Laboratory and field evaluation of the effects of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid on the oviposition response of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae)

In this paper, we assessed the suitability of using the neonicotinoid imidacloprid with standard ovitraps by evaluating the ovicidal properties of imidacloprid and its influence on the oviposition response of gravid females of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae). First, we calculated the imidacloprid lethal dose 99 (LD99) by exposing third instar larvae of the target species to different concentrations of the insecticide. Next, Ae. aegypti eggs were exposed to the imidacloprid LD99 for 24 h and hatching inhibition was recorded. Finally, we investigated any potential repellent effect of the imidacloprid solution on the oviposition response of gravid Aedes females in field and laboratory conditions. The LD99 obtained from larvae tests proved to be sufficient to keep any exposed eggs from hatching. No repellent effect was observed; females laid as many eggs in imidacloprid-treated ovitraps as in traps containing either clean water or temephos-treated water in both field and laboratory conditions. Our results indicate that imidacloprid is a suitable insecticide for treating ovitraps against Ae. aegypti.

VaxcineTM: an oil-based adjuvant for influenza vaccines

Vaccination is the method of choice for the prevention of influenza infection. However, the quantity of the antigen available, especially in the case of pandemics, often fails to meet the global demand. However, improved adjuvants can overcome this problem. Preliminary results obtained in this study revealed that one year after a single subcutaneous immunisation with influenza A H3N2 virus in an oil-based carrier, VaxcineTM, outbreed mice produced a high immunoglobulin G response that lasted for up to one year and exhibited less variation in titre compared with the response of the control group treated with alum. The haemagglutination-inhibition titres induced by VaxcineTM were also higher than those generated by alum. These data indicate that VaxcineTM is a good adjuvant candidate for seasonal influenza vaccines.

Cross-reactive anti-PfCLAG9 antibodies in the sera of asymptomatic parasite carriers of Plasmodium vivax

The PfCLAG9 has been extensively studied because their immunogenicity. Thereby, the gene product is important for therapeutics interventions and a potential vaccine candidate. Antibodies against synthetic peptides corresponding to selected sequences of the Plasmodium falciparum antigen PfCLAG9 were found in sera of falciparum malaria patients from Rondônia, in the Brazilian Amazon. Much higher antibody titres were found in semi-immune and immune asymptomatic parasite carriers than in subjects suffering clinical infections, corroborating original findings in Papua Guinea. However, sera of Plasmodium vivax patients from the same Amazon area, in particular from asymptomatic vivax parasite carriers, reacted strongly with the same peptides. Bioinformatic analyses revealed regions of similarity between P. falciparum Pfclag9 and the P. vivax ortholog Pvclag7. Indirect fluorescent microscopy analysis showed that antibodies against PfCLAG9 peptides elicited in BALB/c mice react with human red blood cells (RBCs) infected with both P. falciparum and P. vivax parasites. The patterns of reactivity on the surface of the parasitised RBCs are very similar. The present observations support previous findings that PfCLAG9 may be a target of protective immune responses and raises the possibility that the cross reactive antibodies to PvCLAG7 in mixed infections play a role in regulate the fate of Plasmodium mixed infections.

Peripheral blood fibrocytes: new information to explain the dynamics of Leishmania infection

Fibrocytes are important for understanding the progression of many diseases because they are present in areas where pathogenic lesions are generated. However, the morphology of fibrocytes and their interactions with parasites are poorly understood. In this study, we examined the morphology of peripheral blood fibrocytes and their interactions with Leishmania (L.) amazonensis . Through ultrastructural analysis, we describe the details of fibrocyte morphology and how fibrocytes rapidly internaliseLeishmania promastigotes. The parasites differentiated into amastigotes after 2 h in phagolysosomes and the infection was completely resolved after 72 h. Early in the infection, we found increased nitric oxide production and large lysosomes with electron-dense material. These factors may regulate the proliferation and death of the parasites. Because fibrocytes are present at the infection site and are directly involved in developing cutaneous leishmaniasis, they are targets for effective, non-toxic cell-based therapies that control and treat leishmaniasis.

