Infections with human coronaviruses NL63 and OC43 among hospitalised and outpatient individuals in São Paulo, Brazil

The incidence and clinical features of human coronaviruses (HCoVs) among Brazilian patients with respiratory illness are not well known. We investigated the prevalence of HCoVs among Brazilian outpatients and hospitalised patients with respiratory illnesses during 2009 and 2010. To identify the HCoVs, pancoronavirus and species-specific reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays were performed. Five of 394 samples were positive for HCoVs (1.2%): 1/182 (0.5%) outpatients and 4/212 (1.8%) hospitalised patients. The OC43 and NL63 HCoVs were identified. Two patients were admitted to the intensive care unit. Underlying chronic disease was reported in cases and one diabetic adult died. HCoVs can cause lower respiratory infections and hospitalisation. Patients with pre-existing conditions and respiratory infections should be evaluated for HCoV infections.

A survey strategy for human respiratory syncytial virus detection among haematopoietic stem cell transplant patients: epidemiological and methodological analysis

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) causes severe infections among children and immunocompromised patients. We compared HRSV infections among Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant program (HSCT) patients and children using direct immunofluorescence (DFA), point-of-care RSV Bio Easy® and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Overall, 102 samples from HSCT patients and 128 from children obtained positivity rate of 18.6% and 14.1% respectively. PCR sensitivity was highest mainly on samples collected after five days of symptoms onset. A combination of both DFA and reverse transcriptase-PCR methods for HSCT high-risk patients is the best diagnostic flow for HRSV diagnosis among these patients.

A population-based study of first and second-line drug-resistant tuberculosis in a high-burden area of the Mexico/United States border

The resistance of 139 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates from the city of Monterrey, Northeast Mexico, to first and second-line anti-TB drugs was analysed. A total of 73 isolates were susceptible and 66 were resistant to anti-TB drugs. Monoresistance to streptomycin, isoniazid (INH) and ethambutol was observed in 29 cases. Resistance to INH was found in 52 cases and in 29 cases INH resistance was combined with resistance to two or three drugs. A total of 24 isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) resistant to at least INH and rifampicin and 11 MDR cases were resistant to five drugs. The proportion of MDR-TB among new TB cases in our target population was 0.72% (1/139 cases). The proportion of MDR-TB among previously treated cases was 25.18% (35/139 cases). The 13 polyresistant and 24 MDR isolates were assayed against the following seven second-line drugs: amikacin (AMK), kanamycin (KAN), capreomycin (CAP), clofazimine (CLF), ethionamide (ETH), ofloxacin (OFL) and cycloserine (CLS). Resistance to CLF, OFL or CLS was not observed. Resistance was detected to ETH (10.80%) and to AMK (2.70%), KAN (2.70%) and CAP (2.70%). One isolate of MDR with primary resistance was also resistant to three second-line drugs. Monterrey has a high prevalence of MDR-TB among previously treated cases and extensively drug-resistant-MTB strains may soon appear.

Correlations between major risk factors and closely related Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates grouped by three current enotyping procedures: a population-based study in northeast Mexico

The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) patients related to a chain of recent TB transmissions were investigated. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) isolates (120) were genotyped using the restriction fragment length polymorphism-IS6110 (R), spacer oligotyping (S) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (M) methods. The MTB isolates were clustered and the clusters were grouped according to the similarities of their genotypes. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients between the groups of MTB isolates with similar genotypes and those patient characteristics indicating a risk for a pulmonary TB (PTB) chain transmission were ana- lysed. The isolates showing similar genotypes were distributed as follows: SMR (5%), SM (12.5%), SR (1.67%), MR (0%), S (46.67%), M (5%) and R (0%). The remaining 35 cases were orphans. SMR exhibited a significant correlation (p < 0.05) with visits to clinics, municipalities and comorbidities (primarily diabetes mellitus). S correlated with drug consumption and M with comorbidities. SMR is needed to identify a social network in metropolitan areas for PTB transmission and S and M are able to detect risk factors as secondary components of a transmission chain of TB.

