Espaço urbano e a mortalidade por doença isquêmica do coração em idosos no Rio de Janeiro

FUNDAMENTO: As doenças cardiovasculares são a primeira causa de morte no Brasil, especialmente entre idosos. No município do Rio de Janeiro (MRJ), predomina a mortalidade por doenças isquêmicas do coração (DIC). Estudos mostram uma associação entre o processo de urbanização, as condições socioeconômicas e a mudança no estilo de vida com a ocorrência de DIC. OBJETIVO: Descrever a distribuição geográfica da taxa de mortalidade por DIC em idosos do MRJ em 2000 e sua correlação com variáveis socioeconômicas. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico, com análise espacial da distribuição da taxa de mortalidade por DIC em idosos que residiam no MRJ em 2000, padronizada por sexo e faixa etária, e de suas correlações com variáveis socioeconômicas do censo demográfico. RESULTADOS: Não foram observadas correlações fortes entre as variáveis socioeconômicas e a mortalidade por DIC em idosos no âmbito dos bairros. Algumas correlações encontradas, embora fracas, apontaram uma maior mortalidade associada a um melhor nível socioeconômico. Após correção da taxa de mortalidade por DIC por meio do acréscimo das causas mal definidas (CMD) de óbito, algumas associações adquiriram o sentido de piores condições socioeconômicas e maior mortalidade por DIC. Foi encontrada dependência espacial para variáveis socioeconômicas, mas não para a mortalidade por DIC. CONCLUSÃO: A dependência espacial encontrada nas variáveis socioeconômicas mostra que o espaço urbano no MRJ, embora heterogêneo, possui certa dose de discriminação no âmbito dos bairros. Algumas correlações encontradas entre DIC e variáveis socioeconômicas apresentaram sentido oposto ao da literatura, o que pode estar em parte relacionado às proporções de CMD ou ao perfil distinto nessa faixa etária.

Dinâmica de populações de Euglossina (Hymenoptera, Apidae) em mata ciliar, Urbano Santos, Maranhão, Brasil

Machos de Euglossina foram coletados por meio de iscas-odores de benzoato de benzila, eucaliptol, eugenol, salicilato de metila, vanilina, durante um ano em área de mata ciliar, no município de Urbano Santos, Maranhão. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente, entre 8 h e 16 h, totalizando 96 horas de amostragem. Foram amostrados 283 indivíduos, 4 gêneros e 16 espécies. Euglossa Latreille, 1802 foi o gênero mais abundante, seguido por Eufriesea Cockerell, 1909, Eulaema Lepeletier, 1841 e Exaerete Hoffmannsegg, 1817. As espécies mais freqüentes foram Euglossa modestior (Dressler, 1982), Euglossa cordata (Linnaeus, 1758), Eulaema cingulata (Fabricius, 1804), Exaerete smaragdina (Guérin-Menéville, 1845), Eulaema nigrita Lepeletier, 1841 e Euglossa gaianii Dressler, 1982. Eucaliptol foi a essência mais atrativa. As maiores freqüências de visitas ocorreram no período da manhã e a maior diversidade de espécies ocorreu no período chuvoso.

Abelhas Euglossina (Hymenoptera, Apidae) coletadas em uma monocultura de eucalipto circundada por Cerrado em Urbano Santos, Maranhão, Brasil

Machos de Euglossina foram coletados por meio de iscas-odores de benzoato de benzila, eucaliptol, eugenol, salicilato de metila e vanilina em uma monocultura de eucalipto circundada por cerrado, no município de Urbanos Santos, Maranhão. As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente, de abril de 2001 a abril de 2002, entre 8h e 16h, totalizando 96 horas de amostragem. Foram coletados 58 indivíduos de 3 gêneros e 10 espécies. Euglossa Latreille, 1802 foi o gênero mais abundante, seguido por Eufriesea Cockerell, 1909 e Eulaema Lepeletier, 1841. As espécies mais freqüentes foram Euglossa cordata (Linnaeus, 1758), Euglossa gaianii Dressler, 1982 e Euglossa modestior (Dressler, 1982). Eucaliptol foi a essência mais atrativa. As maiores freqüências de visitas ocorreram no período da manhã e as maiores abundâncias em setembro, no período de estiagem, e em dezembro, no período chuvoso.

