Relações cálcio, magnésio e potássio sobre a produção de matéria seca de milho

O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o equilíbrio Ca/Mg na correção da acidez do solo e medir o efeito da aplicação do potássio sobre a produção de matéria seca do milho, num experimento conduzido sob casa de vegetação em vasos de plástico com Latossolo Amarelo, álico, distrófico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial (4 χ 3), com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram de quatro equilíbrios em % de Ca e Mg (100/0; 75/25; 50/50; e 25/75) e três doses de potássio (0; 100 e 200 mg.kg-1 de terra) na forma de cloreto de potássio. A aplicação do corretivo sob a forma de reagentes puros (carbonato de cálcio e carbonato de magnésio) foi realizada 21 dias antes do plantio, e os nutrientes foram aplicados na forma de solução. A colheita do experimento foi realizada aos 45 dias após o plantio. Determinaram-se as produções de matéria seca e os teores de K, Ca e Mg. Os resultados demonstraram que, as produções máximas foram obtidas quando o pH foi de 6,3; o teor de cálcio de 27,5 mmolcdnr-3; o teor de magnésio de 18,0 mmolcdnr-3; a relação (Ca + Mg)/K igual a 19,8 e a relação Ca/Mg no corretivo foi de 1,1/1. A relação Ca/Mg no solo foi um dos principais fatores que alterou a produção. As doses de potássio proporcionou aumento quadrático e significativo, independente das doses de calagem empregadas e das relações Ca/Mg utilizadas. Doses crescentes de potássio, reduziu o acúmulo do magnésio na parte aérea das plantas de milho.

Physiological responses of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) to acute handling stress

Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) is an obligatory air-breathing fish from the Amazon basin. Previous study showed that pirarucu juveniles present a latency period in their response to moderate stress (transportation). Therefore the objective of this study was to verify the effects of a prolonged air exposure stress in lactate, glucose, cortisol, haematocrit, haemoglobin, and liver glycogen in pirarucu. Thirty-six fish were handled by netting and subjected to air exposure for 75-min. Six fish were sampled before handling and at 0, 6, 24, 48, and 96h after handling. Fish cortisol, lactate and haematocrit rose after handling, returning to previous unstressed values on the following sampling (6h after handling). Glucose increased significantly after handling and that was maintained for 24 h. There were no changes in haemoglobin and liver glycogen as a consequence of handling. The results demonstrate a quick response when exposed to an acute stressor and a fast recovery, suggesting that pirarucu does not use their glycogen reserves during an acute stress. The results suggest that pirarucu exhibit physiological stress responses to handling similar in magnitude to those previously documented for many teleostean fishes, including salmonids.

Characteristics and identification of sites of chagasic ventricular tachycardia by endocardial mapping

OBJECTIVE: To study electrophysiological characteristics that enable the identification and ablation of sites of chagasic tachycardia. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with chronic Chagas' heart disease and sustained ventricular tachycardia (SVT) underwent electrophysiological study to map and ablate that arrhythmia. Fifteen patients had hemodinamically stable SVT reproducible by programmed ventricular stimulation, 9 men and 6 women with ages ranging from 37 to 67 years and ejection fraction varying from 0.17 to 0.64. Endocardial mapping was performed during SVT in all patients. Radiofrequency (RF) current was applied to sites of presystolic activity of at least 30 ms. Entrainment was used to identify reentrant circuits. In both successful and unsuccessful sites of RF current application, electrogram and entrainment were analyzed. RESULTS: Entrainment was obtained during all mapped SVT. In 70.5% of the sites we observed concealed entrainment and ventricular tachycardia termination in the first 15 seconds of RF current application. In the unsuccessful sites, significantly earlier electrical activity was seen than in the successful ones. Concealed entrainment was significantly associated with ventricular tachycardia termination. Bystander areas were not observed. CONCLUSION: The reentrant mechanism was responsible for the genesis of all tachycardias. In 70.5% of the studied sites, the endocardial participation of the slow conducting zone of reentrant circuits was shown. Concealed entrainment was the main electrophysiological parameter associated with successful RF current application. There was no electrophysiological evidence of bystander regions in the mapped circuits of SVT.

