Estigma e violências no trato com a loucura: narrativas de centros de atenção psicossocial, Bahia e Sergipe

OBJETIVO: Analisar processos de estigmatização e modalidades de violência vividos por portadores de transtornos mentais. MÉTODOS: Estudo qualitativo baseado em entrevistas individuais com usuários e grupos focais com familiares e profissionais de cinco centros de atenção psicossocial, nos municípios de Itaberaba, Lauro de Freitas, Salvador e Vitória da Conquista (BA) e em Aracaju (SE), em 2006-2007. As categorias de análise foram construídas com base no conceito de estigma proposto por Goffman e foram sistematizadas quatro tipos de violência: interpessoal, institucional, simbólica e estrutural. RESULTADOS: Usuários e familiares relataram exemplos de desqualificações, repreensões, constrangimentos, humilhações, negligência e agressões físicas, com fins de dominação, exploração e opressão. Profissionais referiram que pessoas que sofrem transtornos mentais permanecem como alvo de preconceitos arraigados e naturalizados na cultura. A principal conseqüência foi a manutenção do isolamento, da vida social como forma de "tratamento" ou como atitude excludente manifestada por reações discriminatórias, que se apresentam como rejeição, indiferença e agressividade verbal ou física. CONCLUSÕES: As variadas formas de expressão do estigma denotam uma situação sociocultural de violências contra os portadores de transtornos mentais. Propõe-se a constituição de observatórios estaduais capazes de planejar e avaliar contra-ações às estigmatizações.

Mortalidade perinatal no município de Salvador, Bahia: evolução de 2000 a 2009

OBJETIVO Analisar a evolução da mortalidade perinatal quanto à dimensão do problema e sua extensão. MÉTODOS Estudo descritivo de tendência temporal com 10.994 óbitos perinatais, de mães residentes em Salvador, BA, com idade gestacional ≥ 22 semanas, idade do recém-nascido até seis dias e 500 g ou mais de peso ao nascer, registrados de 2000 a 2009. Utilizaram-se dados do Sistema de Informações de Nascidos Vivos e do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do sitio eletrônico do Datasus/Ministério da Saúde. Calcularam-se taxas de mortalidade perinatal e fetal/1.000 nascimentos e neonatal precoce/1.000 nascidos vivos. Aplicaram-se: teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson para diferenças em proporções, teste de sequências ( runs ), cálculo de médias móveis e coeficiente de determinação linear (R 2 ) para análise de tendência. Utilizou-se a classificação de Wigglesworth para causas de morte. RESULTADOS A taxa de mortalidade perinatal mostrou tendência decrescente, sendo reduzida em 42,0% no período (de 33,1 (2000) para 19,2 (2009)), com maior contribuição da taxa neonatal precoce (-56,3%). A mortalidade fetal representou grande proporção (61,9%) da taxa de mortalidade perinatal em 2009. A classificação dos óbitos apontou como causas mais frequentes de óbito perinatal: asfixia intraparto (8,8/1.000), imaturidade (7,1/1.000) e malformações congênitas (1,3/1.000). CONCLUSÕES Mesmo em declínio, a taxa de mortalidade perinatal continua elevada e o predomínio recente da mortalidade fetal indica mudança no perfil de causas e impacto nas ações de prevenção. A consulta pré-natal de qualidade com controle de riscos e melhoria da assistência ao parto pode reduzir a ocorrência de causas evitáveis.

Utilização de medicamentos pela população quilombola: inquérito no Sudoeste da Bahia

OBJETIVO Analisar o uso de medicamentos pela população quilombola. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal de base populacional com 797 quilombolas adultos de Vitória da Conquista, BA, em 2011. Utilizou-se análise de variância para comparar as médias de medicamentos por indivíduo segundo variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e de comportamentos relacionados à saúde. Foram estimadas as prevalências, razões de prevalência e os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. Análise múltipla foi conduzida por meio de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. RESULTADOS Os medicamentos mais consumidos pela população foram aqueles que atuam nos sistemas cardiovascular e nervoso. A prevalência de uso de medicamentos foi de 41,9%, significativamente maior nas mulheres (50,3%) do que nos homens (31,9%). Após análise ajustada, o uso de fármacos foi associado a sexo feminino, idade de 60 anos e mais, nível econômico mais alto, pior avaliação da saúde, maior número de morbidades autorreferidas e de consultas médicas. CONCLUSÕES Mulheres e idosos deverão ser os grupos de preferência para o desenvolvimento de estratégias específicas que garantam o uso racional dos medicamentos. É necessária a promoção de prescrição racional no cotidiano dos serviços de saúde.

