxa that are new to the Brazilian coast. Among the algae recently discovered, Reticulocaulis mucosissimus I. A. Abbott was found at a depth of 25 meters, thus consisting of the second member of the infrequently encountered family Naccariaceae growing in the same region. This work has revealed additional distribution records of this species not yet reported from the western Atlantic. Description of the morphological and reproductive features of the species as well as illustrations and comments are presented.

Hereditary motor and autonomic neuronopathy 1 maps to chromosome 20q13.2-13.3

The spinal muscular atrophies (SMA) or hereditary motor neuronopathies result from the continuous degeneration and death of spinal cord lower motor neurons, leading to progressive muscular weakness and atrophy. We describe a large Brazilian family exhibiting an extremely rare, late-onset, dominant, proximal, and progressive SMA accompanied by very unusual manifestations, such as an abnormal sweating pattern, and gastrointestinal and sexual dysfunctions, suggesting concomitant involvement of the autonomic nervous system. We propose a new disease category for this disorder, `hereditary motor and autonomic neuronopathy', and attribute the term, `survival of motor and autonomic neurons 1' (SMAN1) to the respective locus that was mapped to a 14.5 cM region on chromosome 20q13.2-13.3 by genetic linkage analysis and haplotype studies using microsatellite polymorphic markers. This locus lies between markers D20S120 and D20S173 showing a maximum LOD score of 4.6 at D20S171, defining a region with 33 known genes, including several potential candidates. Identifying the SMAN1 gene should not only improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying lower motor neuron diseases but also help to clarify the relationship between motor and autonomic neurons.

Rarity of DNA sequence alterations in the promoter region of the human androgen receptor gene

The human androgen receptor (AR) gene promoter lies in a GC-rich region containing two principal sites of transcription initiation and a putative Sp1 protein-binding site, without typical "TATA" and "CAAT" boxes. It has been suggested that mutations within the 5'untranslated region (5'UTR) may contribute to the development of prostate cancer by changing the rates of gene transcription and/or translation. In order to investigate this question, the aim of the present study was to search for the presence of mutations or polymorphisms at the AR-5'UTR in 92 prostate cancer patients, where histological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma was established in specimens obtained from transurethral resection or after prostatectomy. The AR-5'UTR was amplified by PCR from genomic DNA samples of the patients and of 100 healthy male blood donors, included as controls. Conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis was used for DNA sequence alteration screening. Only one band shift was detected in one individual from the blood donor group. Sequencing revealed a new single nucleotide deletion (T) in the most conserved portion of the promoter region at position +36 downstream from the transcription initiation site I. Although the effect of this specific mutation remains unknown, its rarity reveals the high degree of sequence conservation of the human androgen promoter region. Moreover, the absence of detectable variation within the critical 5'UTR in prostate cancer patients indicates a low probability of its involvement in prostate cancer etiology.

Fish hemoglobins

Vertebrate hemoglobin, contained in erythrocytes, is a globular protein with a quaternary structure composed of 4 globin chains (2 alpha and 2 beta) and a prosthetic group named heme bound to each one. Having myoglobin as an ancestor, hemoglobin acquired the capacity to respond to chemical stimuli that modulate its function according to tissue requirements for oxygen. Fish are generally submitted to spatial and temporal O2 variations and have developed anatomical, physiological and biochemical strategies to adapt to the changing environmental gas availability. Structurally, most fish hemoglobins are tetrameric; however, those from some species such as lamprey and hagfish dissociate, being monomeric when oxygenated and oligomeric when deoxygenated. Fish blood frequently possesses several hemoglobins; the primary origin of this finding lies in the polymorphism that occurs in the globin loci, an aspect that may occasionally confer advantages to its carriers or even be a harmless evolutionary remnant. On the other hand, the functional properties exhibit different behaviors, ranging from a total absence of responses to allosteric regulation to drastic ones, such as the Root effect.

Oxidation of the albumin thiol to sulfenic acid and its implications in the intravascular compartment

Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant protein in the intravascular compartment. It possesses a single thiol, Cys34, which constitutes ~80% of the total thiols in plasma. This thiol is able to scavenge plasma oxidants. A central intermediate in this potential antioxidant activity of human serum albumin is sulfenic acid (HSA-SOH). Work from our laboratories has demonstrated the formation of a relatively stable sulfenic acid in albumin through complementary spectrophotometric and mass spectrometric approaches. Recently, we have been able to obtain quantitative data that allowed us to measure the rate constants of sulfenic acid reactions with molecules of analytical and biological interest. Kinetic considerations led us to conclude that the most likely fate for sulfenic acid formed in the plasma environment is the reaction with low molecular weight thiols to form mixed disulfides, a reversible modification that is actually observed in ~25% of circulating albumin. Another possible fate for sulfenic acid is further oxidation to sulfinic and sulfonic acids. These irreversible modifications are also detected in the circulation. Oxidized forms of albumin are increased in different pathophysiological conditions and sulfenic acid lies in a mechanistic junction, relating oxidizing species to final thiol oxidation products.

Development of a rapid method for the determination of antibiotic residues in honey using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS

Abstract An accurate, reliable and fast multianalyte/multiclass ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of 23 pharmaceuticals, belonging to different classes amphenicols, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, in honey samples. The method developed consists of ultrasonic extraction followed by UPLC–ESI–MS/MS with electrospray ionization in both positive mode and negative mode. The influence of the extraction solvents and mobile phase composition on the sensitivity of the method, and the optimum conditions for sample weight and extraction temperature in terms of analyte recovery were extensively studied. The identification of antibiotics is fulfilled by simultaneous use of chromatographic separation using an Acquity BEH C18 (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) analytical column with a gradient elution of mobile phases and tandem mass spectrometry with an electrospray ionization. Finally, the method developed was applied to the determination of target analytes in honey samples obtained from the local markets and several beekeepers in Muğla, Turkey. Ultrasonic-extraction of pharmaceuticals from honey samples is a well-established technique by UPLC–ESI–MS/MS, the uniqueness of this study lies in the simultaneous determination of a remarkable number of compounds belonging to 23 drug at the sub-nanogram per kilogram level.

States and Economic Development

Today the Washington Consensus on development lies in tatters. The recent history of the developing world has been unkind to the core claim that a nation that opens its economy and keeps government's role to a minimum invariably experiences rapid economic growth. The evidence against this claim is strong: the developing world as a whole grew faster during the era of state intervention and import substitution (1950-1980) than in the more recent era of structural adjustment (1990-2005); and the recent economic performance of both Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africaregions that truly embraced neoliberalismhas lagged well behind that of many Asian economies, which have instead pursued judicial and unorthodox combinations of state intervention and economic openness. As scholars and policy makers reconstruct alternatives to the Washington Consensus on development, it is important to underline that prudent and effective state intervention and selective integration with the global economy have been responsible for development success in the past; they are also likely to remain the recipes for upward mobility in the global economy in the future."

Os efeitos da política educacional no crescimento econômico: teoria e estimativas dinâmicas em painel de dados

In this paper, we develop a theoretical model that considers a non-linear relationship between growth and level of education (human capital). Our econometric estimates demonstrated the causality running from human capital to GDP per capita with U inverted shape. The level of education (human capital) that generates the maximum growth rate lies around 4.5 years. The foremost implication of this result is that States with level of education below this range should have as priority educational policies.