Phenotypic and molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates from Recife, State of Pernambuco, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: The emergence of carbapenem resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been outstanding due to the wide spectrum of antimicrobial degradation of these bacteria, reducing of therapeutic options. METHODS: Sixty-one clinical strains of P. aeruginosa isolated from five public hospitals in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, were examined between 2006 and 2010, aiming of evaluating the profiles of virulence, resistance to antimicrobials, presence of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) genes, and clonal relationship among isolates. RESULTS: A high percentage of virulence factors (34.4% mucoid colonies; 70.5% pyocyanin; 93.4% gelatinase positives; and 72.1% hemolysin positive) and a high percentage of antimicrobial resistance rates (4.9% pan-resistant and 54.1% multi-drug resistant isolates) were observed. Among the 29 isolates resistant to imipenem and/or ceftazidime, 44.8% (13/29) were MBL producers by phenotypic evaluation, and of these, 46.2% (6/13) were positive for the blaSPM-1 gene. The blaIMP and blaVIM genes were not detected. The molecular typing revealed 21 molecular profiles of which seven were detected in distinct hospitals and periods. Among the six positive blaSPM-1 isolates, three presented the same clonal profile and were from the same hospital, whereas the other three presented different clonal profiles. CONCLUSIONS: These results revealed that P. aeruginosa is able to accumulate different resistance and virulence factors, making the treatment of infections difficult. The identification of blaSPM-1 genes and the dissemination of clones in different hospitals, indicate the need for stricter application of infection control measures in hospitals in Recife, Brazil, aiming at reducing costs and damages caused by P. aeruginosa infections.

Investigation of class 1 integrons in Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical and microbiota isolates belonging to different phylogenetic groups in Recife, State of Pernambuco

Introduction The high prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae infections is related to the ability of K. pneumoniae to acquire and disseminate exogenous genes associated with mobile elements, such as R plasmids, transposons and integrons. This study investigated the presence of class 1 integrons in clinical and microbiota isolates of K. pneumoniae belonging to different phylogenetic groups and correlated these results with the antimicrobial resistance profiles of the studied isolates. Methods Of the 51 isolates of K. pneumoniae selected for this study, 29 were from multidrug-resistant clinical isolates, and 22 were from children's microbiota. The susceptibility profile was determined using the disk diffusion method, and class 1 integrons were detected through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results The results showed that none of the 22 microbiota isolates carried class 1 integrons. Among the 29 clinical isolates, 19 (65.5%) contained class 1 integrons, and resistance to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was identified in 18 of these isolates (94.7%). Among the K. pneumoniae isolates with class 1 integrons, 47% belonged to the KpI phylogenetic group, and one isolate (14.3%) carrying these genetic elements belonged to the KpIII group. Conclusions The wide variety of detected class 1 integrons supports the presence of high rates of antimicrobial resistance, genetic variability, and rapid dissemination of beta-lactamase genes among K. pneumoniae clinical isolates in recent years in hospitals in Recife-PE, Brazil. The findings of this study indicate that the surveillance of K. pneumoniae integrons in clinical isolates could be useful for monitoring the spread of antibiotic resistance genes in the hospital environment.

The occurrence and dissemination of methicillin and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus in samples from patients and health professionals of a university hospital in Recife, State of Pernambuco, Brazil

Introduction Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains have been responsible for many nosocomial outbreaks. Within hospitals, colonized employees often act as reservoirs for the spread of this organism. This study collected clinical samples of 91 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), hemodialysis/nephrology service and surgical clinic, and biological samples from the nasal cavities of 120 professionals working in those environments, of a University Hospital in Recife, in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. The main objective of this study was to determine the occurrence and dissemination of methicillin- and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. Methods The isolates obtained were tested for susceptibility to oxacillin and vancomycin and detection of the mecA gene. In addition, the isolates were evaluated for the presence of clones by ribotyping-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results MRSA occurrence, as detected by the presence of the mecA gene, was more prevalent among nursing technicians; 48.1% (13/27) and 40.7% (11/27) of the isolates were from health professionals of the surgical clinic. In patients, the most frequent occurrence of mecA-positive isolates was among the samples from catheter tips (33.3%; 3/9), obtained mostly from the hemodialysis/nephrology service. Eight vancomycin-resistant strains were found among the MRSA isolates through vancomycin screening. Based on the amplification patterns, 17 ribotypes were identified, with some distributed between patients and professionals. Conclusions Despite the great diversity of clones, which makes it difficult to trace the source of the infection, knowledge of the molecular and phenotypic profiles of Staphylococcus samples can contribute towards guiding therapeutic approaches in the treatment and control of nosocomial infections.

