Starter cultures used in probiotic dairy product preparation and popular probiotic dairy drinks

Dairy products that contain probiotic bacteria are those that are produced with various fermentation methods, especially lactic acid fermentation, by using starter cultures and those that have various textures and aromas. Fermented dairy products are popular due to their differences in taste and their favourable physiological effects. Today, fermented dairy beverages in general are produced locally by using traditional methods. Recently, due to the increased demand for natural nutrients and probiotic products, fermented dairy beverages have reached a different position and are considered to have an important impact on human health and nutrition. In this article, probiotic bacteria and functional dairy products that are produced by using probiotic bacteria are discussed.

Molecular screening of bovine raw milk for the presence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) on dairy farms

Milkborne transmission of Shiga toxin- producing Escherichia coli (STEC) has raised considerable concern due to recent outbreaks worldwide and poses a threat to public health. The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive and specific multiplex PCR assay to detect the presence of STEC in bovine raw milk. To identify E. coli (ATCC 25922) contamination, the gene uspA was used, and PCR sensitivity and specificity were accessed by testing diluted samples ranging from 2 to 2.0 × 10(6) CFU/mL. To detect STEC, the stx1 and stx2 genes were selected as targets. After reaction standardization, the multiplex assay was tested in raw milk collected from 101 cows on dairy farms. PCR assay for E. coli detection had a specificity of 100% and sensitivity of 79% (P<0.0001), with a lower detection limit of 2 CFU/mL. Multiplex PCR assay had 100% sensitivity for E. coli positive raw milk samples, and 31.1% were contaminated with STEC, 28.3% of stx2, and 1.9% of stx1. The multiplex PCR assay described in the present study can be employed to identify and screen E. coli harboring stx1 and stx2 genes in raw milk on dairy farms and in industries.

Vigor e viabilidade de sementes de Senna multijuga (Rich.) Irwin et Barn. e Senna macranthera (Collad.) Irwin et Barn.; num banco de sementes em solo de viveiro

A viabilidade de sementes de espécies florestais tropicais, em banco de sementes do solo, ainda é pouco estudada. No entanto, pode fornecer informações sobre o potencial de restabelecimento da floresta após distúrbios naturais ou em áreas que sofreram intervenções antrópicas. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o vigor e a viabilidade potencial de sementes de S. multijuga e S. macranthera, em semeadura direta, em condições de viveiro e testar a eficiência do teste de tetrazólio para avaliar a viabilidade delas em laboratório. Foram realizados testes de germinação, tetrazólio e emergência de plântulas para avaliar a viabilidade inicial das sementes de ambas as espécies. O teste de tetrazólio (0,075% e 30ºC), foi utilizado, ainda, para avaliar a viabilidade potencial das sementes presentes no solo, aos 6, 12 e 18 meses. Sementes de S. multijuga apresentaram viabilidade potencial de 93,1; 65,3; 52,5 e 17,7% aos 0, 6, 12 e 18 meses, respectivamente, enquanto as sementes de S. macranthera apresentaram viabilidade potencial de 79,3; 73,9; 32,5 e 14,7% aos 0, 6, 12 e 18 meses, respectivamente. As espécies estudadas apresentaram comportamento típico daquelas que formam bancos de sementes persistentes.