Trypanosoma cruzi strains from triatomine collected in Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

OBJECTIVE Collection of triatomines in domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic environments in states of Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul, Northeastern and Southern Brazil respectively, and isolation of Trypanosoma cruzi strains. METHODS First, the captured triatomines were identified using insect identification keys, then their intestinal content was examined by abdominal compression, and the samples containing trypanosomatid forms were inoculated in LIT medium and Swiss mice. RESULTS Six triatomine species were collected in cities in Bahia, namely Panstrongylus geniculatus (01), Triatoma melanocephala (11), T. lenti (94), T. pseudomaculata (02), T. sherlocki (26) and T. sordida (460), and two in cities in Rio Grande do Sul, namely T. circummaculata (11) and T. rubrovaria (115). Out of the specimens examined, T. cruzi was isolated from 28 triatomine divided into four different species: T. melanocephala (one), T. lenti (one), T. rubrovaria (16) and T. sordida (10). Their index of natural infection by T. cruzi was 6.4%. CONCLUSIONS The isolation of T. cruzi strains from triatomines found in domestic and peridomestic areas shows the potential risk of transmission of Chagas disease in the studied cities. The maintenance of those T. cruzi strains in laboratory is intended to promote studies that facilitate the understanding of the parasite-vector-host relationship.

Spatial study of homicide rates in the state of Bahia, Brazil, 1996-2010

OBJECTIVE To analyze the spatial distribution of homicide mortality in the state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil. METHODS Ecological study of the 15 to 39-year old male population in the state of Bahia in the period 1996-2010. Data from the Mortality Information System, relating to homicide (X85-Y09) and population estimates from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics were used. The existence of spatial correlation, the presence of clusters and critical areas of the event studied were analyzed using Moran’s I Global and Local indices. RESULTS A non-random spatial pattern was observed in the distribution of rates, as was the presence of three clusters, the first in the north health district, the second in the eastern region, and the third cluster included townships in the south and the far south of Bahia. CONCLUSIONS The homicide mortality in the three different critical areas requires further studies that consider the socioeconomic, cultural and environmental characteristics in order to guide specific preventive and interventionist practices.

Back pain in adults living in quilombola territories of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil

OBJECTIVE To analyze the factors associated with back pain in adults who live in quilombola territories. METHODS A population-based survey was performed on quilombola communities of Vitória da Conquista, state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil. The sample (n = 750) was established via a raffle of residences. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to investigate sociodemographics and employment characteristics, lifestyle, and health conditions. The outcome was analyzed as a dichotomous variable (Poisson regression). RESULTS The prevalence of back pain was of 39.3%. Age ≥ 30 years and being a smoker were associated with the outcome. The employment status was not related to back pain. CONCLUSIONS The survey identified a high prevalence of back pain in adults. It is suggested to support the restructuring of the local public service in order to outline programs and access to healthy practices, assistance, diagnosis, and treatment of spine problems.

Inquérito com paracoccidioidina em uma população da Bahia (Brasil)

No Município de Una, localizado ao Sul do Estado da Bahia, em área com registro freqüente de casos de leishmaniose tegumentar, foram estudados 177 indivíduos, na faixa etária entre três meses e 73 anos, através de provas intradérmicas com paracoccidioidina (antígeno péptido-polissacarídico do Paracoccidioides brasiliensis). Positividade foi obtida em dez indivíduos (5,6%). Somente foi considerada positiva a reação que apresentava enduração igual ou maior que 5 mm. Em nenhum dos casos positivos à paracoccidioidina havia evidência clínica de lesões blastomicóticas. Com os soros dos indivíduos positivos à paracoccidioidina, foram realizadas provas de imunodifusão dupla e contraimunoeletroforese, com resultados negativos para anticorpos circulantes anti-P. brasiliensis. Este dado indica que, em nenhum dos reatores à paracoccidioidina, havia processo infeccioso em atividade. O percentual de positividade obtido com a paracoccidioidina, em que pesem eventuais reações cruzadas com histoplasmose, sugere a ocorrência da paracoccidioidomicose na área estudada.