Postpartum depression in Recife - Brazil: prevalence and association with bio-socio-demographic factors

OBJECTIVE:To use a semi-structured interview to detect depression in postpartum women according to the criteria proposed by the DSM in child health care clinics in the city of Recife, together with the proper association of this disorder to bio-socio-demographic data. METHODS: The study used a cross-section method and contained a convenience sample of 400 women that were between 2 and 26 weeks of postpartum in child health care clinics. A bio-socio-demographic questionnaire and the Portuguese version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders were used. RESULTS: Twenty nine of the mothers (7.2%) were diagnosed as suffering from postpartum depression. Women with a past history of psychiatric disorders, a family history of psychiatric disorder and some sort of clinical complication presented a higher prevalence of depression. The same happened to those with a past history of spontaneous abortion, those who had a transpelvic birth and those over 8 weeks of puerperium. CONCLUSION: The rate of postpartum depression in this sample, 7.2%, was lower than that reported by other Brazilian studies. It probably occurred because the other researchers used screening scales to assess this estimate instead of a clinical interview.

Perfil lipídico em escolares de Recife - PE

FUNDAMENTO: A ocorrência de dislipidemias é crescente na população infanto-juvenil. Níveis alterados do perfil lipídico estão relacionados com maior incidência de hipertensão e doença aterosclerótica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a magnitude das dislipidemias e investigar a relação do perfil lipídico com o excesso de peso e a obesidade abdominal em adolescentes escolares da cidade do Recife - PE. MÉTODOS: Foram coletados dados pessoais, situação socioeconômica, medidas antropométricas e perfil lipídico de 470 adolescentes de 10 a 14 anos, de ambos os sexos, da rede pública de ensino de Recife - PE. A análise estatística foi realizada com os programas Epi-info 6.04 e SPSS 13.0. Adotou-se o nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: A maior parte da população era dislipidêmica (63,8%, IC95% 59,3 - 68,2), sendo a hipoalfalipoproteinemia a dislipidemia mais prevalente (56%, IC95% 51,3 - 60,5). Adolescentes com excesso de peso ou com obesidade abdominal apresentaram valores mais elevados de triglicerídeos e mais baixos de HDL-colesterol (p < 0,05). As concentrações do colesterol total e frações não diferiram em relação ao sexo. CONCLUSÃO: Ficou demonstrada a elevada ocorrência do perfil lipídico desfavorável, o que faz alertar para a necessidade da dosagem do perfil lipídico já nessa faixa etária. Medidas de estilo de vida saudável devem ser incentivadas nessa população.

Distribuição das espécies de corais azooxantelados na plataforma e talude continental superior do sul do Brasil

Dentre os organismos registrados para águas profundas (> 100 m) no sul do Brasil, podemos destacar os corais azooxantelados pertencentes a ordem Scleractinia. Através de análises estatísticas, identificação de espécimes depositados em coleções científicas, e compilação de todos os registros pretéritos destes cnidarios ocorrentes no sul e parte do sudeste do Brasil, foi possível constatar que as coordenadas abrangidas no presente estudo representam uma área de transição entre os corais azooxantelados ocorrentes ao norte e as espécies mais características das zonas polares, principalmente em relação às espécies solitárias. Com a análise da distribuição batimétrica, foi observado um significativo aumento no número de espécies entre o setor de plataforma externa e 500 m de profundidade. Finalizando, foi realizada a análise de agrupamento, o que permitiu discriminar a formação de 6 biótopos das associações de corais azooxantelados para a área de estudo. Desta forma, apresentamos a primeira tentativa de se compreender a distribuição desta pouco conhecida fauna da plataforma e talude continental superior, entre 24ºS e 34ºS.

Zonação de recifes emersos da Área de Proteção Ambiental Costa dos Corais, Nordeste do Brasil

RESUMO A zonação dos ambientes recifais permite avaliar possíveis impactos antropogênicos e subsidiar futuros planos de manejo. Este estudo teve por objetivo levantar as espécies bentônicas (com ênfase nos cnidários) no topo dos recifes emersos da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) Costa dos Corais, bem como calcular e comparar sua porcentagem de cobertura. Foram realizados transectos em linha contínuos, em seis praias da referida APA, em três regiões da plataforma recifal e com quatro réplicas para cada região. Os resultados mostraram maior cobertura de algas em todas as praias, com exceção de Tamandaré/PE. Entre os cnidários os zoantídeos predominaram, mas se registrou, também, a ocorrência dos corais escleractíneos Siderastrea stellata e Favia gravida. Outros organismos encontrados foram os poríferos, o molusco Brachidontes exustus e o equinodermo Echinometra lucunter. Foi observada ocorrência de branqueamento nas duas espécies de coral encontradas (em todas as praias visitadas) e no zoantídeo Palythoa caribaeorum. De forma geral, os organismos registrados se caracterizaram pela resistência às condições instáveis da plataforma recifal. Além disso, as análises de agrupamento mostraram que fatores como o aporte de rios e o impacto antrópico exercem substancial influência na caracterização da cobertura bentônica da plataforma recifal, sobrepondo-se até mesmo à proximidade geográfica de áreas.

