354 resultados para escarificação ácida
Resumo:
Plant extracts are usually complex mixtures which contain several molecules of different sizes with varied functional groups. Such extracts are a challenge to the chemist of natural products. Ion exchange chromatography in non-aqueous medium, used for separation of basic or acidic fractions from plant extracts, is an important unit operation in preparative scale separations. Anionic macroporous resin in non-aqueous medium was used with success in this study for separation of the acid fraction of Copaifera multijuga (Copaiba oil), rich in labdanic diterpenes and for the methanolic extract of Croton cajucara (acetyl aleuritoric acid).
Remediação de drenagem ácida de mina usando zeólitas sintetizadas a partir de cinzas leves de carvão
Resumo:
Zeolitic material was synthesized from coal fly ashes (baghouse filter fly ash and cyclone filter fly ash) by hydrothermal alkaline activation. The potential application of the zeolitic product for decontamination of waters from acid mine drainage was evaluated. The results showed that a dose of 30 g L-1 of zeolitic material allowed the water to reach acceptable quality levels after treatment. Both precipitation and cation-exchange processes accounted for the reduction in the pollutant concentration in the treated waters.
Resumo:
A comparison between silica by acid leaching of rice husk (RH) and silica obtained from thermal treatment of rice husk ash (RHA) is presented. The best leaching results were obtained using 10% hydrochloric acid followed by washing with water. The alternative method, calcination of RHA at 700 ºC for 6 h followed by grinding for 80 min, was more effective. Silica obtained from RH was about 97% amorphous, had a 17.37 µm mean particle size, and a specific surface area of 296 m²/g. On the other hand, for silica obtained from RHA the values were about 95% amorphous material 0.68 µm, and 81 m²/g.
Purificação e caracterização de uma gentioexaose obtida de botriosferana por hidrólise ácida parcial
Resumo:
A hexa-oligosaccharide was obtained by partial acid hydrolysis from botryosphaeran, an exopolysaccharide (EPS) β(1→3; 1→6)-D-glucan type, produced by the ascomyceteous fungus Botryosphaeria rhodina. The oligosaccharide was purified by gel filtration and charcoal-Celite column chromatography and the analysis was followed by HPAEC/PAD. The structure was determined by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, which showed that the oligosaccharide consists of six β-D-glucopiranosyl units O-6 substituted (gentiohexaose).
Resumo:
Acid mine drainage generated from coal mine showed a pH of 3.2, high concentrations of SO4(2-), Al, Fe, Mn, Zn and minor As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb. The major reduction in the concentration occurred for Al, As, Cr, Fe and Pb after the treatment with CaO. The evolution of these acid waters within the tributary stream showed decreasing concentration for all soluble constituents, except Al. This natural attenuation was controlled by pH (6.4 to 10.8) as a result of concurrent mixing with tributary stream and reaction with local bedrock that contains limestone. Aluminum increasing concentration during this evolution seems to be related to an input of Al-enriched waters due to the leaching of silicate minerals in alkaline conditions.
Resumo:
The pKa values of the 6-[2´-(6´-methyl-benzothiazolylazo)]-1,2-dihydroxy-3,5-benzenedisulfonic acid (Me-BDBD) have been determined at 25 °C, in 0.10 mol L-1 NaCl medium by spectrophotometric method. The SQUAD computer program was used to process experimental data in pH range 1.78 - 11.54 and 290 - 720 nm. The pKa values obtained were 4.60 ± 0.04 and 9.48 ± 0.02. The Me-BDBD reagent was applied as indicator in titration of acid-base. The results were compared with phenolphthalein and bromocresol green indicators. Statistical t and F tests indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the results for indicators with good agreement.
Resumo:
Two samples of calcic bentonite of the Santa Elena Peninsula, Ecuador, were pillared with Al13 ions in the ratio of 10, 15 and 20 meq of Al g-1 of clay, calcinated at 573, 723 and 873 ºK and acid activated with 4, 6 and 8 mol L-1 H2SO4. Analyses by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, differential and gravimetric thermal, density, surface area and porosity, were applied in order to study the modifications occurred in the crystalline structure of the montmorillonite. The 8 mol L-1 H2SO4 acid-activated 15 meq of Al g-1 of clay at 573 ºK Al-pillared samples indicated the best results in the bleaching of the soybean oil measured by UV-visible spectrophotometer.
Resumo:
The input of agrochemicals in the aquatic compartment can results in biochemical injuries for living organisms. In this context, the knowledge of alterations of enzymatic activities due the presence of agriculture pollutants contributes for the elucidation of the mechanisms of toxicity, implementation of economic methods for monitoring purposes and establishment of maximum allowed concentrations. In the present work, the above considerations are discussed, and data concerning changes in enzymatic function by pesticides and fertilizer contaminants are reviewed. Also, we focused on the acid phosphatase due its susceptibility to several pollutants and diversity in cellular functions.
Resumo:
This study aimed the use of coal mining waste as a new adsorbent for H3O+ and removal of Al (III), Fe (III) and Mn (II) from acid mine drainage. Data from kinetic and equilibrium of the adsorption of H3O+ followed the pseudo second-order and Langmuir isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of H3O+ was 316 mmol kg-1. The adsorbent removed 100% of Al (III), 100% of Fe (III) and 89% of Mn (II), suggesting its use as an alternative for the treatment of acid mine drainage.
Resumo:
The present work describes the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in 123 umbilical cord serum samples by liquid-liquid extraction method with acid hydrolyze step and analysis by GC-mECD. The analytical method was evaluated with following figures of merit for all PCBs: linearity (>0.997); precision (<12.55%); recoveries (73-119%); limit of detection (0.1 ng mL-1); limit of quantification (0.25-0.5 ng mL-1). The results showed high contamination in the analyzed samples. PCB more frequent was 138 (66.7%), followed by 180 (55.3%) and 52 (51.3%).