Risk factors for atherosclerosis in students of a private university in São Paulo - Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the risk profile for atherosclerosis (AS) in adolescents and young adults of a private university in São Paulo. METHODS: Clinical, nutritional, and laboratory parameters were evaluated in 209 students of both genders aged 17 to 25 years. In addition to determination of the lipid profile, the association of its abnormal values with other risk factors for AS was also investigated. RESULTS: Increased levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides (TG) were observed in 9.1%, 7.6% and 16.3% of the students, respectively, and decreased levels of HDL-C in 8.6% of them. Prevalence of the remaining risk factors analyzed was elevated: sedentary life style (78.9%); high intake of total fat (77.5%); high cholesterol intake (35.9%); smoking, hypertension (15.8%) and obesity (7.2%). There was an association between elevated LDL-C and TG levels and sedentary life style and body mass index. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of risk factors for AS in young individuals draws attention to the need for adopting preventive plans.

Predictive value of clinical and electrophysiological variables in patients with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia

OBJECTIVE: Risk stratification of patients with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) and chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC). METHODS: Seventy eight patients with CCC and NSVT were consecutively and prospectively studied. All patients underwent to 24-hour Holter monitoring, radioisotopic ventriculography, left ventricular angiography, and electrophysiologic study. With programmed ventricular stimulation. RESULTS: Sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (SMVT) was induced in 25 patients (32%), NSVT in 20 (25.6%) and ventricular fibrillation in 4 (5.1%). In 29 patients (37.2%) no arrhythmia was inducible. During a 55.7-month-follow-up, 22 (28.2%) patients died, 16 due to sudden death, 2 due to nonsudden cardiac death and 4 due to noncardiac death. Logistic regression analysis showed that induction was the independent and main variable that predicted the occurrence of subsequent events and cardiac death (probability of 2.56 and 2.17, respectively). The Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test showed that survival probability was significantly lower in the inducible group than in the noninductible group. The percentage of patients free of events was significantly higher in the noninducible group. CONCLUSION: Induction of SMVT during programmed ventricular stimulation was a predictor of arrhythmia occurrence cardiac death and general mortality in patients with CCC and NSVT.

Characterization of the in vivo cardiac electrophysiologic effects of high-dose cocaine in closed-chest, anesthetized dogs with normal hearts

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the cardiac electrophysiologic effects of cocaine. METHODS: In 8 dogs (9-13 kg), electrophysiologic parameters and programmed stimulation were undertaken using transvenous catheters at baseline, and after cocaine intravenous infusion (12 mg/kg bolus followed by 0.22 mg/kg/min for 25 minutes). RESULTS: Cocaine plasma levels (n=5) rose to 6.73± 0.56 mg/mL. Cocaine did not affect sinus cycle length and arterial pressure. Cocaine prolonged P wave duration (54±6 vs 73±4 ms, P<0.001), PR interval (115±17 vs 164±15 ms, P<0.001), QRS duration (62±10 vs 88±14 ms, P<0.001), and QTc interval (344±28 vs 403±62 ms, P=0.03) but not JT interval (193±35 vs 226±53 ms, NS). Cocaine prolonged PA (9±6 vs 23±8 ms, P<0.001), AH (73±16 vs 92±15 ms; P=0.03), and HV (35±5 vs 45±3ms; P<0.001) intervals and Wenckebach point (247±26 vs 280±28 ms, P=0.04). An increase occurred in atrial (138±8 vs 184± 20 ms; P<0.001) and ventricular (160±15 vs 187±25 ms; P=0.03) refractoriness at a cycle length of 300 ms. Atrial arrhythmias were not induced in any dog. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced in 2/8 dogs at baseline and 4/8 dogs after cocaine. CONCLUSION: High doses of cocaine exert significant class I effects and seem to enhance inducibility of VF but not of atrial arrhythmias.

Aspergillus infection in the ascending aorta of a patient with aortic and mitral valve prostheses

We report the case of implantation of metallic mitral and aortic valve prostheses 6 months earlier, with subsequent multiple embolic episodes. The anatomicopathological examination of the thrombus of the third embolic episode was compatible with Aspergillus sp, which was treated with amphotericin B, followed by oral itraconazole. On the fourth embolism, vegetations were visualized in the ascending aorta on echocardiography and resonance imaging, and the patient underwent replacement of the aortic segment by a Haemashield tube and exploration of the aortic prosthesis, which was preserved, because no signs of endocarditis were found. Four months later, the patient died due to cardiogenic shock secondary to acute myocardial infarction caused by probable coronary embolism and partial dysfunction of the aortic prosthesis.