Estrutura da comunidade de Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae) em mata ciliar do município de Urbano Santos, Maranhão, Brasil

A diversidade, abundância relativa e a distribuição de Phlebotominae foram estudadas em três setores (bordas e centro) de um fragmento de mata ciliar no município de Urbano Santos, Maranhão, Brasil. Os espécimes foram capturados em junho e novembro/2003 e em janeiro e março/2004 das 18 às 6 horas. Em cada noite de coleta foram instaladas 18 armadilhas, seis em cada setor da mata, totalizando um esforço de 864 horas. Foram encontradas 17 espécies. O centro do fragmento obteve a maior riqueza de espécies (14), seguido da borda B (13) e da borda A (12). As espécies Lutzomyia infraspinosa (Mangabeira, 1941), L. flaviscutellata (Mangabeira, 1942) e L. evandroi (Costa Lima & Antunes, 1936) foram as únicas que apareceram como dominantes nos três setores da mata. Quatorze espécies ocorreram em ambas estações, sendo que L. fluviatilis (Floch & Abonnenc, 1944) foi encontrada apenas na estação chuvosa (janeiro e março) e L. migonei (França, 1920) e L. pinottii (Damasceno & Arouck, 1956) apenas na estação seca (junho e novembro). As diferenças registradas na abundância de indivíduos entre as estações não foram estatisticamente significativas. A presença frequente de L. flaviscutellata pode explicar um caso de leishmaniose cutânea difusa em uma paciente deste município.

The distribution pattern of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) in the peridomiciles of a sector with canine and human visceral leishmaniasis transmission in the municipality of Dracena, São Paulo, Brazil

The specimen distribution pattern of a species can be used to characterise a population of interest and also provides area-specific guidance for pest management and control. In the municipality of Dracena, in the state of São Paulo, we analysed 5,889 Lutzomyia longipalpis specimens collected from the peridomiciles of 14 houses in a sector where American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) is transmitted to humans and dogs. The goal was to analyse the dispersion and a theoretical fitting of the species occurrence probability. From January-December 2005, samples were collected once per week using CDC light traps that operated for 12-h periods. Each collection was considered a sub-sample and was evaluated monthly. The standardised Morisita index was used as a measure of dispersion. Adherence tests were performed for the log-series distribution. The number of traps was used to adjust the octave plots. The quantity of Lu. longipalpis in the sector was highly aggregated for each month of the year, adhering to a log-series distribution for 11 of the 12 months analysed. A sex-stratified analysis demonstrated a pattern of aggregated dispersion adjusted for each month of the year. The classes and frequencies of the traps in octaves can be employed as indicators for entomological surveillance and AVL control.

Tri-sector partnerships in social entrepreneurship: discourse and practice of the actors from the circles of action and reflection

This article discusses the construction of tri-sector partnerships in three projects conducted in Brazil in different fields of intervention of public policy (access to water, basic education and performance of boards of rights of children and adolescents). Collaborative articulations involving the players from three sectors (the State, civil society and the market) are practices that are little studied in the Brazilian and even in the international context, as tri-sector partnerships are rare, despite the proliferation of lines of discourse in support of alliances between governments and civil society or between companies and NGOs in the management of public policy. As a research strategy, this study resorted to cooperative inquiry, a method that involves breaking down the boundaries between the subjects and the objects of the analysis. Besides working toward a better understanding of the challenges of building tri-sector partnerships in the Brazilian context, the article also tries to show the relevance to public policy studies of investigative methods based on the subjects studied, as a means of developing an understanding of the practices, lines of discourse and dilemmas linked to social action in social programs.