O efeito da infecção por Schistosoma mansoni na morbidade infantil no Estado da Bahia, Brasil: I — Análise do nível ecológico

Esta investigação foi levada a efeito em 10 pequenas cidades do Estado da Bahia (Nordeste do Brasil), escolhidas através de um processo amostrai. O objetivo foi estudar as correlações entre as prevalências de hepatomegalia e esplenomegalia, em diferentes áreas, com a prevalência e a intensidade da infecção pelo S. mansoni nas mesmas áreas. Nossas conclusões são: a) a morbidade esquistossomótica (prevalências de hepatomegalia e esplenomegalia) foi diretamente correlacionada com a prevalência e a intensidade da infecção; b) a intensidade da infecção (medida pelo número de ovos nas fezes) mostrou ser um bom indicador do grau de morbidade, explicando a variação da morbidade entre as áreas melhor que a prevalência da infecção; c) a prevalência de esplenomegalia e o tamanho médio do fígado abaixo do rebordo costal na linha me dio-esternal são bom indicadores da prevalência e da intensidade da infecção pelo S. mansoni na comunidade. Nossas conclusões trazem a possibilidade da construção de equações de regressão definitivas entre indicadores de morbidade e indicadores de infecção, de tal forma que o valor de um possa ser usado para predizer o valor do outro.

The effect of Schistosoma mansoni infection on child morbidity in the State in Bahia, Brazil: II — Analysis at the individual level

The present investigation was carried out on a sample of 840 children (5 to 16 years old) from ten small towns of the State of Bahia in northeastern Brazil. The objetive was to study, by using a cross sectional methodology, the evolution of schistosomiasis morbidity (hepatic and splenic enlargement) in children, and the role of the intensity of S. mansoni infection in this process. The children were analised in three age groups (5 to 8, to 12 and 13 to 16 years old) and classified as uninfected, mildly infected, moderately infected and heavily infected according to the number of eggs in the stool. In children aged 5 to 8 years, increasing egg counts were not associated with increasing frequencies of hepatic or splenic enlargement. In the 9 to 12 years old group and association was observed with the prevalence of hepatic enlargement, but not with the prevalence of spleen enlargement. In the oldest group, 13 to 16 years old, an association was observed with the prevalence of enlargement of both organs. It was evident that in this population schistosomiasis morbidity develops in the early period of life as a gradual process starting with liver enlargement and followed by spleen enlargement some years later. It was found that the intensity of infection has a fundamental role in this process, although there is a latent period of some years before clinical splenomegaly appears in moderate-heavily infected children. The Authors suggest that the prevalence of splenomegaly in the 13 to 16 years old group is a good measure of the community level of schistosomiasis morbidity and could be used to measure the impact of control programs.

Seroprevalence of HIV, HTLV-I/II and other perinatally-transmitted pathogens in Salvador, Bahia

Generation of epidemiological data on perinatally-transmitted infections is a fundamental tool for the formulation of health policies. In Brazil, this information is scarce, particularly in Northeast, the poorest region of the country. In order to gain some insights of the problem we studied the seroprevalence of some perinatally-transmitted infections in 1,024 low income pregnant women in Salvador, Bahia. The prevalences were as follow: HIV-1 (0.10%), HTLV-I/II (0.88%), T.cruzi (2.34%). T.pallidum (3.91%), rubella virus (77.44%). T.gondii IgM (2.87%) and IgG (69.34%), HBs Ag (0.6%) and anti-HBs (7.62%). Rubella virus and T.gondii IgG antibodies were present in more than two thirds of pregnant women but antibodies against other pathogens were present at much lower rates. We found that the prevalence of HTLV-I/II was nine times higher than that found for HIV-1. In some cases such as T.cruzi and hepatitis B infection there was a decrease in the prevalence over the years. On the other hand, there was an increase in the seroprevalence of T.gondii infection. Our data strongly recommend mandatory screening tests for HTLV-I/II, T.gondii (IgM), T.pallidum and rubella virus in prenatal routine for pregnant women in Salvador. Screening test for T.cruzi, hepatitis and HIV-1 is recommended whenever risk factors associated with these infections are suspected. However in areas with high prevalence for these infections, the mandatory screening test in prenatal care should be considered.

