Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi TcII and TcI in free-ranging population of lion tamarins (Leontopithecus spp): an 11-year follow-up

Here, we present a review of the dataset resulting from the 11-years follow-up of Trypanosoma cruziinfection in free-ranging populations of Leontopithecus rosalia(golden lion tamarin) andLeontopithecus chrysomelas(golden-headed lion tamarin) from distinct forest fragments in Atlantic Coastal Rainforest. Additionally, we present new data regarding T. cruziinfection of small mammals (rodents and marsupials) that live in the same areas as golden lion tamarins and characterisation at discrete typing unit (DTU) level of 77 of these isolates. DTU TcII was found to exclusively infect primates, while TcI infectedDidelphis aurita and lion tamarins. The majority ofT. cruziisolates derived from L. rosaliawere shown to be TcII (33 out 42) Nine T. cruziisolates displayed a TcI profile. Golden-headed lion tamarins demonstrated to be excellent reservoirs of TcII, as 24 of 26 T. cruziisolates exhibited the TcII profile. We concluded the following: (i) the transmission cycle of T. cruziin a same host species and forest fragment is modified over time, (ii) the infectivity competence of the golden lion tamarin population fluctuates in waves that peak every other year and (iii) both golden and golden-headed lion tamarins are able to maintain long-lasting infections by TcII and TcI.

Association of the solute carrier family 11 member 1 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to leprosy in a Brazilian sample

Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1/solute carrier family 11 member 1 gene (Nramp1/Slc11a1) is a gene that controls the susceptibility of inbred mice to intracellular pathogens. Polymorphisms in the human Slc11a1/Nramp1 gene have been associated with host susceptibility to leprosy. This study has evaluated nine polymorphisms of the Slc11a1/Nramp1 gene [(GT)n, 274C/T, 469+14G/C, 577-18G/A, 823C/T, 1029 C/T, 1465-85G/A, 1703G/A, and 1729+55del4] in 86 leprosy patients (67 and 19 patients had the multibacillary and the paucibacillary clinical forms of the disease, respectively), and 239 healthy controls matched by age, gender, and ethnicity. The frequency of allele 2 of the (GT)n polymorphism was higher in leprosy patients [p = 0.04, odds ratio (OR) = 1.49], whereas the frequency of allele 3 was higher in the control group (p = 0.03; OR = 0.66). Patients carrying the 274T allele (p = 0.04; OR = 1.49) and TT homozygosis (p = 0.02; OR = 2.46), such as the 469+14C allele (p = 0.03; OR = 1.53) of the 274C/T and 469+14G/C polymorphisms, respectively, were more frequent in the leprosy group. The leprosy and control groups had similar frequency of the 577-18G/A, 823C/T, 1029C/T, 1465-85G/A, 1703G/A, and 1729+55del4 polymorphisms. The 274C/T polymorphism in exon 3 and the 469+14G/C polymorphism in intron 4 were associated with susceptibility to leprosy, while the allele 2 and 3 of the (GT)n polymorphism in the promoter region were associated with susceptibility and protection to leprosy, respectively.

Diferen��as entre adolescentes do sexo feminino e masculino na vulnerabilidade individual ao HIV

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar comparativamente a vulnerabilidade ao HIV/AIDS de homens e mulheres adolescentes, baseada em seus conhecimentos, valores e pr��ticas. Trata-se de um estudo explorat��rio-descritivo com abordagem quantitativa. Os estudantes responderam a um question��rio do qual foram selecionadas quest��es relevantes para an��lise. Totalizaram 207 adolescentes, sendo 43,5% do sexo masculino e 56,5% do feminino. A maior parte dos adolescentes declara j�� ter tido sua primeira rela����o sexual at�� o momento do estudo. Observaram-se d��ficits de conhecimento sobre transmiss��o do HIV e pr��ticas sexuais seguras. Embora haja conhecimento declarado das t��cnicas de uso do preservativo, isso n��o reflete em seu uso constante. Observaram-se valores ligados ��s representa����es de g��nero, mas percebe-se uma evolu����o quanto �� autonomia e poder de negocia����o das meninas sobre o uso do preservativo.

Tradu����o e adapta����o cultural do global appraisal of individual needs - initial

Este estudo objetivou traduzir e adaptar culturalmente o instrumento Global Appraisal of Individual Needs - Initial e calcular seu ��ndice de Validade de Conte��do. Trata-se de estudo metodol��gico, de adapta����o cultural do instrumento. O instrumento foi traduzido para o portugu��s em duas vers��es que deram origem �� s��ntese das tradu����es, submetida �� avalia����o de quatro ju��zes experts na ��rea de ��lcool e outras drogas. Ap��s modifica����es, foi retraduzido e ressubmetido aos ju��zes e autores do instrumento original, resultando na vers��o final do instrumento, Avalia����o Global das Necessidades Individuais - Inicial O ��ndice de Validade de Conte��do do instrumento foi de 0,91, considerado v��lido pela literatura. O instrumento Avalia����o Global das Necessidades Individuais - Inicial �� um instrumento adaptado culturalmente para o portugu��s falado no Brasil; entretanto, n��o foi submetido a testes com a popula����o-alvo, o que sugere que sejam realizados estudos que testem sua confiabilidade e validade.

Preliminary data on the geographical distribution of Drosophila species within morphoclimatic domains of Brazil. III. The cardini group

A reanalysis, based on museum specimens, of our previously published data on the geographical distribution of the species of Drosophila belonging to the cardini group in Brazil is presented and discussed. As previously recorded in several papers, including ours, the following four species were recognized: D. cardini, D. cardinoides, D. neocardini, and D. polymorpha. However, it was realized that most of the flies we have previously identified as Drosophila cardinoides belong in fact to Drosophila cardini. To facilitate the proper identification of these four near-sibling species, their holotypes were analyzed and their terminalia were described and illustrated. A key to the four species is also provided.