Networks in Argentine agriculture: a multiple-case study approach

Argentina is among the four largest producers of soybeans, sunflower, corn, and wheat, among other agricultural products. Institutional and policy changes during the 1990s fostered the development of Argentine agriculture and the introduction of innovative process and product technologies (no-till, agrochemicals, GMO, GPS) and new investments in modern, large-scale sunflower and soybean processing plants. In addition to technological changes, a "quiet revolution" occurred in the way agricultural production was carried out and organized: from self-production or ownership agriculture to a contract-based agriculture. The objective of this paper is to explore and describe the emergence of networks in the Argentine crop production sector. The paper presents and describes four cases that currently represent about 50% of total grain and oilseed production in Argentina: "informal hybrid form", "agricultural trust fund", "investor-oriented corporate structure", and "network of networks". In all cases, hybrid forms involve a group of actors linked by common objectives, mainly to gain scale, share resources, and improve the profitability of the business. Informal contracts seem to be the most common way of organizing the agriculture process, but using short-term contracts and sequential interfirm collaboration. Networks of networks involve long-term relationships and social development, and reciprocal interfirm collaboration. Agricultural trust fund and investor-oriented corporate structures have combined interfirm collaboration and medium-term relationships. These organizational forms are highly flexible and show a great capacity to adapt to challenges; they are competitive because they enjoy aligned incentives, flexibility, and adaptability.

Power and selection of contract terms: The case from the Brazilian orange juice sector

ABSTRACT We propose a model to explain how contract terms are selected in the presence of a form of economic power: contract power. The orange juice sector is used to illustrate an analysis that demonstrates the effects of contract power on the economic organization of the sector. We define contract power as the ability to exploit contractual gaps or failures of contractual provisions, which are strategically left incomplete. Empirical evidence from content analysis of antitrust documents supports the logic of contract power in the orange juice sector in three forms: avoiding changes to payment methods from weight to solid contents (quality); using information asymmetries to manipulate indexes that calculate the formula of orange prices; and deliberately harvesting oranges late in order to dehydrate the fruit, which consequently reduces weight and price. The paper contributes to understanding the selection of contract terms and the debate about how antitrust offices can deal with this issue.

The evolution of universities' relations with the business sector in Brazil: What national publications between 1980 and 2012 reveal

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the changes in university-industry relations in Brazil regarding innovation activities. It is based on a survey of articles published in major national journals or presented at the most relevant Brazilian and regional conferences, between 1980 and 2012. The year 1980 was chosen due to the creation of the Technological Innovation Offices (NITs), which was the first government initiative to encourage knowledge transfer from universities to companies; the second was the Innovation Act of 2004. Our assumption was that after the Act the number of academic papers on this subject would increase, bringing new ideas and propositions of models to enhance this relationship. The methodology employed a qualitative, exploratory approach, using bibliographical research and a bibliometric analysis of 247 papers. Literature review of international studies shows the discussion of problems and suggestions for improvements, while in Brazil there is still a debate on whether this collaboration should occur, and if this is a legitimate role for the university. Despite the numerical growth, the content analysis showed few papers on new configurations and procedures for partnership management. We conclude that university-industry relations are not a regular and totally accepted process in Brazilian public universities, which reflect an ideological bias against cooperation with firms.

Os conhecimentos, atitudes e comportamentos sobre SIDA dos adolescentes portugueses do meio urbano e não-urbano

O principal objetivo desta investigação foi identificar e comparar os conhecimentos, atitudes e comportamentos preventivos sobre a Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (SIDA) dos adolescentes que freqüentam escola secundária inserida em meio urbano com os adolescentes que freqüentam escola secundária inserida em meio não urbano. Para o efeito procedeu-se a um estudo descritivo numa amostra populacional de 826 adolescentes (455 do meio urbano e 371 do meio não-urbano). O instrumento de coleta de dados adotado foi efetuado com base no modelo conceptual Health Belief Model. Constatou-se haver relação entre o meio de inserção dos adolescentes e o conhecimento da SIDA enquanto ameaça grave; o conhecimento sobre os riscos de contágio da SIDA e as atitudes diante da SIDA.