Dengue type 2 outbreak in the south of the State of Bahia, Brazil: laboratorial and epidemiological studies

During March 1994 cases of a exanthematic acute disease were reported in the municipalities of Itagemirim, Eunápolis and Belmonte, state of Bahia. Dengue fever was confirmed by serology (MAC-ELISA) and by dengue virus type 2 isolation, genotype Jamaica. Signs and symptoms of classic dengue fever were observed with a high percentual of rash (73.8%) and pruritus (50.5%). Major haemorrhagic manifestations were unfrequent and only bleeding gum was reported. Dengue virus activity spreaded rapidly to important tourism counties like Porto Seguro, Ilhéus, Santa Cruz de Cabrália, Prado, Alcobaça and others, representing a risk for the spreading of dengue virus into the country and abroad.

Accidental tetanus: prognosis evaluation in a historical series at a hospital in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil

A total of 868 (84.89%) patients diagnosed with tetanus were studied, out of the 1,024 tetanus patients hospitalized at Couto Maia Hospital (Salvador, Bahia, Brazil), during the period between 1986 and 1997. Of this group (n = 868), 63.5% (n = 551) were discharged, 35.4% (n = 307) died, and 1.1% (n = 10) were transferred. The average age of the deceased patients (38.73 ± 23.31 years) was significantly greater (p < 0.0001) than the age of those who survived (29.21 ± 20.05 years). Analyzing the variables of the logistic regression model with statistic significance (p £ 0.25) for univariate analysis, we observed a greater association of risk for worst prognosis (death) in patients aged ³ 51 years; time of illness < 48 hours; time of incubation < 168 hours; neck rigidity; spasms; opisthotonos; body temperature ³ 37.7 ºC; heart beat ³ 111 beats/minute; sympathetic hyperactivity and association with pneumonia. Among the group of those who survived, patients with 1 to 5 of those variables (n = 398; 76.8%) were more frequent, while among patients of the group of the deceased, 70.3% (n = 206) presented 6 to 10 of those variables, with a highly significant difference (p < 10-8). In conclusion, the indicators described provide early information that may guide the prognosis and medical and nurse care.

Clinical and epidemiological study of 27 poisonings caused by ingesting puffer fish (Tetrodontidae) in the states of Santa Catarina and Bahia, Brazil

Puffer fish can be poisonous due to the presence of the potent neurotoxins such as Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and Saxitoxin (STX) found in its tissues. The authors report 27 human poisonings from ingestion of puffer fish in patients treated at Toxicology Centers in the states of Santa Catarina and Bahia, Brazil, between 1984 and January 2009. Poisonings were classified as moderate (52%) and severe (33%), two deaths were observed. Early diagnosis is very important to ensure respiratory support.

HOOKWORM AND THREADWORM INFECTIONS AND THEIR ASSOCIATION WITH HEMOGLOBIN AND EOSINOPHIL CONCENTRATIONS IN RESIDENTS OF SALVADOR-BAHIA, BRAZIL

SUMMARY Parasitic infections are responsible for substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide. In most healthy individuals, little overt pathology is observed during infection with S. stercoralis. However, the symptoms in advanced cases may include gastrointestinal bleeding. Anemia is most commonly associated with hookworm infection, especially when several hundred worms are present. Our study evaluates the relationship between the hookworm or S. stercoralis infection status and the hemoglobin concentration of individuals examined by a private network of laboratories in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. We examined 374,120 samples from middle-class individuals living in Salvador City from January 2004 to April 2008. The stool samples were analyzed by the Lutz and Baermann-Moraes methods, and the blood samples were analyzed for hemoglobin concentration and eosinophil counting. The prevalence of hookworm and S. stercoralis were 0.27% (1,027) and 0.34% (1,286), respectively. The prevalence of hookworm and S. stercoralis infection was significantly higher in males than in females and increased with age. Eosinophilia was a common laboratorial finding in individuals infected with hookworm and S. stercoralis. The hemoglobin concentration was lower in the hookworm-infected individuals than in non-infected ones, but none of the examined patients were anemic. Lack of anemia could be a consequence of the socioeconomic status of these patients.