174 resultados para coeficiente de geração
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tamanho de amostra necessário para a estimação da média e do coeficiente de variação em caracteres de híbridos simples, triplo e duplo de milho, em diferentes safras e níveis de precisão, por reamostragem com reposição. Doze caracteres foram mensurados em 361, 373 e 416 plantas, respectivamente, de híbridos simples, triplo e duplo, na safra 2008/2009, e em 1.777, 1.693 e 1.720 plantas, respectivamente, de híbridos simples, triplo e duplo na safra 2009/2010. Calcularam-se as estatísticas descritivas e determinou-se o tamanho de amostra necessário para a estimação da média e do coeficiente de variação, em diferentes níveis de precisão - amplitudes do intervalo de confiança de 95% (AIC95%) de 5, 10, ..., 35% da média e do coeficiente de variação -, por reamostragem com reposição. O tamanho de amostra variou entre híbridos, safras e caracteres. É necessário maior tamanho de amostra para a estimação da média e do coeficiente de variação no híbrido duplo, avaliado na safra 2009/2010. Para um mesmo híbrido, safra, caractere e nível de precisão, é necessário maior tamanho de amostra para a estimação da média, em relação ao necessário para estimação do coeficiente de variação. A mensuração de 325, 150, 80, 60, 35 e 30 plantas, respectivamente, é suficiente para a estimação da média e do coeficiente de variação com AIC95% máximas de 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 e 35%, em todos os híbridos, safras e caracteres.
Resumo:
O trabalho objetivou determinar o coeficiente de determinação genotípica (b) do mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) quanto à capacidade de se associar e responder ao fungo micorrízico arbuscular (FMA) Gigaspora margarita. O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, usando solo com uma dose única de fósforo (20 mg dm-3). Os tratamentos foram representados por quatro genótipos de cada um dos grupos 'Solo' e 'Formosa', mais as variedades 'Improved Sunrise Solo Line 72/12' e 'Tainung Nº 1', submetidas ou não à inoculação do fungo Gigaspora margarita. Foi utilizado um delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições. Após a coleta dos dados, estimou-se o coeficiente "b" para os seguintes caracteres: parte aérea, comprimento de raiz, altura de planta, eficiência micorrízica e colonização. Os genótipos testados responderam à inoculação do fungo MA; os genótipos do grupo Formosa apresentaram menor comprimento de raiz; a eficiência micorrízica e a colonização radicular média para os dois grupos de plantas foram similares, situando-se em 60% e 50%, respectivamente; a inoculação aumentou a absorção de P, K e Cu, sendo esse efeito maior na variedade representante de cada grupo; o coeficiente "b" demonstrou que o melhoramento de plantas pode modular a produção de parte aérea, comprimento de raízes, altura de plantas e a eficiência micorrízica do grupo Formosa; para o grupo Solo este efeito mostrou-se mais provável para colonização radicular e menos provável para produção de parte aérea, eficiência micorrízica, comprimento de raízes e altura de plantas.
Resumo:
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estimar os coeficientes de repetibilidade de caracteres relacionados à produtividade do pessegueiro, além de identificar e selecionar clones promissores para o Litoral Sul de Santa Catarina. Foram selecionadas plantas híbridas que apresentavam boa adaptação ao clima, produção, tamanho, sabor e firmeza dos frutos. Essas seleções foram enxertadas sobre o porta -enxerto Okinawa e plantadas no ano de 2005, em três diferentes locais: 1- Estação Experimental de Urussanga, situada a 40 metros de altitude; 2- Propriedade de fruticultor, situada a 200 metros de altitude; 3 - Propriedade de fruticultor, situada a 350 metros de altitude. As mudas foram plantadas no espaçamento de 6 x 1 metros e conduzidas no sistema de V . As avaliações foram realizadas durante os anos de 2007 e 2008. Os coeficientes de repetibilidade foram estimados pelo método da máxima verossimilhança restrita (REML), e a predição dos valores fenotípicos e genotípicos, pela melhor predição linear não viciada (BLUP), por meio do software Selegen-REML/BLUP. Todos os caracteres apresentaram considerável variabilidade genética, com estimativas de coeficientes de repetibilidade (r) variando de média a alta magnitude (0,54 a 0,74) para o caráter massa média dos frutos (MMF) e de baixa a média magnitude (0,22 a 0,39) para o caráter produção de frutos/planta (PTF). Os clones 1770 e 1443 apresentaram bom desempenho na média de todos os locais, enquanto os clones 0470 e 1307 se destacaram no local 1, o clone 1444 no local 2, os clones 0740 e 0926 no local 3 e o clone 1770 nos locais 1 e 2 de avaliação.