A família na unidade de internação hospitalar: entre o informal e o instituído

Estudo de abordagem comparada que utilizou duas etnografias já concluídas com o objetivo de identificar como as famílias percebem suas inserções na unidade de internação e como são percebidas pela equipe de saúde, considerando-se as regras e as normas da cultura institucional. Os resultados obtidos revelam que tanto as equipes quanto as famílias se aproximam ou se distanciam em face da concordância ou não das regras vigentes na instituição. Embora as famílias, em muitas situações, submetam-se aos regulamentos impostos pelo hospital e pela equipe, também usam resistências individuais e coletivas para enfrentar os mecanismos reguladores. Os resultados contribuem para aumentar a compreensão sobre o tema, tanto para a equipe de saúde quanto para a prática de enfermagem com famílias, especialmente no sentido de reconhecer as famílias como unidades ativas, responsáveis e coparticipantes na atenção intra-hospitalar.

Improvement courses about violence prevention: the impact on health sector professionals

Uncontrolled intervention study that compared the effectiveness of two elective courses on Prevention and Assistance to violence victims for students and professionals of the Health Sector. The participants answered multiple-choice questions on the topic before and after the course. Statistical analyzes were performed by comparison of two proportions on STATA/IC. Regarding the overall index of correct answers,before and after, it was 54.8 and 58.4% in the 10h Course and the 69.6 and 79.2% in the 30h Course. The most effective course was the 30h Course, with strategies of case discussions and visits to assistance services to violence victims. There is a great necessity to include the discipline in the curriculum of healthcare courses permanently.



Modes of acquisition of health literacy skills in informal learning contexts

In this article we try to analyze the learning processes of health literacy skills in informal contexts. We intend to broaden the understanding of the learning process beyond the formal contexts, thus contributing to the elucidation of health professionals on how individuals acquire and manage their knowledge in health matters. Given our goal, we use an analytic corpus constituted by one hundred autobiographical narratives written between 2006 and 2011, in educational contexts but with recognized potential for use in different scientific fields, including health. The results reveal the existence of three different types of modes of learning health literacy skills in informal context: : i) learning that takes place in action, in achieving daily tasks; ii) learning processes that result from problem solving; iii) learning that occurs in an unplanned manner, resulting from accidental circumstances and, in some cases, devoid of intentionality.

Development of the short version of the informal caregiver burden assessment questionnaire

OBJETIVE to create a reduced version of the QASCI, which is structurally equivalent to the long one and meets the criteria of reliability and validity. METHOD Through secondary data from previous studies, the participants were divided into two samples, one for the development of reduced version and the second for study of the factorial validity. Participants responded to QASCI, the SF 36, the ADHS and demographic questions. RESULTS A reduced version of 14 items showed adequate psychometric properties of validity and internal consistency, adapted to a heptadimensional structure that assesses positive and negative aspects of care. CONCLUSION Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a good fit with the advocated theoretical model.

Cross-cultural adaptation of the Caregiver Reaction Assessment for use in Brazil with informal caregivers of the elderly

This study aimed to carry out the cross-cultural adaptation of the Caregiver Reaction Assessment CRA for use in Brazil with informal caregivers of dependent elderly METHOD A methodological study, of five steps: initial translation, synthesis of translations, retro-translation, evaluation by a judge committee and a pre-test, with 30 informal caregivers of older persons in Fortaleza, Brazil. Content validity was assessed by five experts in gerontology and geriatrics. The cross-cultural adaptation was rigorously conducted, allowing for inferring credibility. RESULTS The Brazilian version of the CRA had a simple and fast application (ten minutes), easily understood by the target audience. It is semantically, idiomatically, experimentally and conceptually equivalent to the original version, with valid content to assess the burden of informal caregivers for the elderly (Content Validity Index = 0.883). CONCLUSION It is necessary that other psychometric properties of validity and reliability are tested before using in care practice and research.