The prevalence of norovirus, astrovirus and adenovirus infections among hospitalised children with acute gastroenteritis in Porto Velho, state of Rondônia, western Brazilian Amazon

Although viruses are well-established causes of acute gastroenteritis, few data on the circulation of these pathogens in Porto Velho, state of Rondônia, Brazil, are available. Thus, faecal samples from hospitalised diarrhoeic children, under six years of age, were collected and tested for the presence of norovirus (NoV), adenovirus (AdV) and astrovirus (AstV) from February 2010-February 2012. Specimens were screened by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and viruses were found in 10.7% (63/591) of the cases. NoV, AdV and AstV were detected in 7.8%, 2% and 0.8% of the samples, respectively. NoV infection was observed at all ages and was most prevalent in zero-18-month-old children (84.7%; p = 0.002). A higher incidence of NoV was detected from February-April 2010, when it was found in 52.2% of the cases. Co-infections involving these viruses, rotavirus and enteropathogenic bacteria were detected in 44.4% (28/63) of the children with viral diarrhoea. Nosocomial infections were demonstrated in 28.6% (18/63) of the cases in which viruses were detected. The present paper reports, for the first time, the circulation of NoV and AstV among the paediatric population of Porto Velho and it contributes to our understanding of the roles of these pathogens in gastrointestinal infections.

O acervo de mosquitos (Diptera, Culicidae) de Nelson L. Cerqueira na Coleção de Invertebrados do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brasil

Registra-se a descoberta de espécimes de mosquitos que pertenciam a Nelson L. Cerqueira, e estão sendo depositados na coleção de Invertebrados do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia. A coleção contém 2.046 espécimes adultos e 387 lâminas representando 261 espécies, 22 gêneros, incluindo 51 parátipos de 34 espécies. Mais de 90% dos espécimes foram coletados no Brasil dos quais metade são do Estado do Amazonas. As espécies representadas neste acervo são listadas indicando o número de espécimes para cada tipo de preparação e as localidades de coleta. O material tipo também é listado, incluindo os dados dos rótulos de identificação e de procedência, bem como outras informações pertinentes.

Culicidae (Diptera, Culicomorpha) from the western Brazilian Amazon: Juami-Japurá Ecological Station

With 312 trap-hours of sampling effort, 1554 specimens of Culicidae (Diptera) were collected, using CDC and Malaise traps, in nine different locations along the Juami River, within the Juami-Japurá Ecological Station, Amazonas State, Brazil. A list of mosquito species with 54 taxa is presented, which includes three new distributional records for the state of Amazonas. The species found belong to the genera Anopheles, Aedeomyia, Aedes, Psorophora, Culex, Coquillettidia, Sabethes, Wyeomyia and Uranotaenia.

Hesperioidea e Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) coligidos em expedição aos Rios Nhamundá e Abacaxis, Amazonas, Brasil: novos subsídios para o conhecimento da biodiversidade da Amazônia Brasileira

Hesperioidea e Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) coligidos em expedição aos Rios Nhamundá e Abacaxis, Amazonas, Brasil: novos subsídios para o conhecimento da biodiversidade da Amazônia Brasileira. Objetivando um aprimoramento do conhecimento da lepidopterofauna diurna da Amazônia brasileira, este estudo lista 180 taxa coligidos em cinco pontos distintos de dois afluentes do Rio Amazonas, envolvendo as áreas de endemismo Guiana e Rondônia. As coletas foram passivas e ativas e as diferentes localidades comparadas através de análise de Escalonamento Multidimensional Não-Métrico (NMDS).

Sarcophagidae and Calliphoridae related to Rhinella schneideri (Anura, Bufonidae), Bothrops moojeni (Reptilia, Serpentes) and Mabuya frenata (Reptilia, Lacertilia) carcasses in Brasília, Brazil

Sarcophagidae and Calliphoridae related to Rhinella schneideri (Anura, Bufonidae), Bothrops moojeni (Reptilia, Serpentes) and Mabuya frenata (Reptilia, Lacertilia) carcasses in Brasília, Brazil. This paper presents a list of necrophagous insects associated with small size carrions of two reptiles and one amphibian, found in areas of riparian forests and Cerrado sensu stricto physiognomies in a Conservation Unit located in Brasilia, Distrito Federal. We found seven species of insects related to these carcasses, being five Sarcophagidae, one Calliphoridae and one Braconidae parasitoid wasp. Lucilia eximia and Peckia (Pattonella) intermutans were the most abundant species in the study, corroborating with other studies that suggests that these species have specializations for colonization of small size animal carcasses.