Prevalência de angina pectoris em Pelotas, RS

FUNDAMENTO: A cardiopatia isquêmica é a doença responsável pelo maior número de mortes no mundo, sendo a angina sua principal manifestação. OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de angina e de possível angina e sua distribuição conforme as principais características sócio-demográficas entre adultos com idade igual ou maior que 40 anos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional com moradores da área urbana da cidade de Pelotas (RS) entre os meses de outubro e dezembro de 2007. Foi adotado o plano de amostragem por conglomerados em dois estágios - setores censitários e domicílios. As prevalências de angina e de possível angina foram definidas de acordo com o questionário de Rose. Essas condições foram avaliadas conforme as características sócio-demográficas: idade, sexo, cor da pele, condição econômica e escolaridade. Para a coleta dos dados, foram aplicados questionários padronizados por meio de entrevista com os indivíduos em seus domicílios. A taxa de não respondentes foi de 6,8%. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de angina entre os 1.680 indivíduos participantes do estudo foi de 8,2 % (IC 95%: 6,7 - 9,6), enquanto a de possível angina, 12,3% (IC 95%: 10,6 - 14,0). As prevalências de angina e de possível angina foram maiores entre os indivíduos do sexo feminino, de cor da pele preta/parda, de pior condição econômica e de menor escolaridade. A prevalência de angina foi maior entre indivíduos mais velhos. Não se observou diferença para possível angina. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de angina e de possível angina mostrou-se alta, acometendo cerca de 20% da população de Pelotas.

Síndrome metabólica e menopausa: estudo transversal em ambulatório de ginecologia

FUNDAMENTO: No Brasil, são escassos os estudos sobre síndrome metabólica na população geral, mais raros são os que a correlacionam ao climatério. OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência da síndrome metabólica e seus componentes em mulheres climatéricas. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 323 mulheres climatéricas, divididas em dois grupos: pré e pós-menopausadas. Foram avaliadas para presença de síndrome metabólica, segundo os critérios do National Cholesterol Education Program's (NCEP) e da International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Foi verificada a associação entre as variáveis estudadas e a síndrome metabólica por meio de análise uni e multivariada. Um p-valor < 0,05 foi considerado significante estatisticamente. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de síndrome metabólica no climatério foi de 34,7% (NCEP) e de 49,8% (IDF). Os componentes mais frequentes da síndrome metabólica foram o HDL-colesterol baixo, hipertensão arterial, obesidade abdominal, hipertrigliceridemia e diabete em ambos os critérios. A análise multivariada mostrou que a idade foi o fator de risco mais importante para o surgimento da síndrome metabólica (p < 0,001), que esteve presente em 44,4% (NCEP) e 61,5% (IDF) das mulheres menopausadas em comparação a 24% (NCEP) e 37% (IDF) daquelas na pré-menopausa. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de síndrome metabólica foi maior nas mulheres menopausadas que naquelas na pré-menopausa. O principal fator de risco para o aumento dessa prevalência foi a idade. A menopausa, quando analisada isoladamente, não se constituiu um fator de risco para a síndrome metabólica.

Dispersão da onda P e índice de volume do átrio esquerdo como preditores na insuficiência cardíaca

FUNDAMENTO: Estudos demonstram que a dispersão da onda P (DP) e o índice de volume do átrio esquerdo (Aesc) são preditores de eventos cardiovasculares (EC). OBJETIVO: Verificar o valor prognóstico da dispersão da onda P e do Aesc para a ocorrência de EC em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Estudo longitudinal e prospectivo com 78 pacientes consecutivos com idade média de 47,2 anos, sendo 52 homens, estáveis com insuficiência cardíaca, submetidos à avaliação clínica, aos exames de eletrocardiograma e ao ecocardiograma, com seguimento de 26,5 meses. RESULTADOS: As médias das variáveis foram: 50 ms DP e 35,5 ml/m² Aesc. Considerando-se DP > 40 ms e como referência Aesc > 28 ml/m², o valor preditivo positivo da DP foi de 87,5% e o negativo de 76,9%. Durante o seguimento, 21 pacientes apresentaram EC. Houve associação entre as medidas do átrio esquerdo, os volumes do ventrículo esquerdo e a fração de ejeção e EC. Não houve associação entre a DP e EC. Pela análise multivariada, o átrio esquerdo e o Aesc foram preditores de eventos (p = 0,00 e 0,02). Pela curva de operação característica para a variável estável EC, foram obtidas as áreas de 0,80 e 0,69 para Aesc (p = 0,00) e Aesc > 28 ml/m² (p = 0,01). As curvas de sobrevida (Kaplan-Meier) livre daqueles eventos para Aesc > 28 ml/m² e para a etiologia chagásica demonstraram razão de chance de 14,4 (p = 0,00) e de 3,2 (p = 0,03). Não houve diferença de evolução entre pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca isquêmica e não isquêmica. CONCLUSÃO: DP não esteve correlacionada a EC. Aesc foi um preditor independente de EC e os chagásicos apresentaram pior evolução.

