QUALIDADE FÍSICO-QUÍMICA DA UVA E PERFIL SENSORIAL VÍNICO PARA DIFERENTES CULTIVARES DE VIDEIRA SUBMETIDAS À PODA MECANIZADA

Estudos ao longo do Globo têm mostrado que a mecanização da poda, dentre outros processos de manejo da videira, é adequada para a obtenção de vinhedos com “stands” bem formados e com qualidade de produção equivalente ou superior àqueles conduzidos sob manejo manual, sobretudo com economia de capital humano e financeiro. Informações sobre o padrão de poda que influencia diretamente a ecofisiologia do dossel, a composição do rendimento e a qualidade de derivados da uva são existentes para condições de manejo tradicional manual, mas incipientes para a uma condição mecanizada, no Brasil. Um experimento foi realizado com Vitis sp. e Vitis vinifera, visando a estudar os impactos da adoção inicial da poda mecanizada, sobre a composição do rendimento, qualidade da uva e perfil sensorial dos vinhos produzidos no experimento. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação da poda mecanizada em vinhedos tradicionais causou pequenas flutuações na qualidade da uva, em duas safras analisadas.

SOIL ATTRIBUTES THREE YEARS AFTER MAKING RIDGES AND OR DRAINS FOR PLANTING GRAPEVINE ROOTSTOCK

RESUMO Os atributos do solo estão relacionados com o desenvolvimento e a produção das culturas, tanto anuais como perenes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os atributos químicos e físicos do solo três anos após a aplicação de sistemas de manejo para implantação de porta-enxertos de videira, em um Nitossolo Vermelho com textura muito argilosa. Os sistemas de manejo consistiram na confecção ou não de camalhões e/ou de drenos antes da implantação das mudas de porta-enxertos Dog Ridge. Os atributos químicos (pH em água e teores de matéria orgânica e de macronutrientes) foram determinados em amostras coletadas na linha da cultura, nas camadas de 0-0,1; 0,1-0,2; 0,2-0,3 e 0,3-0,4 m de profundidade. Os atributos físicos do solo (teor de argila, densidade, porosidade, resistência à penetração e estabilidade dos agregados) foram determinados em amostras coletadas com estrutura preservada nas camadas de 0,025-0,075; 0,125-0,175; 0,225-0,275 e 0,325-0,375 m de profundidade. Também foram determinadas a massa seca de raízes do portaenxerto nas camadas de 0-0,2 e 0,2-0,4 m de profundidade e suas correlações com os atributos do solo. A confecção de camalhões alterou significativamente a maioria dos atributos químicos do solo e proporcionou maior uniformidade nos valores em profundidade, criando condições mais favoráveis ao crescimento radicular nas camadas mais profundas. Os atributos físicos foram menos afetados do que os químicos pela confecção de camalhões ou drenos, e não foram observados valores restritivos ao crescimento radicular nas camadas amostradas após quatro anos da aplicação dos sistemas de manejo do solo. A confecção de drenos alterou menos os atributos químicos e físicos do solo do que a confecção de camalhões.

ANÁLISE SENSORIAL DO SUCO INTEGRAL DE UVA ‘ISABEL’ SUBMETIDA À APLICAÇÃO DE ÁCIDO ABSCÍSICO

RESUMO O suco de uva ‘Isabel’ apresenta deficiência de cor e uma alternativa é o uso de ácido abscísico para aumentar a coloração. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aceitação do suco integral de uva ‘Isabel’ tratada com ácido abscísico (S-ABA) em diferentes concentrações e épocas, por meio da análise sensorial, obtido em duas safras consecutivas (2011 e 2012). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições e cinco tratamentos: Testemunha; S-ABA 200 mg L-1aplicado sete dias após o início da maturação (DAIM); S-ABA 400 mg L-1 aplicado aos sete DAIM; S-ABA 200 mg L-1 aplicado aos sete DAIM + 200 mg L-1 aplicado aos 15 dias após a primeira aplicação (DAPA); e S-ABA 400 mg L-1 aplicado aos sete DAIM + 400 mg L-1, aplicado aos 15 DAPA. Os sucos integrais dos tratamentos foram obtidos pelo processo ‘Welch’, em panela extratora por arraste de vapor. Para a avaliação sensorial, contou-se com 70 julgadores não treinados, que avaliaram os atributos: coloração, aroma, sabor, corpo e aceitação global, empregando-se uma escala hedônica de nove pontos. Verificou-se que todos os sucos integrais de uva ‘Isabel’ tratada com S-ABA apresentaram maior aceitação pelos julgadores quanto aos atributos sensoriais avaliados, sendo a concentração de 400 mg L-1 em uma única aplicação, aos sete DAIM, suficiente para propiciar esses resultados.