Erosão hídrica associada a algumas variáveis hidrológicas em pomar de maçã submetido a diferentes manejos do solo

O manejo do solo em cultivos perenes, como pomares, influencia a erosão hídrica. O presente estudo avaliou as perdas de solo e água sob chuva simulada em um Latossolo, em pomar de maçã, entre os meses de agosto de 2007 e abril de 2008, na estação experimental de fruticultura de clima temperado da Embrapa Uva e Vinho, em Vacaria (RS). O trabalho foi conduzido em parcelas experimentais de 3,5 x 11 m, sob chuvas com 1 h de duração e intensidade constante ao longo delas, com variação de 70 a 88 mm h-1 entre uma chuva e outra. Os sistemas de manejo estudados foram: 1) capina manual sob a copa das plantas e solo coberto com gramíneas e leguminosas no restante da área (ST); 2) aveia não dessecada, em que as sementes foram incorporadas ao solo, com capina manual em toda a área, dois meses antes do início dos testes de chuva (AN); 3) aveia dessecada quimicamente sete dias antes do início dos testes de chuva, em que as sementes foram incorporadas ao solo com enxada rotativa em toda a área, dois meses antes do início dos testes (AD); e 4) solo sem cobertura, em que a vegetação, após ter sido dessecada, foi removida da superfície do solo em toda a área com capina manual, um dia antes de iniciar os testes de chuva (SC). A forma de manejo da superfície do solo e o número de chuvas influenciaram a erosão hídrica; as perdas de solo variaram amplamente, enquanto as perdas de água apresentaram menor variação. Apesar da mobilização do solo para implantação de aveia, os tratamentos AN e AD com esse cultivo mostraram a mesma eficácia de controle da erosão em relação ao tratamento ST, em que o solo foi mobilizado apenas sob a copa das plantas. A eliminação da cobertura do solo no tratamento SC aumentou expressivamente as perdas de solo em relação aos tratamentos com cobertura; no que se refere às perdas de água, a diferença foi menor. O tempo de ocorrência do escoamento superficial influenciou a perda de solo; observou-se aumento dessa variável com o aumento do tempo de enxurrada até certo momento, a partir do qual diminuiu, independentemente do tratamento; a perda de água aumentou até certo momento e estabilizou. Houve relação inversa entre razão de perda de solo e razão de perda de água, independentemente do tipo de cobertura do solo e do sistema de manejo sob as macieiras. O modelo exponencial ajustou-se a essa relação.

Comprimento crítico de declive relacionado à erosão hídrica, em três tipos e doses de resíduos em duas direções de semeadura direta

Nos preparos conservacionistas de solo, a eficácia dos resíduos culturais na redução da erosão hídrica diminui se os resíduos forem transportados pela enxurrada e, ou, se esta sulcar o solo. A esse fenômeno denomina-se falha dos resíduos, caracterizando a existência de comprimento crítico de declive, ou seja, estabelece a distância no terreno a partir da qual a enxurrada adquire tensão cisalhante suficiente para superar a resistência do resíduo ao transporte e, ou, a resistência do solo ao sulcamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi averiguar a existência de comprimentos críticos de declive em duas direções de semeadura direta, sob diferentes tipos e doses de resíduos culturais. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em campo, entre maio de 2009 e maio de 2011, sobre um Nitossolo Bruno aluminoférrico húmico, em São José do Cerrito (SC), usando unidades experimentais com dimensões de 3,5 x 11 m, com declividade média de 0,144 m m-1. Foram testadas as formas de execução de semeadura no sentido transversal (em contorno) e paralelo ao declive (na pendente), sobre os resíduos culturais de milho (Zea mays), trigo (Triticum aestivum) e soja (Glycine max), nas doses de 50 e 100 % dos resíduos produzidos. Foram realizados testes de chuva simulada, com o uso de simulador de chuva de braços rotativos, na intensidade de chuva planejada de 65 mm h-1 e com duração de 90 min cada um - tempo esse necessário para se obter a taxa constante de enxurrada. Ao final dos 90 min de chuva, sem desligar o aparelho simulador de chuva, foram aplicados níveis crescentes de fluxo extra de água limpa na cabeceira das parcelas, simulando a enxurrada provinda de declives mais longos. Para identificação da falha dos resíduos, utilizou-se a teoria de erosão, efetuando as relações entre taxa de erosão (Dp) x taxa de enxurrada (q m) e concentração de sedimentos na enxurrada (C) x taxa de enxurrada (q m). Detectou-se comprimento crítico de declive em todos os tratamentos; de modo geral, a semeadura direta em contorno e a dose maior dos resíduos de milho, trigo e soja aumentaram o comprimento crítico de declive em relação à semeadura direta na direção da pendente e à menor dose de resíduos, respectivamente. Esses comprimentos variaram de 35 a 155 m. Da teoria de erosão, o ponto de falha foi mais bem identificado analisando conjuntamente as relações Dp x q m e C x q m.