Spectral Analysis Related to Bare-Metal and Drug-Eluting Coronary Stent Implantation

Background: The autonomic nervous system plays a central role in cardiovascular regulation; sympathetic activation occurs during myocardial ischemia. Objective: To assess the spectral analysis of heart rate variability during stent implantation, comparing the types of stent. Methods: This study assessed 61 patients (mean age, 64.0 years; 35 men) with ischemic heart disease and indication for stenting. Stent implantation was performed under Holter monitoring to record the spectral analysis of heart rate variability (Fourier transform), measuring the low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) components, and the LF/HF ratio before and during the procedure. Results: Bare-metal stent was implanted in 34 patients, while the others received drug-eluting stents. The right coronary artery was approached in 21 patients, the left anterior descending, in 28, and the circumflex, in 9. As compared with the pre-stenting period, all patients showed an increase in LF and HF during stent implantation (658 versus 185 ms2, p = 0.00; 322 versus 121, p = 0.00, respectively), with no change in LF/HF. During stent implantation, LF was 864 ms2 in patients with bare-metal stents, and 398 ms2 in those with drug-eluting stents (p = 0.00). The spectral analysis of heart rate variability showed no association with diabetes mellitus, family history, clinical presentation, beta-blockers, age, and vessel or its segment. Conclusions: Stent implantation resulted in concomitant sympathetic and vagal activations. Diabetes mellitus, use of beta-blockers, and the vessel approached showed no influence on the spectral analysis of heart rate variability. Sympathetic activation was lower during the implantation of drug-eluting stents.

Estudo do grande pulgão da roseira Macrosiphum rosae (L., 1758) (Homoptera, Aphididae)

Rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae (L., 1758), a very common aphid in State of São Paulo, Brazil, is studied in this paper.

Comentario ao esquema de classificação das Salmonellas de Kauffmann-White

The classification of salmonellae in accordance with the Kauffmann-White schema accepted by the presents various inconveniences and difficulties to application. Among these is the necessity of preparing, dosing and preserving a considerable number of specific sera whose validity as is well known, is limited. The criterion of Kauffmann’s classification is exclusively, for it abandoned cultural tests, leaving therefore only a unilateral criterion. By following it one might include Chromobacterium typhi-flavum in the Salmonella genus as well as other bacteria which differ completely from the Salmonella, as long as they are antigenically related. On the other hand, the chart approximates or separates in the different groups of antigen O species or types of salmonellae which are biologically close or almost indistinguishable. The chart has given rise to an excessive number of species and lypes of salmonellae which from 44 in the chart approved by the in 1934 rose ro 60 in Bergey’s Manual and everything leads one to believe that the end is not yet for every day new lypes or species are found. And perforce this must be so for new antigenic factors have been found which give rise to new structural combinations. Applying the formula of combinations (formule) to the factors already known, there are probable possibilities of having 260 different antigenic combinations in group A, or 3260 lypes or species if all the flagellate antigens of the other groups should be found, in it combined 2 and 2. Futher applying the formula of combinations to the other groups there would be possibility of so many combinations that the number of salmonellae would exceed the number of known bacterian species or perhaps the number of those existing on earth. Undoubledly Kauffmann-White’s chart is an improvement, but the bacterian analysis made with it was exaggerated and exceeded the limit of the present possibilities of the realities of life. It revealed interesting aspects of the somatic complexity of bacteria but seems untenable because of its use in pratical sense.

Serological evidence of rotavirus infection in guinea pig colony

Antibodies reacting with simian rotavirus SAII were detected by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and Western blot assay (WBA) in sera from guinea pigs bred for experimental use at the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The proportion of antibody-positive animals and the antibody titres rose sharply in 1985, were maintained at a high levels in 1986 and declined in 1987. There were no obvious signs of disease coinciding with serological evidence of infection. Results of WBA suggest that the virus involved belongs to subgroup 1 of group A rotaviruses.