Viral aetiology of common colds of outpatient children at primary care level and the use of antibiotics

Although antibiotics are ineffective against viral respiratory infections, studies have shown high rates of prescriptions worldwide. We conducted a study in Brazil to determine the viral aetiologies of common colds in children and to describe the use of antibiotics for these patients. Children up to 12 years with common colds were enrolled from March 2008-February 2009 at a primary care level facility and followed by regular telephone calls and medical consultations. A nasopharyngeal wash was obtained at enrollment and studied by direct fluorescence assay and polymerase chain reaction for nine different types of virus. A sample of 134 patients was obtained, median age 2.9 years (0.1-11.2 y). Respiratory viruses were detected in 73.9% (99/134) with a coinfection rate of 30.3% (30/99). Rhinovirus was the most frequent virus (53/134; 39.6%), followed by influenza (33/134; 24.6%) and respiratory syncytial virus (8/134; 13.4%). Antibiotic prescription rate was 39.6% (53/134) and 69.8% (37/53) were considered inappropriate. Patients with influenza infection received antibiotics inappropriately in a greater proportion of cases when compared to respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus infections (p = 0.016). The rate of inappropriate use of antibiotics was very high and patients with influenza virus infection were prescribed antibiotics inappropriately in a greater proportion of cases.

Aplicação da teoria de Parse no relacionamento enfermeiro-indivíduo

O estudo tem o objetivo de relatar experiências de situações vividas pelas autoras ao aplicarem os fundamentos da teoria de Parse "Human Becoming" e apresentar seus princípios e conceitos visando divulgá-la. Após estudo teórico para a compreensão da teoria, os seus princípios foram aplicados na prática. As autoras constataram que isto implica em mudança de valores e crenças do enfermeiro, transformando sua visão sobre o ser humano e sua saúde, tornando o cuidado mais humanístico. A experiência vivenciada possibilitou amadurecimento pessoal e profissional das autoras.

The 15-minute family interview: a family health strategy tool

The 15-minute family interview is a condensed form of the Calgary Family Assessment and Intervention Models (CFAM and CFIM) that aims to contribute to the establishment of a therapeutic relationship between nurses and family and to implement interventions to promote health and suffering relief, even during brief interactions. This study investigated the experience of nurses from the Family Health Strategy (FHS) who used the 15-minute interview on postpartum home. The qualitative research was conducted in three stages: participants' training program, utilization of the 15-minute family interview by participants, and interviews with nurses. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with eight nurses. The thematic analysis revealed two main themes: dealing with the challenge of a new practice and evaluating the assignment. This work shows that this tool can be used to deepen relationships between nurses and families in the Family Health Strategy.

Enfermeiro Clinico Especialista: um modelo de pratica avancada de enfermagem em oncologia pediatrica no Brasil

O objetivo deste artigo é relatar a experiência de implantação do modelo de prática avançada de enfermagem por meio da incorporação do enfermeiro clínico especialista na composição do quadro de enfermagem. As autoras apresentam o conceito desse modelo e descrevem seu processo de implantação em uma instituição de referência no cuidado à criança e ao adolescente com câncer da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Na avaliação das enfermeiras clínicas especialistas, o principal resultado obtido com a adoção do modelo refere-se ao fortalecimento do papel do enfermeiro como profissional de referência para a articulação das diferentes demandas de cuidado à criança, ao adolescente e ao adulto jovem com câncer e sua família. Também destacam a satisfação dos usuários com o estreitamento da relação paciente, família e enfermeira clínica, em todas as etapas do processo de cuidar.