Resumo:
OBJETIVO: Comparar os tempos de geração e digitação de laudos radiológicos entre um sistema eletrônico baseado na tecnologia de voz sobre o protocolo de internet (VoIP) e o sistema tradicional, em que o radiologista escreve o laudo à mão. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi necessário modelar, construir e implantar o sistema eletrônico proposto, capaz de gravar o laudo em formato de áudio digital, e compará-lo com o tradicional já existente. Por meio de formulários, radiologistas e digitadores anotaram os tempos de geração e digitação dos laudos nos dois sistemas. RESULTADOS: Comparadas as médias dos tempos entre os sistemas, o eletrônico apresentou redução de 20% (p = 0,0410) do tempo médio de geração do laudo em comparação com o sistema tradicional. O tradicional foi mais eficiente em relação ao tempo de digitação, uma vez que a média de tempo do eletrônico foi três vezes maior (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante entre os sistemas comparados, sendo que o eletrônico foi mais eficiente do que o tradicional em relação ao tempo de geração dos laudos, porém, em relação ao tempo de digitação, o tradicional apresentou melhores resultados.
Resumo:
We are working in a new multi-doped glassy material to generate simultaneously the three primary light color (by addition) of the visible spectrum, with the control of the intensity of each one, allowing the simulation of any color: a full-color generator device. Tm+3, Tb+3 and Eu+3 ions were used (0.01 to 5,0 mol%) as blue, green and red narrow line emitters. A wide color gamut was obtained under ultraviolet excitation by varying the material composition. The chromaticity diagram is covered, including the white simulation.
Resumo:
This paper presents a system for electrochemical hydride generation using flow-injection and atomic absorption spectrometry to determine selenium in biological materials. The electrolytic cell was constructed by assembling two reservoirs, one for the sample and the other for the electrolytic solution separated by a Nafion membrane. Each compartment had a Pt electrode. The sample and electrolyte flow-rates, acidic media, and applied current were adjusted to attain the best analytical performance and ensure the membrane lifetime. The atomisation system used a T quartz tube in an air-LPG flame. The composition of the flame, the observation height, and the argon flow rate used to carry the hydrides were critically investigated. The system allowed to perform thirty determinations per hour with a detection limit of 10 mug L-1 of Se. Relative standard deviations were in general lower than 1.5% for a solution containing 20.0 and 34.0 mug L-1 of Se in a typical sample digest. Accuracy was assessed analysing the certified materials: rice flour (NIST-1568) from National Institute of Standard and Technology and dried fish (MA-A-2), whole animal blood (A-2/1974) from the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Resumo:
A study of the kinetics of oxygen evolution in alkaline conditions from ceramic films of Mn2O3 supported on stainless steel was carried out. This study has been done through the determination of transfer coefficients, Tafel slopes and exchange currents using potentiodynamic and quasi-potentiostatic measurements. The activation energy was determined as a function of the overpotential and, additionally, the electrode active surface was estimated. The results are consistent with data already published for other electrodes, implying that the methods used in this work were reliable and precise.
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In this review article, we give a general introduction on the mechanisms involved in organic chemiluminescence, where three basic models for excited state formation are presented. The chemiluminescence properties of 1,2-dioxetanes - four membered ring peroxides - are briefly outlined in the second part. In the main part, the mechanisms involved in the decomposition of 1,2-dioxetanes and analogous peroxides are discussed: (i) the unimolecular decomposition of 1,2-dioxetanes; (ii) the electron transfer catalyzed decomposition of peroxides by an intermolecular CIEEL (Chemically Initiated Electron Exchange Luminescence) mechanism; (iii) 1,2-dioxetane decomposition catalyzed by an intramolecular electron transfer mechanism (intramolecular CIEEL). Special emphasis is given to the latter subject, where recent examples with potential analytical applications are presented.