Water erosion in no-tillage monoculture and intercropped systems along contour lines

Water erosion is the major cause of soil and water losses and the main factor of degradation of agricultural areas. The objective of this work was to quantify pluvial water erosion from an untilled soil with crop rows along the contour, in 2009 and 2010, on a Humic Dystrupept, with the following treatments: a) maize monoculture; b) soybean monoculture; c) common bean monoculture; d) intercropped maize and bean, exposed to four simulated rainfall tests of on hour at controlled intensity (64 mm h-1). The first test was applied 18 days after sowing and the others; 39, 75 and 120 days after the first test. The crop type influenced soil loss through water erosion in the simulated rainfall tests 3 and 4; soybean was most effective in erosion control in test 3, however, in test 4, maize was more effective. Water loss was influenced by the crop type in test 3 only, where maize and soybean were equally effective, with less runoff than from the other crops. The soil loss rate varied during the runoff sampling period in different ways, demonstrating a positive linear relationship between soil and water loss, in the different rainfall tests.

Hydrological processes obtained on the plot scale under four simulated rainfall tests during the cycle of different crop systems

The cropping system influences the interception of water by plants, water storage in depressions on the soil surface, water infiltration into the soil and runoff. The aim of this study was to quantify some hydrological processes under no tillage cropping systems at the edge of a slope, in 2009 and 2010, in a Humic Dystrudept soil, with the following treatments: corn, soybeans, and common beans alone; and intercropped corn and common bean. Treatments consisted of four simulated rainfall tests at different times, with a planned intensity of 64 mm h-1 and 90 min duration. The first test was applied 18 days after sowing, and the others at 39, 75 and 120 days after the first test. Different times of the simulated rainfall and stages of the crop cycle affected soil water content prior to the rain, and the time runoff began and its peak flow and, thus, the surface hydrological processes. The depth of the runoff and the depth of the water intercepted by the crop + soil infiltration + soil surface storage were affected by the crop systems and the rainfall applied at different times. The corn crop was the most effective treatment for controlling runoff, with a water loss ratio of 0.38, equivalent to 75 % of the water loss ratio exhibited by common bean (0.51), the least effective treatment in relation to the others. Total water loss by runoff decreased linearly with an increase in the time that runoff began, regardless of the treatment; however, soil water content on the gravimetric basis increased linearly from the beginning to the end of the rainfall.

Práticas rurais de leitura: dos acervos aos modos de ler

O artigo discute questões relativas à prática de leitura de seis leitores assíduos oriundos do meio rural, dando ênfase à análise dos acervos particulares e aos meios e modos de ler. A abordagem que se estabelece advém do resultado de uma pesquisa realizada com base nos pressupostos teóricos vinculados à história da leitura e nas proposições do historiador Roger Chartier, e aos conceitos da sociologia da leitura e da cultura discutidos por Bernard Lahire. Através da análise dos acervos particulares, classificados a partir das esferas de circulação social, identificaram-se os temas de maior interesse dos leitores, assim como modos de ler que revelam práticas de leituras silenciosas e extensivas.

Carbon isotope discrimination and yield of upland rice as affected by drought at flowering

Field experiments involving upland rice genotypes, sown in various dates in late season, were carried out to assess the relationship of carbon isotope discrimination with grain yield and drought resistance. In each one of the three years, one trial was kept under good water availability, while other suffered water shortage for a period of 18-23 days, encompassing panicle emergence and flowering. Drought stress reduced carbon isotope discrimination measured on soluble sugars (deltas) extracted from stem uppermost internode at the end of the imposition period, but had relatively less effect on bulk dry matter of leaves, sampled at the same period, or that of uppermost internodes and grains, sampled at harvest. The drought-induced reduction in deltas was accompanied of reduced spikelet fertility and grain yield. In the three trials subjected to drought, genotypes with the highest yield and spikelet fertility had the lowest deltas. However, this relationship was weak and it was concluded that deltas is not a sufficiently reliable indicator of rice drought resistance to be useful as a screening test in breeding programs. On the other hand, grain yield and spikelet fertility of genotypes which were the soonest to reach 50% flowering within the drought imposition period, were the least adversely affected by drought. Then, timing of drought in relation to panicle emergence and to flowering appeared to be a more important cause of yield variation among genotypes than variation in deltas.