Avaliação sensorial de cachaça

The hedonic level of commercial cachaças, was evaluated by consumers and by a tasters. The results of sensorial methods analyzed trough Principal Components Analysis, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and the Pearson linear correlation indicated that the best classified cachaças were produced in copper stills and aged in oak casks. By contrast the worst classified exhibited as the main features be not aged and high alcohol percentage. The index of preference is positively correlated with the intensity of yellow color, wood flavor, sweetness and fruit aroma. There is a negative preference correlation with the acidity, the taste of alcohol and bitterness.

Aplicación de una lengua electrónica voltamétrica para la clasificación de vinos y estudio de correlación con la caracterización química y sensorial

This paper presents the analytical application of a novel electronic tongue based on voltammetric sensors array. This device was used in the classification of wines aged in barrels of different origins and toasting levels. Furthermore, a study of correlation between the response of the electronic tongue and the sensory and chemical characterization of samples was carried out. The results were evaluated by applying both principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The samples were clearly classified. Their distribution showed a high correspondence degree with the characteristics of the analyzed wines, it also showed similarity with the classification obtained from organoleptic analysis.

Espectroscopia no infravermelho médio e análise sensorial aplicada à detecção de adulteração de café torrado por adição de cascas de café

Mid-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics were used to identify adulteration in roasted and ground coffee by addition of coffee husks. Consumers' sensory perception of the adulteration was evaluated by a triangular test of the coffee beverages. Samples containing above 0.5% of coffee husks from pure coffees were discriminated by principal component analysis of the infrared spectra. A partial least-squares regression estimated the husk content in samples and presented a root-mean-square error for prediction of 2.0%. The triangular test indicated that were than 10% of coffee husks are required to cause alterations in consumer perception about adulterated beverages.

VIS-NIR SPECTROMETRY, SOIL PHOSPHATE EXTRACTION METHODS AND INTERACTIONS OF SOIL ATTRIBUTES

The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationships between the spectra in the Vis-NIR range and the soil P concentrations obtained from the PM and Prem extraction methods as well as the effects of these relationships on the construction of models predicting P concentration in Oxisols. Soil samples' spectra and their PM and Prem extraction solutions were determined for the Vis-NIR region between 400 and 2500 nm. Mineralogy and/or organic matter content act as primary attributes allowing correlation of these soil phosphorus fractions with the spectra, mainly at wavelengths between 450-550, 900-1100 nm, near 1400 nm and between 2200-2300 nm. However, the regression models generated were not suitable for quantitative phosphate analysis. Solubilization of organic matter and reactions during the PM extraction process hindered correlations between the spectra and these P soil fractions. For Prem,, the presence of Ca in the extractant and preferential adsorption by gibbsite and iron oxides, particularly goethite, obscured correlations with the spectra.

SOIL ORGANIC CARBON, CARBON STOCK AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES UNDER FOREST SOILS IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA

ABSTRACT The soil carbon under Amazonian forests has an important roles in global changing, making information on the soil content and depths of these stocks are considerable interest in efforts to quantify soil carbon emissions to the atmosphere.This study quantified the content and soil organic carbon stock under primary forest up to 2 m depth, at different topographic positions, at Cuieiras Biological Reserve, Manaus/ ZF2, km 34, in the Central Amazon, evaluating the soil attributes that may influence the permanence of soil carbon. Soil samples were collected along a transect of 850 m on topographic gradient Oxisol (plateau), Ultisol (slope) and Spodosol (valley). The stocks of soil carbon were obtained by multiplying the carbon content, soil bulk density and trickiness of soil layers. The watershed was delimited by using STRM and IKONOS images and the carbon contend obtained in the transects was extrapolated as a way to evaluate the potential for carbon stocks in an area of 2678.68 ha. The total SOC was greater in Oxisol followed by Spodosol and Ultisol. It was found direct correlations between the SOC and soil physical attributes. Among the clay soils (Oxisol and Ultisol), the largest stocks of carbon were observed in Oxisol at both the transect (90 to 175.5 Mg C ha-1) as the level of watershed (100.2 to 195.2 Mg C ha-1). The carbon stocks under sandy soil (Spodosol) was greater to clay soils along the transect (160-241 Mg C ha-1) and near them in the Watershed (96.90 to 146.01 Mg C ha-1).

SOIL COVER AND CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES IN OXISOL IN THE ATLANTIC FOREST BIOME

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical and physical attributes of different soil cover in a Oxisol with a strong wavy relief in the Atlantic Forest Biome, in which were selected three watersheds, employed with grazing (watershed P), forest (watershed M) and coffee (watershed C). Deformed and not deformed samples were collected in three depths for physical and chemical characterization. The chemical characteristics of soil in different watershed studies presented low levels of fertility. It was observed an elevation of pH in the soil and contents of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the watersheds P and C in relation to the watershed M. Due to deforestation and the establishment of agriculture and livestock, there was a decrease in the contents of soil organic matter in the watershed P and C, not altering the physical characteristics of the soil in the watershed P. The implementation of coffee plantation is causing a reduction in the soil quality of watershed C in comparison to the watershed P and M, therefore indicating a need to adequate soil management in this area.

Nova metodologia para interpretação de dados de análise sensorial de alimentos

Os métodos atualmente utilizados para realização de análise sensorial têm deixado muito a desejar por não traduzir satisfatoriamente os resultados. Diante deste problema, analisou-se a possibilidade de introdução de um fator que medisse o índice de concordância dos provadores sobre determinado aspecto analisado. Para validação deste coeficiente, foi avaliada a concordância entre julgadores na análise sensorial para três diferentes amostras de suco de pinha (Annona squamosa L.): uma constituída apenas do suco de pinha sem leite e duas com diferentes concentrações pinha/leite. Utilizou-se a Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) e também a nova metodologia proposta pelos autores, com base na definição do desvio-padrão, aplicada às frequências absolutas das notas dos julgadores, para cada propriedade sensorial estudada. Com esta metodologia, definiu-se uma relação para o cálculo de uma medida de concordância entre os julgadores, denominada de coeficiente de concordância, a qual pode assumir valores de 0 a 100% e também permite comparações que não são possíveis, utilizando-se da ACP. Por fim, concluiu-se que tal metodologia é mais indicada que a ACP, na avaliação da concordância entre os julgadores na análise sensorial.

GPS receivers for georeferencing of spatial variability of soil attributes

The characterization of the spatial variability of soil attributes is essential to support agricultural practices in a sustainable manner. The use of geostatistics to characterize spatial variability of these attributes, such as soil resistance to penetration (RP) and gravimetric soil moisture (GM) is now usual practice in precision agriculture. The result of geostatistical analysis is dependent on the sample density and other factors according to the georeferencing methodology used. Thus, this study aimed to compare two methods of georeferencing to characterize the spatial variability of RP and GM as well as the spatial correlation of these variables. Sampling grid of 60 points spaced 20 m was used. For RP measurements, an electronic penetrometer was used and to determine the GM, a Dutch auger (0.0-0.1 m depth) was used. The samples were georeferenced using a GPS navigation receiver, Simple Point Positioning (SPP) with navigation GPS receiver, and Semi-Kinematic Relative Positioning (SKRP) with an L1 geodetic GPS receiver. The results indicated that the georeferencing conducted by PPS did not affect the characterization of spatial variability of RP or GM, neither the spatial structure relationship of these attributes.