Resumo:
A flow injection spectrophotometric procedure was developed for the determination of metamizol in pharmaceutical formulations. The system is based on the reaction between metamizol and triiodide generated in the system by mixing iodate and iodide-starch solutions. The absorbance of triiodide-starch complex giving a steady-state baseline value which was monitored at 580 nm. The inverse peaks caused by metamizol samples were measured and there was a direct relationship between absorbance decreasing and metamizol concentration from 1.4 x 10-4 to 7.0 x 10-4 mol L-1. The RSD was 0.45 % for a metamizol solution 4.2 x 10-4 mol L-1 (n = 10) with a detection limit (three-fold blank standard deviation/slope) of 6.0 x 10-5 mol L-1 The feasibility of the system was demonstrated for the determination of metamizol in commercial samples with sixty results obtained per hour. The results obtained for metamizol in pharmaceutical formulations using the proposed flow procedure and those obtained using an iodimetric procedure are in agreement at the 95% confidence level and within an acceptable range of error.
Resumo:
In this work the CCl4 degradation in aqueous solution by sonication with 40 kHz commercial ultrasonic bath was investigated. Sonochemical degradation of CCl4 occur by the cleavage of C-Cl bond into the cavitation bubbles. Oxidation reactions and the pH decreasing in the bulk solution during sonication were attributed to chlorine radicals produced by CCl4 sonolysis, leading to increase the chloride concentration. The formation of oxidizing agents was evaluated employing I- and Fe2+ ion solutions, converted to I2 and HIO, and Fe3+, respectively. The amount of chloride and hydronium ions produced after 3 min of irradiation was 11.52 and 12.19 mmol, respectively, suggesting that the same reaction was involved to produce these ions. Fe2+ oxidation and the pH variation were monitored to estimate chlorine radical formation rate in the presence (0.107 mumol s-1) and absence (0.092 mumol s-1) of metallic ion during the first minute of sonication.
Resumo:
The historical development of atomic spectrometry techniques based on chemical vapor generation by both batch and flow injection sampling formats is presented. Detection via atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), microwave induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP-OES), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) , inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and furnace atomic nonthermal excitation spectrometry (FANES) are considered. Hydride generation is separately considered in contrast to other methods of generation of volatile derivatives. Hg ¾ CVAAS (cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry) is not considered here. The current state-of-the-art, including extension, advantages and limitations of this approach is discussed.
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In the present paper, a historical view from spontaneous generation of life to Oparin-Haldane hypothesis was discussed. It was also showed what is the main concern of the field of prebiotic chemistry. Several aspects of prebiotic chemistry such as synthesis of biomolecules and biopolymers, primitive metabolism and genetic code, and the importance of the adsorption for the origin of life were discussed.
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A model based on chemical structure was developed for the accurate prediction of octanol/water partition coefficient (K OW) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), which are molecules of environmental interest. Partial least squares (PLS) was used to build the regression model. Topological indices were used as molecular descriptors. Variable selection was performed by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA). In the modeling process, the experimental K OW measured for 30 PCBs by thin-layer chromatography - retention time (TLC-RT) has been used. The developed model (Q² = 0,990 and r² = 0,994) was used to estimate the log K OW values for the 179 PCB congeners whose K OW data have not yet been measured by TLC-RT method. The results showed that topological indices can be very useful to predict the K OW.
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Electrocatalytic hydrogenation (HEC) may be compared to catalytic hydrogenation (HC). The difference between these methods is the hydrogen source: HC needs a hydrogen gas supply; HEC needs a source of protons (solvent) to be reduced at a cathode surface. HEC has presented interesting advances in the last decades due to investigation of the influence of the supporting electrolyte, co-solvent, surfactant, presence of inert gas and the composition of the electrode on the reaction. Several classes of organic compounds have been hydrogenated through HEC: olefins, ketones, aldehydes, aromatics, polyaromatics and nitro-compounds. This paper shows some details about the HEC which may be regarded as a promising technique for the hydrogenation of organic compounds both in industrial processes and in laboratories.
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Technological innovation connects competitiveness and knowledge. In Brazil, knowledge is mainly concentrated in the universities which undertake R&D. This article aims to show the importance of Brazilian university extension activities, which transfer knowledge to society, contributing, in the case of the chemical sector, to a reduction in the country's total trade deficit of around US$8.5 billion, which is result of the importation of innumerable products. On the other hand, developed countries are resorting to technical barriers, which impose documentation and regulations based on testing products for conformity with standards. This demands a technical and scientific infrastructure, concentrated in the universities.