Destino de adubos nitrogenados marcados com 15N em amostras de dois solos da Amazônia central

Foi estudado, em condições de casa de vegetação, em Nancy (França), em 1992, o destino de duas formas de fertilizantes nitrogenados, marcados com 15N, sulfato de amônio e uréia, em amostras do horizonte A de dois principais solos da Amazônia Central, classificados como latossolo amarelo e podzólico vermelho-amarelo. A planta teste foi o "rye-grass" da Itália (Lolium multiflorum L.). Em ambos os solos, a uréia foi mais bem utilizada do que o sulfato de amônio. Entre 60 e 70% do N aplicado como uréia foi absorvido pela planta, enquanto, com a aplicação de sulfato de amônio, esses valores variaram entre 44 e 49%. O balanço do 15N no final do ciclo da cultura mostrou que a imobilização do N nos dois solos foi maior na presença de uréia que na de sulfato de amônio. As perdas, estimadas por diferença, foram mais elevadas no tratamento com sulfato de amônio. Considerando que perdas por lixiviação foram praticamente nulas com a técnica de cultivo utilizada, elas devem ter ocorrido essencialmente por via gasosa.

Globalização e identidade no contexto da escola e do currículo

O artigo pretende discutir a globalização e a identidade no contexto da escola e do currículo, como dois espaços posicionais que configuram as políticas de ensino, concretamente ao nível da organização escolar. Defendemos que a globalização contribui de modo efectivo, contrariamente ao que a construção das identidades escolares pressupõe, não só para o reforço da homogeneização escolar, incluindo as práticas curriculares, como também para o reforço da noção de currículo como facto. Os resultados que se apresentam dizem respeito às práticas de elaboração de projectos educativos (político-pedagógicos) configurando a existência de projectos que são trabalhados escolarmente pelos professores numa lógica normativa e num ritual de cumprimento de macrodecisões, mesmo que a sua justificação seja feita na base da autonomia das escolas e de identidades curriculares locais.

Educação infantil e relações raciais: a tensão entre igualdade e diversidade

Este artigo tem porobjetivo tensionar as implicaçõesepistemológicas e políticas dos conceitos de igualdade/desigualdade e diversidade. Para tanto, focaliza as implicações de cada um deles no campo da educação infantil brasileira. O artigo, apoiando-se nos enfoques teóricos de Nancy Fraser e Antônio Flávio Pierucci, esboça um modelo para compreensão das desigualdades raciais na educação brasileira. Tais perspectivas teóricas são usadas para analisar normativas e padrões de oferta da educação infantil do ponto de vista das relações raciais.

Predicción del rendimiento en cortes, hueso y grasa en búfalos de agua en Venezuela

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron determinar la asociación entre rasgos de la canal y el rendimiento en cortes (RCD), rendimiento en hueso y recortes de grasa en búfalos de agua, y desarrollar ecuaciones predictivas para cada variable mencionada. Se utilizaron 48 búfalos de agua (24 castrados y 24 enteros), sacrificados a los 17, 19 y 24 meses de edad con mestizaje de razas Murrah y Mediterránea. Se evaluaron las variables de la canal y del rendimiento en cortes. Se realizaron: pruebas descriptivas, análisis de correlación, residuos y de regresión lineal múltiple. En los castrados, el acabado de grasa y la circunferencia del muslo explicaron la mayor variación en RCD. El espesor de grasa y el porcentaje de grasa renal fueron las variables mayormente asociadas con el rendimiento en hueso. En los enteros, el acabado de grasa y la longitud de la canal explicaron la mayor variación en RCD. El recorte de grasa se asoció más con acabado de grasa, y el rendimiento en hueso se asoció con la conformación. Las ecuaciones obtenidas lograron explicar más del 50% de la variación del RCD. Las ecuaciones para recorte de grasa y rendimiento en hueso tuvieron mayor fuerza predictiva.

Gênero Physalis - uma revisão sobre vitaesteróides

This review describes results on the chemistry and spectroscopic data of some ergostane derivatives named withasteroids which have been obtained from Physalis genus. The main aim of this report is concerned with the description and characterization of Physalins. These natural product substances are C28 seco steroid lactone type compounds that have been shown biological activities against human illness such as immuno-deficiency, neoplasic tumors, inflammatory process and tropical endemic diseases. Physalins appear to be a source for new drugs to be apply as medicine.