Soil sampling intensity and spatial distribution pattern of soils attributes and corn yield in no-tillage system

Taking into account that the sampling intensity of soil attributes is a determining factor for applying of concepts of precision agriculture, this study aims to determine the spatial distribution pattern of soil attributes and corn yield at four soil sampling intensities and verify how sampling intensity affects cause-effect relationship between soil attributes and corn yield. A 100-referenced point sample grid was imposed on the experimental site. Thus, each sampling cell encompassed an area of 45 m² and was composed of five 10-m long crop rows, where referenced points were considered the center of the cell. Samples were taken from at 0 to 0.1 m and 0.1 to 0.2 m depths. Soil chemical attributes and clay content were evaluated. Sampling intensities were established by initial 100-point sampling, resulting data sets of 100; 75; 50 and 25 points. The data were submitted to descriptive statistical and geostatistics analyses. The best sampling intensity to know the spatial distribution pattern was dependent on the soil attribute being studied. The attributes P and K+ content showed higher spatial variability; while the clay content, Ca2+, Mg2+ and base saturation values (V) showed lesser spatial variability. The spatial distribution pattern of clay content and V at the 100-point sampling were the ones which best explained the spatial distribution pattern of corn yield.

Effects of vinasse application under the physical attributes of soil covered with sugarcane straw

Areas under vinasse application have been associated to favorable physical conditions for root development, aeration, infiltration and water movement in soil profile. This study aimed to evaluate changes on physical attributes of soil under sugarcane straw after vinasse application in two sugarcane growing areas (Area 1 and Area 2) under mechanized management in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. In each area, the samples were collected in the 0-0.20, 0.20-0.40 and 0.40-0.60m layers of the soil, in 36 points, distributed in a 10×10m mesh, one day before and 40 days after vinasse application. The data were submitted to multivariate analysis with repeated measures and geostatistics. The vinasse application decreased soil density and increased total porosity in both Areas and increased organic matter in Area 2. In Area 1 occurred pure nugget effect for the fractions of sand, silt and clay, independent of soil layer. In Area 2, this effect was verified mostly at superficial layers, except for the fraction of clay that presented a moderate degree of spatial dependence.

Management zones definition using soil chemical and physical attributes in a soybean area

Several equipments and methodologies have been developed to make available precision agriculture, especially considering the high cost of its implantation and sampling. An interesting possibility is to define management zones aim at dividing producing areas in smaller management zones that could be treated differently, serving as a source of recommendation and analysis. Thus, this trial used physical and chemical properties of soil and yield aiming at the generation of management zones in order to identify whether they can be used as recommendation and analysis. Management zones were generated by the Fuzzy C-Means algorithm and their evaluation was performed by calculating the reduction of variance and performing means tests. The division of the area into two management zones was considered appropriate for the present distinct averages of most soil properties and yield. The used methodology allowed the generation of management zones that can serve as source of recommendation and soil analysis; despite the relative efficiency has shown a reduced variance for all attributes in divisions in the three sub-regions, the ANOVA did not show significative differences among the management zones.

Magnetic susceptibility in the prediction of soil attributes in two sugarcane harvesting management systems

This study aimed to investigate the potential use of magnetic susceptibility (MS) as pedotransfer function to predict soil attributes under two sugarcane harvesting management systems. For each area of 1 ha (one with green sugarcane mechanized harvesting and other one with burnt sugarcane manual harvesting), 126 soil samples were collected and subjected to laboratory analysis to determine soil physical, chemical and mineralogical attributes and for measuring of MS. Data were submitted to descriptive statistics by calculating the mean and coefficient of variation. In order to compare the means in the different harvesting management systems it was carried out the Tukey test at a significance level of 5%. In order to investigate the correlation of the MS with other soil properties it was made the correlation test and aiming to assess how the MS contributes to the prediction of soil complex attributes it was made the multiple linear regressions. The results demonstrate that MS showed, in both sugarcane harvesting management systems, statistical correlation with chemical, physical and mineralogical soil attributes and it also showed potential to be used as pedotransfer function to predict attributes of the studied oxisol.