Resumo:
We report results of the efficiency of tungsten extraction from wolframite concentrate (containing 61.5 wt % WO3) from the Igarapé Manteiga mine (state of Rondônia, Brazil) through acid leaching with strong mineral acids at 100 ºC and 400 rpm for 2-4 h. HCl yielded insoluble matter containing the highest WO3 content (90 wt %). This solid was dissolved in concentrated NH3(aq) at 25 ºC and the insoluble matter filtrated. The filtrate was slowly evaporated. 70 wt % of the tungsten present in the starting concentrate material was recovered as ammonium paratungstate (APT).
Resumo:
This work presents the biofuel production results of the esterification of fatty acids (C12-C18) and high-acid-content waste vegetable oils from different soap stocks (soybean, palm, and coconut) with methanol, ethanol, and butanol by acid catalysis. We used Amberlyst-35 (A35) sulfonic resin as a heterogeneous acid catalyst and p-toluenesulfonic acid as a homogeneous catalyst for comparison. Both the heterogeneous (A35) and homogeneous (p-toluenesulfonic acid) reactions were performed with 5% w/w of catalyst. The final products were analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The homogeneous catalyzed esterification of fatty acids with methanol, ethanol, and butanol produced esters with yields higher than 90%. In the reaction with fatty acids and methanol catalyzed by A35, the best results were achieved with lauric acid and methanol, with a yield of 97%. An increase in the hydrocarbon chain decreased the rate of conversion and yield for stearic acid with methanol, which was 90%. Maximum biodiesel production was achieved from coconut and soybean soap stocks and methanol (96%-98%), which showed conversions very close to those obtained from their respective fatty acids. Microwave irradiation reduced the reaction time from 6 to 1 h in the esterification reaction of fatty acids with butanol.
Resumo:
O presente trabalho objetivou gerar informações referentes à agressividade de linhagens de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. aurantifolii Tipo C(Xaa-C), produtoras (PP) e não produtoras de pigmento (NP) escuro em meio de cultura, comparativamente a X. axonopodis pv. citri Tipo A (Xac) . Os tratamentos foram formados por 14 linhagens, sendo sete de Xaa-C PP, cinco Xaa-C NP, e duas linhagens de Xac. As linhagens foram inoculadas através de ferimentos, em folhas de lima ácida 'Galego' (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle), com agulha previamente mergulhada em uma suspensão de células bacterianas (10(7) UFC/mL). Foram realizadas dez repetições para cada tratamento, representadas por uma planta cada. As plantas foram mantidas em casa de vegetação durante todo o experimento. As linhagens diferiram entre si quanto ao período de incubação, diâmetro e populações bacterianas das lesões e, comparativamente, Xaa-C NP mostraram-se mais agressivas do que Xaa-C PP. Algumas linhagens induziram sintomas que diferiram quanto à presença e extensão de anasarca, halo amarelo e saliência do tecido necrosado.
Resumo:
Espécies florestais com sementes duras freqüentemente apresentam consideráveis problemas para os viveiristas, porque seus tegumentos duros e impermeáveis à água dificultam e retardam a germinação. Por isto, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a metodologia mais eficiente, prática e de baixo custo para superação da dormência em sementes de chichá. As sementes foram submetidas a cinco tratamentos: escarificação com lixa nº 40 por 3 minutos nos dois lados da semente, sem embebição; escarificação nos dois lados da semente, seguida de embebição por 24 horas; escarificação em um lado da semente, sem embebição; escarificação em um lado da semente, seguida de embebição; e a testemunha, cujas sementes não sofreram escarificação (intactas). As características avaliadas foram primeira contagem, porcentagem total de germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência e massa seca da parte aérea e raiz. Os resultados obtidos permitiram recomendar a escarificação com lixa nº 40 em um lado da semente por 3 minutos, seguida de embebição em água por 24 horas, e escarificação nos dois lados da semente, sem embebição, para superação da dormência de sementes de chichá.
Resumo:
Espécies florestais que possuem sementes duras e impermeáveis à água freqüentemente apresentam problemas para germinar. Este trabalho teve como objetivo selecionar tratamentos pré-germinativos em laboratório que permitam abreviar, aumentar e uniformizar a germinação das sementes de Dimorphandra mollis, além de avaliar essa germinação em diferentes épocas e locais de coleta. Foram coletadas sementes de D. mollis em quatro municípios do norte de Minas Gerais: Montes Claros, Lontra, Mirabela e Jequitaí, em duas datas distintas: agosto e setembro de 2004. As sementes foram submetidas a cinco tratamentos de escarificação: lixamento, imersão em ácido sulfúrico por 10 e por 20 min, imersão em água quente a 70 ºC e controle (sementes intactas). Nos testes de germinação, um delineamento experimental casualizado foi utilizado, com 10 repetições de 10 sementes de cada tratamento, localidade e data de coleta. Os efeitos dos diferentes tratamentos na germinação das sementes foram avaliados através da análise de variância e teste t. Após a análise, constatou-se que as sementes coletadas em agosto (X= 47,8 ± 6,8%), na localidade de Montes Claros (X= 41,7 ± 9,7%), e escarificadas mecanicamente (X= 83,0 ± 8,2%) denotaram maior potencial germinativo. Nesse sentido, sementes de fava-d'anta apresentam dormência imposta pelo tegumento, com potencial germinativo maior no tratamento com lixa. Além disso, o grau de maturação das sementes e fatores ecológicos locais parecem interferir na germinação das sementes da espécie estudada.