Variações mensais da incidência das formas evolutivas do Triatoma infestans e do Panstrongylus megistus no Município de Bambuí, Estado de Minas Gerais

Baseado na análise de um total de 138905 T. infestans e 8921 P. megistus capturados no município de Bambuí, durante um período de varios anos, foi feito um estudo das variações das percentagens das formas evolutivas de cada espécie nos diferentes meses. A apresentação dos dados colhidos foi feita de diversas maneiras, tendo sido objeto especial da discussão do presente trabalho as capturas realizadas nas zonas rurais do municipio. Verificou-se que no caso do T. infestans a predominância das larvas ocorreu em novembro, a das ninfas em fevereiro-abril, a dos adultos abril-julho, e no caso do P. megistus a ocorrência maxima de larvas ninfas e adultos, observou-se respectivamente em março, julho e novembro. Enquanto que o predomínio das formas adultas de T. infestans coincide com a estação seca e fria e a das larvas com a estação quente e úmida, acontece exatamente o oposto com o P. megistus. A maior ocorrência dos casos agudos de doença de Chagas se dá no verão. As curvas correspondentes às percentagens de formas jovens (ninfas e larvas) e adultos do P. magistus oferecem um aspecto notavelmente constante pela sua intersecção em setembro, quando passam a predominar os insetos adultos sôbre os jovens; no caso do T. infestans essa intersecção não tem lugar, devido provavelmente ao aparecimento de formas jovens durante todo o ano, embora haja períodos em que elas aparecem com maior freqüência. A realização de estudos semelhantes, em diferentes regiões permitirá estabelecer a época em que de preferência devem ser feitos os expurgos, que serão, aparentemente, nas ocasiões em que começam a aparecer as larvas.

Estudos anatômicos e histológicos sôbre a subfamília Triatominae (Heteroptera, Reduviidae): Parte XXI. Estudo comparado do sistema traqueal em Triatoma, Panstrongylus e Rhodnius

É feito um estudo comparado do sistema traqueal nos Triatomíneos. Notou-se que os ramos traqueais secundários apresentam diversidades quanto quanto ao número e à disposição topográfica das traquéias, inclusive quando se tratando de um mesmo exemplar. Neste trabalho é descrito o método de infiltração de corantes, segundo GAEBLE, e modificado por nós quando adaptado a uma bomba de vácuo. Os troncos traqueais principais permanecem inalteráveis, seguindo uma disposição comum e já descrita em Triatoma infestans. Porém, devido as modificações encontradas nos ramos secundários acreditamos que êste sistema não devea ser considerado para, juntamente com outros caracteres, diferenciar o indivíduo. O estudo anatômico do sistema traqueal nos gêneros Triatoma (T. vitticeps, T. maculata, T. brasiliensis, T. sordida), Panstrongylus (P. megistus) e Rhodnius (R. prolixus) é sempre correlacionado com o sistema traqueal de Triatoma infestans. É aproveitada a ocasião para se observar com maiores detalhes a disposição das traquéias em alguns órgãos. Em Triatoma vitticeps notou-se o sistema traqueal em relação aos tubos de Malpighi; em Triatoma brasiliensis o sistema em relação as gônadas e, finalmente, em Panstrongylus megistus as traquéias em relação ao aparelho digestivo, massa ganglionar nervosa situada no tórax e, também, gônadas femininas.

Variações mensais da incidência das formas evolutivas do Triatoma infestans e do panstrongylus megistus no município de bambuí, Estado de Minas Gerais: (IIª nota: 1951 a 1964)

Após trabalhos semelhantes, realizados em 1955 e correspondente ao período de 1944 a 1955, foram analisadas as variações mensais da incidência das formas evolutivas do T. infestans e do P. megistus em Bambuí, M.G. São analisados 22.581 exemplares de T. infestans e 2.694 de P. megistus, capturados pelo Pôsto do I.O.C na natureza. De modo geral as variações mensais das diferentes formas evolutivas, para ambas as espécies, são as mesmas encontradas por Dias, na publicação anterior. A pequena percentagem de associação das duas espécies, nos habitadouros naturais, faz pensar na hipótese de um antagonismo biológico entre elas. As observações sugerem que o P. megistus apresenta uma geração anual em Bambuí e que o T. infestans o faz, talvez, duas vêzes. Analisando os gráficos de evolução antes e depois dos trabalhos profiláticos em Bambuí, nos anos de 1956-57, verifica-se que não parece ter havido modificações significativas nos comportamentos das referidas espécies, o que se deve provàvelmente, a novos contigentes de insetos, de evolução semelhante, vindos de municípios vizinhos, ou a "focos residuais" em Bambuí, em que as aspersões com B.H.C não influenciaram diretamente na evolução. Em relação aos índices de infecção pelo S. cruzi, êstes são semelhantes para as duas espécies (3,21% para o T. infestans e 3,25% para o P. megistus). As formas adultas apresentam-se mais infectadas e, durante o ano, não há grandes variações de positividade nos diferentes meses. Houve redução significativa dos índices de infecção de T. infestans após os trabalhos profiláticos, com pequena elevação dos de P. megistus, talvez motivada pela invasão domiciliar ocorrida para esta espécies de 1958 a 1964.