Sorotipos de Salmonella isolados de processos entéricos humanos em Recife-Pernambuco, durante o triênio 1978-1980

De 13.196 coproculturas realizadas durante o triênio 1978-1980 em Recife, Pernambuco, foram isoladas 1.720 salmonelas, das quais 1.387 foram caracterizadas sorologicamente. O estudo global possibilitou o reconhecimento de 63 sorotipos concentrados em primeiro plano no grupo sorológico B (73,18%) e identificando-se como tipos mais incidentes: S. typhimurium, S. saint-paul, S. poona, S. derby, S. agona, S. newport, S. oranienburg, S. infantis, S. tshiongwe e S. ndolo, que representaram 1.231 amostras ou 88,75% do total de isolamentos. Algumas considerações de ordem epidemiológica e bacteriológica são discutidas em relação aos quatros sorotipos mais freqüentes.

Enteropatógenos detectados em crianças sadias em três comunidades de baixa renda, em Recife, Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

Amostras de fezes de 646 crianças sadias entre 0-5 anos de idade, residentes em três comunidades com discretas diferenças nas condições econômicas e sanitárias, foram cultivadas oara isolamento de enteropatógenos (Escherichia coli, enteropatogênico clássico e invasor, Shigella e Salmonella) obtendo-se positivação para as bactérias pesquisadas em 82 (12,69%) das crianças. E. coli enteropatogênica clássica foi isolada com maior freqüência (6,04%) seguida por Shigella (4,1%) e Salmonella (2,17%). E. coli invasor só foi isolada em duas ocasiões. Evidencia-se através das análises bacteriológicas, um declínio significativo nos isolamentos das enterobactérias patogênicas, onde as condições econômico-sanitárias eram melhores. O percentual de 12,69% de portadores de enteropatógenos bacterianos, evidencia o papel desempenhado pelos assintomáticos na propagação e manutençãoa dos agentes de processos entéricos.

Frequência de enterobactérias patogênicas em processos diarréicos infantis na cidade do Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil

Foram analisadas 326 amostras de fezes diarréicas provenientes de crianças entre 0 a 5 anos, internadas em dois hospitais de reidratação do Recife, Pernambuco. Foi introduzido o meio de Cary & Blair a 4 -C para transporte das fezes, não havendo diferença no percentual de isolamento quando o material permaneceu no meio de transporte entre 3 a 7 dias. Dos exames, 19,02% estavam positivos para um ou mais dos agentes bacterianos pesquisados, tendo sido encontrados 26 Salmonella de 3 espécies, 21 Escherichia coli enteroinvasiva, 10 Shigella de 3 sorotipos e 1 Yersisnia enterocolitica.

Integrated control measures against Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of filariasis in Recife

Integrated control measures against Culex quinquefasciastus have been implemented in a pilot urban area in Recife, Brazil. About 3,000 breeding sites found within the operational area were responsible for very high mosquito densities recorded during the pretrial period. Physical control measures have been applied to cess pits before starting a series of 37 treatments of the other sites with Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362, over 27 months. In spite of the difficulties due to environmental conditions, very significant reductions in preimaginal population of C. quinquefasciatus were achieved and, as a consequence, low adult mosquito densities were maintained for a relatively long period of time. Entomological and environmental data gathered in this pilot project can contribute to design an integrated mosquito control program in Recife city.

Epidemiological study of bancroftian filariasis in Recife, Northeastern Brazil

Wuchereria bancrofti in Pernambuco was first documented in 1952 (Azevedo & Dobbin 1952), and since then it has been reported in surveys carried out in selected areas of Recife. Several surveys were carried out from 1981 to 1991 by SUCAM. In the 1985 SUCAM's report the disease is considered under control. The CPqAM Filariasis Research Program was established in 1985 and a filarial survey was carried out in the town of Olinda, Greater Recife. In order to verify the real epidemiological situation, a study was conducted in the city of Recife. 21/36 of the Special Zones of Social Interest (ZEIS), were randomly selected for the present study. From 10,664 persons screened, 683 were positive and the prevalence rate for microfilaraemia (mf) varied from 0.6% to 14.9%. A mean mf prevalence of 6.5%, showed that the infection occurs in a wide geographic distribution in Greater Recife and that the intensity of transmission is a real and potential threat to public health in affected communities. Mf rate among males and females differed significantly. Due to the rapid increase in population, unplanned urban settlements, poor sanitary facilities and the favorable geographical conditions to the development of the vector, filariasis may actually be increasing in Recife.

Survey of canine heartworm in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil

Six hundred and eleven random-source dogs (338 male, 273 female) one year of age or older, from six sections of the city of Recife, Pernambuco, were examined antemortem for circulating microfilariae Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum adult heartworm (D. immitis) antigen, and examined postmortem for adult heartworms. The prevalence of heartworm infection was 2.3% (14/611), as determined by necropsy for adult worms, and 1% (6/611) had circulating microfilariae of D. immitis; thus, 57.1% of the heartworm-infected dogs had occult infections. The results of serological testing indicated that 1.3% (8/611) of the dogs were positive for adult heartworm antigen. A total of 42 (6.9%) of the dogs had microfilariae of D. reconditum; 40 of these had only D. reconditum and two additional dogs had microfilariae of both species, D. immitis and D. reconditum.