O intercâmbio entre arte e antropologia: como a pesquisa de campo em artes cênicas pode informar a reinvenção da pesquisa de campo em antropologia

As críticas do projeto Writing Culture, endereçadas ao texto etnográfico, além de não atingirem o método antropológico por excelência, a pesquisa de campo nos moldes malinowskianos, ajudaram a disseminá-la nas humanidades e nas artes. A pesquisa de campo tradicional, contudo, mostra-se inadequada aos novos temas de investigação da antropologia em um mundo mais complexo, integrado e frgmentado produzido pela globalização. Este trabalho, originalmente escrito para uma conferência, sugere a reinvenção do imaginário da pesquisa de campo antropológica a partir de sua apropriação pelo teatro e pelo cinema. Baseado no trabalho do cenógrafo venezuelano Fernando Calzadilla, o autor propõe a substituição do distanciamento e da limitação espacial da mise-en-scène malinowskiana pela cumplicidade entre observador e observado e pela pesquisa em campos multilocalizados.

Tentativa de controle da himenolepíase devida à Hymenolepis nana, por meio do praziquantel, em coletividade semifechada

Em virtude de sugestão decorrente da investigação experimental, foi usado o praziquantel, através de duas administrações intervaladas por dez dias, como tentativa para controlar a himenolepíase devida à Hymenolepis nana, em coletividade semifechada. Houve emprego, em cada oportunidade, de 25 mg/kg, tendo ficado comprovada a validade dessa conduta, a despeito da ocorrência de raras positivações, interpretadas como reinfecções, durante o seguimento. O presente estudo afigura-se importante no contexto das medidas destinadas a combater globalmente a himenolepíase em apreço, em comunidades fechadas ou semifechadas, diante da possibilidade de aproveitamento da elevada atividade curativa do praziquantel.

Schizophrenia in males of cognitive performance: discriminative and diagnostic values

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the discriminative and diagnostic values of neuropsychological tests for identifying schizophrenia patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 36 male schizophrenia outpatients and 72 healthy matched volunteers was carried out. Participants underwent the following neuropsychological tests: Wisconsin Card Sorting test, Verbal Fluency, Stroop test, Mini Mental State Examination, and Spatial Recognition Span. Sensitivity and specificity estimated the diagnostic value of tests with cutoffs obtained using Receiver Operating Characteristic curves. The latent class model (diagnosis of schizophrenia) was used as gold standard. RESULTS: Although patients presented lower scores in most tests, the highest canonical function for the discriminant analysis was 0.57 (Verbal Fluency M). The best sensitivity and specificity were obtained in the Verbal Fluency M test (75 and 65, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The neuropsychological tests showed moderate diagnostic value for the identification of schizophrenia patients. These findings suggested that the cognitive impairment measured by these tests might not be homogeneous among schizophrenia patients.

Performance of an immunochromatography test for vivax malaria in the Amazon region, Brazil

The study was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the ICT malaria Pf/PvTM test for vivax malaria diagnosis in Belém, Amazon region, Brazil. The results of blood malaria parasites examination using an immunochromatography test were compared with thick blood film (TBF) examination. It was also evaluated the performance of this test storaged at three different temperatures (25°C, 30°C, and 37°C) for 24 hours before use. Overall sensitivity of ICT Pf/PvTM was 61.8% with a specificity of 100%, positive and negative predictive value of 100% and 71.8%, respectively and accuracy of 80.6%. The test sensitivity was independent of the parasite density. This test needs to be further reviewed in order to have better performance for P. vivax malaria diagnosis.

Effects of the length and timing of nighttime naps on task performance and physiological function

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of the length and timing of nighttime naps on performance and physiological functions, an experimental study was carried out under simulated night shift schedules. METHODS: Six students were recruited for this study that was composed of 5 experiments. Each experiment involved 3 consecutive days with one night shift (22:00-8:00) followed by daytime sleep and night sleep. The experiments had 5 conditions in which the length and timing of naps were manipulated: 0:00-1:00 (E60), 0:00-2:00 (E120), 4:00-5:00 (L60), 4:00-6:00 (L120), and no nap (No-nap). During the night shifts, participants underwent performance tests. A questionnaire on subjective fatigue and a critical flicker fusion frequency test were administered after the performance tests. Heart rate variability and rectal temperature were recorded continuously during the experiments. Polysomnography was also recorded during the nap. RESULTS: Sleep latency was shorter and sleep efficiency was higher in the nap in L60 and L120 than that in E60 and E120. Slow wave sleep in the naps in E120 and L120 was longer than that in E60 and L60. The mean reaction time in L60 became longer after the nap, and faster in E60 and E120. Earlier naps serve to counteract the decrement in performance and physiological functions during night shifts. Performance was somewhat improved by taking a 2-hour nap later in the shift, but deteriorated after a one-hour nap. CONCLUSIONS: Naps in the latter half of the night shift were superior to earlier naps in terms of sleep quality. However performance declined after a 1-hour nap taken later in the night shift due to sleep inertia. This study suggests that appropriate timing of a short nap must be carefully considered, such as a 60-min nap during the night shift.