Behavior of triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) vectors of Chagas' disease: I. Courtship and copulation of Panstrongylus megistus (Burm-1835) in the laboratory

A study of the courship and copulation behaviour of Panstrongylus megistus was carried out in the laboratory. fifty-five newly-fed virgin couples were used. Experiments were performed during the day (9:00 to 12:00 a.m.) and at night (7:00 to 10:00 p.m). Behaviour was recorded by direct observation and was found to consist of the following sequence of behavioral patterns: the male approached the female and jumped on her or mounted her; he took on a dorsolateral position and immobilized the female dorsally and ventrally with his three pairs of legs; the male genital was placed below those of the female; the paramers of the male immobilized the female's genitals; copulation started. The couple joined by the iniciative of the male. The female could be receptive and accept copulation, or nonreceptive and reject the male. Copulation occurred more often on the occasion of the first attempt by the male. Duration of copulation was X = 29.3 ± 9.3 min (CV = 83%). No behavioral differences were observed couples tested during the day or at night.

Behavior of triatomines (Hemiptera, Reduviidae) vectors of Chagas' disease. II. Influence of feeding, lighting and time of day on the number of mating, mating speed and duration of copulation of Panstrongylus megistus (Burm, 1835) under laboratory conditions

To determine in influence of feeding, lighting and time of day on the copulating behavior of Panstrongylus megistus, 480 insect pairs were divided into four groups of 120 each and tested in the following respective situations: without food deprivation (F.D.), with five days of F.D., with ten days of F.D., and with 20 days of F. D. The tests were performed between 9:00 a.m. to 12:00a.m. and 7:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m., with light (700-1400 lux) and in the dark (1.4-2.8 lux) and behavior was recorded by the time sampling technique. Mating spped (MS) and duration of copulation (DC) were also calculated for each situation. The maximum frequency of copulation was observed after five days of F.D., at night, in the dark (n = 16), and the minimum was observed for recently-fed pairs, at night, with light (n = 4). Males approached females more often than females approached males. MS was lowest in pairs with twenty days of F.D., at night, with light (X = 23.0 ± 16.0 minutes), and highest in recently-fed pairs, during the day, with light (X = 2.9 ± 2.5 minutes). DC was shortest in recently-fed insects, during the day, in the dark (X = 23.5 ± 6.7 minutes), and longest in recently-fed animals, at night, in the dark (X = 38.3 ± 6.9 minutes).

Behavior of triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) vectors of Chagas' disease: III. Influence of the number of matings on the fecundity and fertility of Panstrongylus megistus (Burm. 1835) in the laboratory

A study of the effect of mating in the fecundity and fertility of females of P. megistus fed on pigeon blood every 14 days, was carried out in the laboratory. Two groups were constituted: I - females which mated only once; II - females which stayed always with the males. Only 56.7% of group I females laid fertile eggs, while as much as 90% of group II females laid fertile eggs. The duration of the fertile oviposition was greater in the females which stayed always with the males. Some females of this group were able to mate up to seven times throughout their life-span. This fact render useless sterile males in the control of these insects. It is suggested that the components of pigeon's blood used for feeding the triatomines could have an influence upon the fecundity and fertility of the female sof the two groups.

Behavior of triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) vectors of Chaga's disease: IV. Fecundity, fertility and longevity of Panstrongylus megistus (Burm., 1835) pairs and virgin females starved under laboratory conditions

A laboratory study was conducted on the fecundity, fertility and life span of Panstrongylus megistus pairs and on the fecundity and life span of P. megistus virgin females submitted to starvation after the last moulting. Of the mated females, 22.2% laid eggs, 4.4% of which were fertile. Females resisted starvation more than males. Of the starved virgin females, only 10% laid eggs, with a low egg-laying rate (0.47) per female. Resistance to starvation was lower in virgin than in mated females.

