Pharmacokinetic and parasitological evaluation of the bone marrow of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis submitted to multiple dose treatment with liposome-encapsulated meglumine antimoniate

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of a multiple dose regimen of a liposomal formulation of meglumine antimoniate (LMA) on the pharmacokinetics of antimony in the bone marrow of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis and on the ability of LMA to eliminate parasites from this tissue. Dogs naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi received 4 intravenous doses of either LMA (6.5 mg antimony/kg body weight, N = 9), or empty liposomes (at the same lipid dose as LMA, N = 9) at 4-day intervals. A third group of animals was untreated (N = 8). Before each administration and at different times after treatment, bone marrow was obtained and analyzed for antimony level (LMA group) by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, and for the presence of Leishmania parasites (all groups). There was a significant increase of antimony concentration from 0.76 µg/kg wet organ (4 days after the first dose) to 2.07 µg/kg (4 days after the fourth dose) and a half-life of 4 days for antimony elimination from the bone marrow. Treatment with LMA significantly reduced the number of dogs positive for parasites (with at least one amastigote per 1000 host cells) compared to controls (positive dogs 30 days after treatment: 0 of 9 in the LMA group, 3 of 9 in the group treated with empty liposomes and 3 of 8 in the untreated group). However, complete elimination of parasites was not achieved. In conclusion, the present study showed that multiple dose treatment with LMA was effective in improving antimony levels in the bone marrow of dogs with visceral leishmaniasis and in reducing the number of positive animals, even though it was not sufficient to achieve complete elimination of parasites.

CYP1A1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms in an oral cancer case-control study

CYP1A1 and GSTP1 polymorphisms have been associated with a higher risk to develop several cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which is closely related to tobacco and alcohol consumption. Both genes code for enzymes that have an important role in activating or detoxifying carcinogenic elements found in tobacco and other compounds, and polymorphic variants of these genes may result in alterations of the enzymatic activity. The CYP1A1 gene codes for the enzyme aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, which is responsible for the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The investigated polymorphism, Ile/Val, seems to increase the activity of the enzyme in homozygous individuals, leading to an accumulation of carcinogens. The Ile/Val polymorphism occurs because of an A->G transition at exon 7, resulting in the CYP1A1*2B allele. The GSTP1*B variant shows an A->G transition at exon 5, changing the amino acid Ile to Val, with a reduced catalytic activity of the enzyme. Due to this reduction, the carriers of mutant alleles lost the capability to metabolize carcinogens, which could be responsible for a higher susceptibility to cancer. We conducted a case-control study in a group of 72 cases with newly diagnosed OSCC and 60 healthy controls matched for age, gender, smoking habits, and ethnicity. We used PCR methods to identify the allelic variants CYP1A1*2B and GSTP1*B. The data obtained showed no statistically significant association of allelic or genotypic variants of CYP1A1*2B (OR = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.49-2.29) and GSTP1*B (OR = 1.40; 95% CI = 0.70-2.79) with OSCC.

Síndrome de Lowe: relato de cinco casos

INTRODUÇÃO: A síndrome de Lowe, ou distrofia oculocerebrorrenal (OCRL), tem herança recessiva ligada ao cromossomo X. Apresenta-se com catarata, glaucoma, atraso no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor (DNPM), déficit cognitivo e síndrome de Fanconi. OBJETIVO: Descrever a evolução de cinco pacientes pediátricos atendidos no ambulatório de tubulopatias do Departamento de Nefrologia Pediátrica da Universidade Federal de São Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina Unifesp (Unifesp-EPM). MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de cinco pacientes masculinos atendidos no ambulatório de tubulopatias. RESULTADOS: A média de idade na primeira consulta foi de 76,5 meses; o tempo médio de acompanhamento, de 30,5 meses (mínimo de 8 meses e máximo de 53 meses). Os sintomas e os sinais clínicos incluíram catarata e nistagmo. Atraso no DNPM e déficit de peso e de estatura estiveram presentes em todos os casos, bem como poliúria, polidipsia, constipação, acidose metabólica, fosfatúria, bicarbonatúria, proteinúria, hipercalciúria e hiperuricosúria. Nefrocalcinose foi identificada em um paciente; litíase renal, em três; e redução do tamanho renal, em dois. Fraturas patológicas e raquitismo foram observados em dois pacientes; rarefação óssea e atraso na idade óssea, em todos os pacientes. Um deles apresentou redução no ritmo de filtração glomerular. Terapeuticamente, todos receberam álcalis, fósforo e reposição com vitamina D, além de orientação dietética para suas necessidades. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo preconiza a necessidade do diagnóstico precoce e do acompanhamento médico e nutricional desses pacientes para evitar complicações relacionadas com distúrbios metabólicos.