Performance of rubella suspect case definition: implications for surveillance

OBJECTIVE: To assess the performance of the rubella suspect case definition among patients with rash diseases seen at primary care units. METHODS: From January 1994 to December 2002, patients with acute rash, with or without fever, were seen at two large primary health care units and at a public general hospital in the municipality of Niterói, metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data from clinical and serologic assessment were used to estimate the positive predictive values of the definition of rubella suspect case from the Brazilian Ministry of Health and other combination of signs/symptoms taking serologic status as the reference. Serum samples were tested for anti-rubella virus IgM using commercially available enzyme immunoassays. Positive predictive values and respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS: A total of 1,186 patients with an illness characterized by variable combinations of rash with fever, arthropathy and lymphadenopathy were studied. Patients with rash, regardless of other signs and symptoms, had 8.8% likelihood of being IgM-positive for rubella. The Brazilian suspect case definition (fever and lymphadenopathy in addition to rash) had low predictive value (13.5%). This case definition would correctly identify 42.3% of the IgM-positive cases, and misclassify 26.1% of the IgM-negative cases. CONCLUSIONS: These results support the recommendation to investigate and collect clinical specimens for laboratory diagnosis of all cases of rash, for surveillance purposes. Although this strategy may increase costs, the benefits of interrupting the circulation of rubella virus and preventing the occurrence of congenital rubella syndrome should pay off.

Política, planejamento e gestão em saúde: balanço do estado da arte

O objetivo do estudo foi realizar um balanço do estado da arte da área temática Política, Planejamento e Gestão em Saúde entre 1974 e 2005. Foram recuperadas informações apresentadas em trabalhos anteriores, atualizando-as para os últimos cinco anos, considerando a produção registrada na base de dados bibliográficos LILACS. Descreveu-se a emergência de estudos e investigações em subtemas nessa área temática, procurando relacioná-los aos desdobramentos das conjunturas políticas, particularmente o processo de Reforma Sanitária, a construção do Sistema Único de Saúde e a reorientação das práticas de saúde. Discutiu-se a especificidade da produção no campo e conclui-se reiterando a necessidade de um trabalho histórico e epistemológico sobre a área no Brasil. Os desafios da prática impõem aos sujeitos, individuais e coletivos, não só perícia ténico-científica, mas sobretudo militância sociopolítica.

Duas décadas de pesquisa em tuberculose no Brasil: estado da arte das publicações científicas

A tendência das publicações brasileiras em tuberculose referente ao período de foi analisada no período 1986 a 2006. Esta análise incluiu dissertações e teses registradas da Capes e artigos indexados na base de dados Medline e no SciELO. A seleção das publicações foi realizada por busca pela palavra "tuberculose" e instituições brasileiras a que se afiliavam os autores. A análise mostrou inicialmente publicações do tipo relatos de caso e revisões, e posteriormente artigos originais em ciência, tecnologia e inovação científica. Estas mudanças podem refletir o incremento das atividades de pesquisa nas instituições acadêmicas e novas atitudes relativas aos objetivos da pesquisa em tuberculose nos últimos anos. Embora muitas teses tenham utilizado metodologia qualitativa, poucos artigos nessa modalidade foram encontrados, possivelmente refletindo a orientação quantitativa das revistas. Discutem-se pesquisa quantitativa versus qualitativa e educação versus pesquisa, assim como políticas públicas e estratégias para incluir a pesquisa como instrumento de controle das doenças. Sugere-se a utilização da mesma metodologia para analisar as tendências da pesquisa em outras doenças negligenciadas.

Performance of a Brazilian population on the test of functional health literacy in adults

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the scoring obtained by an instrument, which evaluates the ability to read and understand items in the health care setting, according to education and age. METHODS: The short version of the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults was administered to 312 healthy participants of different ages and years of schooling. The study was conducted between 2006 and 2007, in the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. The test includes actual materials such as pill bottles and appointment slips and measures reading comprehension, assessing the ability to read and correctly pronounce a list of words and understand both prose passages and numerical information. Pearson partial correlations and a multiple regression model were used to verify the association between its scores and education and age. RESULTS: The mean age of the sample was 47.3 years(sd=16.8) and the mean education was 9.7 years(sd=5; range: 1 - 17). A total of 32.4% of the sample showed literacy/numeracy deficits, scoring in the inadequate and marginal functional health literacy ranges. Among the elderly (65 years or older) this rate increased to 51.6%. There was a positive correlation between schooling and scores (r=0.74; p<0.01) and a negative correlation between age and the scores (r=-0.259; p<0.01). The correlation between the scores and age was not significant when the effects of education were held constant (rp=-0.031, p=0.584). A significant association (B=3.877, Beta =0.733; p<0.001) was found between schooling and scores. Age was not a significant predictor in this model (B=-0.035, Beta=-0.22; p=0.584). CONCLUSIONS: The short version of the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults was a suitable tool to assess health literacy in the study population. The high number of individuals classified as functional illiterates in this test highlights the importance of special assistance to help them properly understand directions for healthcare.