Secretory activity and endocrine regulation of male accessory glands in the blood-sucking bug Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

The epithelial cells of Panstrongylus megistus male accessory glands (MAG) present ultrastructural characteristics of a secretory cell. Their secretory products are accumulated in the lumen of the four MAG lobes. During the first 8 days of adult life a strong secretion activity occurs, accumulating enough material to produce the first spermatophore. Cerebral neurosecretions as well as juvenile hormone are both involved in MAG secretory activity regulation. Juvenile hormone seems to be the responsible for the stimulation of most protein synthesis in male accessory glands. Cerebral neurosecretion seems to be necessary to stimulate juvenile hormone production and release by the corpus allatum. Furthermore, neurosecretion is required for some polypeptides synthesis by MAG. Although topic application of precocene II to adult males does not reproduce the same effects on MAG as does allatectomy, this compound causes strong reduction on male reproductive capacity.

Ultrastructural studies of the hemocytes of Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera: Reduvidae)

Ultrastructural analyses revealed the presence of six hemocyte types in the hemolymph of Panstrogylus megistus, partially confirming our previous results obtained through light microscopy. Prohemocytes: small, round hemocytes with a thin cytoplasm layer, espcieally rich in free ribosomes and poor in membranous systems. Plasmatocytes: polymorphic cells, whose cytoplasm contains many lysosomes and a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).They are extremely phagocytic. Sometimes, they show a large vacuolation. Granulocytes: granular hemocytes whose granules show different degrees of electrondensity. Most of them, have an internal structuration. Coagulocytes: oval or elongated hemocytes, which show pronounced perinuclear cisternae as normally observed in coagulocytes. The cytoplasm is usually electrondense, poor in membranous systems and contains many labile granules. Oenocytoids: large and very stable hemocytes, whose homogeneous cytoplasme is rich in loose ribosomes and poor in membranous systems. Adipohemocytes: large cells, containing several characteristic lipid droplets. The cytoplasm is also rich in glycogen, RER and large mitochondria. The total and differential hemocyte count (THC and DHC) were also calculated for this reduviid. THC increases from 2,900 hemocytes/cubic millimeter of hemolymph in the 4th intar to 4,350 in the 5th and then, decreases to 1,950 in the adults. Plasmatocytes and coagulocytes are the predominant hemocyte types.

Juvenile hormone III and nutrition effects on spermatogenesis in the 4th instar nymphs of Panstrongylus megistus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

When 4th instar nymphs of Panstrongylus megistus are fed with a saturant blood meal, there is an intense proliferation of the spermatogonia. At the end of the intermoult, the older spermatogonial cysts differentiate into 1st primary spermatocyte cysts. In the nymphs deprived of the blood meal this evolution is not observed, but a small growth of the testicular follicles occurs, due to a few mitotic divisions. This growth is observed at least, until 25 days after ecdysis. Since day 15, an autolytic process starts in the older spermatogonial cysts. The presence of exogenous juvenile hormone III (JH III) does not promote the development of the germ cells in the fasting insects. There is only a small growth of the testicular follicles and the autolytic process is also observed. In the precocious adults obtained by allatectomy or precocene II treatment, germ cells are observed in all development stages, except packed and elongated spermatozoa bundels.

Scanning electron microscopy of the dorsal vessel of Panstrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

In this study we analyzed the microanatomy of the dorsal vessel of the triatomine Panstrongylus megistus. The organ is a tuble anatomically divided into an anterior aorta anad a posterior heart, connected to the body wall through 8 pairs of alary muscles. The heart is divided in 3 chambers by means of 2 pairs of cardiac valves. a pair of ostia can be observed in the lateral wall of each chamber. A bundle of nerve fibers was found outside the organ, running dorsally along its major axis. A group of longitudinal muscular fibers was found in the ventral portion of the vessel. The vessel was found to be lined both internally and externally by pericardial cells covered by a thin laminar membrane. Inseide the vessel the pericardial cells were disposed in layers and on the outside they formed clusters or rows.

The threat of reintroduction of natural transmission of Chagas' disease in Bambuí, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, due to Panstrongylus megistus

In the Epidemiological Surveillance Program in the county of Bambuí, Minas Gerais, between August 1986 and December 1988, 154 Panstrongylus megistus were captured by the local population in both peridomicile and intradomicile environments. Fifteen (9.8%) of the P. megistus harboured Trypanosoma cruzi. Preciptin tests showed that the most frequent triatomine blood meal sources were birds, but other sources were dogs, men and cats. The isoenzyme characterization of 13 T. cruzi strains showed that six belonged to zymodeme Z1, corresponding to the wild parasites, and seven belonged to zymodeme Z2, corresponding to parasites isolated from chronic chagasic patients (domestic cycle). As P. megistus were found to be naturally infected by parasites from both cycles, they are cleary able to transmit T. cruzi from the wild cycle to the domestic cycle. Furthermore the capacity of P. megistus in colonizing houses was observed in one residence, vacant for several years, in wich 153 triatomines were captured. The data show the possibility of P. megistus reintroducing transmission of Chaga's disease in the county if Epidemiological Surveillance is interrupted.