82 resultados para Superneutralidade no caminho de transição


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O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se as ocorrências de dias secos e chuvosos são condicionalmente dependentes da seqüência dos três dias secos e chuvosos anteriores, numa zona pluviometricamente homogênea, por meio da cadeia não-homogênea de Markov de terceira ordem. Os resultados mostraram que as probabilidades diárias de transição podem ser adequadamente estimadas, com base em dados agregados bimestralmente, seguidas de interpolação por meio de funções sinusoidais. Além disso, evidenciou-se que, naquela zona, as ocorrências diárias de chuva são condicionalmente dependentes da seqüência de dias secos e chuvosos nos três dias anteriores. A cadeia não-homogênea de Markov de terceira ordem é um importante instrumento para a análise da dependência entre as seqüências de dias secos e chuvosos em determinadas regiões.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho de bezerros da raça Holandesa, aleitados com leite ou silagem de leite de transição diluída em água ou misturada ao leite, bem como realizar análise econômica das dietas. Foram utilizados 18 animais, com peso corporal inicial médio de 36,50±4,03 kg, alojados individualmente em baias. Os animais receberam quatro litros de dieta líquida por dia, durante 54 dias. Os dados de consumo, ganho de peso diário, medidas de crescimento e conversão alimentar foram analisados em parcelas subdivididas; e o peso corporal final, o ganho total e a ocorrência de diarreia foram analisados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. A silagem de leite de transição não alterou o consumo de concentrado e o total de matéria seca, nem a ocorrência de diarreia. O desempenho dos animais foi reduzido, quando a silagem foi diluída em água, o que resultou em menor peso final e menor ganho total de peso. Os animais tratados com silagem misturada ao leite tiveram desempenho similar aos tratados com leite, o que possibilita menor custo por quilograma de ganho de peso total e se mostra como opção viável para o aleitamento de bezerros leiteiros.

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Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de períodos de condicionamento alimentar sobre o desempenho produtivo e a sobrevivência de juvenis de pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), durante a transição da alimentação com massa de peixe moída para dieta formulada seca. Animais com 15,8±1,2 g foram avaliados com substituições graduais da dieta a cada 2, 3, 4 e 5 dias. Após 12 dias de condicionamento alimentar, as substituições a cada dois e três dias proporcionaram as maiores taxas de crescimento específico. Recomenda-se a substituição da dieta à base de peixe moído por dieta formulada seca a cada dois ou três dias.

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The metal-catalyzed autooxidation of S(IV) has been studied for more than a century without a consensus being obtained as to reaction rates, rate laws or mechanisms. The main objective in this work was to explore the reaction between Cu(II) and SO2 in the presence of M(II), paying special attention to the formation of double sulfites like Cu2SO3.M(II)SO3.2H 2O. The two principal aspects studied were: i) a new way to prepare double sulfites with high purity degree and the selectivity in the M(II) incorporation during the salt formation.

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The strong reducing action of L-ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) are of fundamental interest in biochemical and related process. The oxidation of ascorbic acid by molecular oxygen and others oxidants are of fundamental importance, involving the intervention of transition metal ions as catalysts and the formation transition metal complexes of ascorbic acid as intermediates. The present article is intended to cover some aspects of the reactions of ascorbic acid and related compounds involving some transition metal ions.

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The oxidation process of sulfur (IV) species (SO2, HSO3- e SO32-) by oxygen, catalysed by trace metal ion and complexes, can play an important role in atmospheric, analytical and bioinorganic chemistry. An overview of the most important reactions in these fields is presented. A fascinating redox cycling of the metal ions and complexes during such autoxidation process was revealed by the combination of kinetics and coordination chemistry studies.

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In this article are presented some fundamental elements of the conventional and of the variational transition state theories which are needed to carried out calculations of semi-classical chemical dynamics. Some important bottlenecks in building reliable potential energy surfaces using electronic structure calculations are also discussed. It is put emphasis on the methodology of the variational transition state theory with interpolated corrections (VTST-IC), and its application in the calculations of the rate constants and of the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) of CH4 + Cl « CH3 + HCl reaction.

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Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) or octogen is a white crystalline substance which occurs in four polymorphous forms. It is used in a wide variety of military and industrial formulations owing to its suitable properties. Researchers have demonstrated the usefulness of this energetic material in explosive components. In the present work we apply differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to measure the a ® d solid-solid phase transition energy of HMX. The results obtained by Kissinger's and Ozawa's methods were 487 and 495 kJ/mol, respectively.

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The oxidation of sulfite catalyzed by transition metal ions produces reactive oxysulfur species that can damage plasmid and isolated DNA in vitro. Among the four DNA bases, guanine is the most sensitive to one-electron oxidation promoted by the species formed in the autoxidation of sulfite (HSO5-, HO•, SO3•-, SO4•- and SO5•-) due to its low reduction potential and ability to bind transition metal ions capable to catalyze oxidative processes. Some oxidative DNA lesions are promutagenic and oxidative DNA damage is proposed to play a crucial role in certain human pathologies, including cancer.

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The discussion among teachers, students, and technicians about the destination of residues from chemistry laboratories led to a research project whose results were incorporated into a course in its daily practices. The treatment of the residues from argentimetric practices allowed us to establish cognitive relations of technological basis and of those related to the rising of the level of awareness about environmental aspects and social responsibility of chemistry professionals. The techniques and the results, from the economic point of view, namely that of value aggregation (metallic silver) and the conversion of the residue into input (potassium chromate solution) are shown.

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A simple and low-cost flow cell with 30 cm optical path for spectrophotometric measurements is described. It presents desirable characteristics such as low attenuation of the radiation beam and internal volume (75 µL) comparable to that of a 1-cm conventional cell (80 µL). Despite the increase in optical path, the effect on sample dispersion was also similar to that attained in the commercial cell. The performance of the cell was assessed by the determination of phosphate based on the molybdenum blue method, yielding a linear response range between 0.05 and 0.8 mg L-1 phosphorus (r=0.999). The increase in sensitivity (30.4-fold) in comparison with that obtained with a conventional 1-cm flow cell agreed with that estimated by the Lambert-Beer law.

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This paper present an overview of way covered for the spectrometry of atomic absorption (AAS), tracing a line of the historical events in its development and its establishment as a multielement technique. Additionally, the efforts carried by through several researchers in the search for the instrumental evolution, the advances, advantages, limitations, and trends of this approach are related. Several works focusing its analytical applications are cited employing simultaneous multielement determination by flame (FAAS) and/or graphite furnace (GF AAS), and fast sequential multielement determination using FAAS are reported in the present review.

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A multicommuted method for determination of chlorine in water samples using a 100-cm cell was developed. In this method, orto-Tolidine reacts with chlorine and the product was monitored at 438 nm. The analytical curve for chlorine was linear in concentration range from 1.34x10-6 to 2.01x10-5 mol L-1 with a detection limit of 9.40x10-8 mol L-1. A sampling rate of 45 h-1and a RSD of 1.0 % (n = 15) were obtained. The method was applied with success for chlorine determination in six water samples.

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We describe the design and tests of a set-up mounted in a conventional double beam spectrophotometer, which allows the determination of optical density of samples confined in a long liquid core waveguide (LCW) capillary. Very long optical path length can be achieved with capillary cell, allowing measurements of samples with very low optical densities. The device uses a custom optical concentrator optically coupled to LCW (TEFLON® AF). Optical density measurements, carried out using a LCW of ~ 45 cm, were in accordance with the Beer-Lambert Law. Thus, it was possible to analyze quantitatively samples at concentrations 45 fold lower than that regularly used in spectrophotometric measurements.