Acidentes por centopéia notificados pelo "Centro de Informações Toxicológicas de Belém", num período de dois anos

Centopéias são animais invertebrados do filo dos artrópodes e da classe Chilopoda . Este trabalho objetiva estudar o perfil dos acidentes por centopéias notificados pelo "Centro de Informações Toxicológicas de Belém" (CIT-Belém). Foram estudados 76 protocolos registrados no período de março de 1998 a março de 2000. Corresponderam a 16,7% dos acidentes por animais peçonhentos, superados apenas pelo ofidismo (44,4%) e escorpionismo (20,5%). O local do acidente foi a residência em 86,8% dos casos. A faixa etária 20 - 49 anos foi a mais acometida (64,4 %) e 61,8 % dos casos registrados pertenciam ao sexo feminino. Membros superiores foram a parte do corpo mais acidentada (47,4%). Dor local ocorreu em 95,8 % dos pacientes e edema local leve em 52,1%. O tratamento foi predominantemente sintomático; 94,7% evoluíram para a cura e ignora-se a evolução nos outros 5,3 %. Sugere-se que o acidente por centopéia é benigno e doméstico e que tratamentos analgésicos são suficientes.

Alterações nos níveis de colesterol, triglicerídeo e fosfolipídeo total em plasma de Callithrix jacchus (sagüi) reinfectado por Schistosoma mansoni

Pouco se conhece a cerca de alterações nos lipídeos plasmáticos devido à reinfecção por Schistosoma mansoni. Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas alterações nos lipídeos plasmáticos decorrentes de uma reinfecção por Schistosoma mansoni no primata não humano Callithrix jacchus (sagüi). Amostras de sangue dos animais, antes e após serem infectados e reinfectados, foram coletadas por punção venosa, anticoaguladas com EDTA (1mg/mL) e centrifugadas a 2.500xg para obtenção do plasma. Os níveis plasmáticos de colesterol total, colesterol éster, fosfolipídeo total e triglicerídeo foram determinados por métodos espectrofotométricos. Os resultados mostraram haver redução significativa nas concentrações de colesterol total, colesterol esterificado, triglicerídeo e fosfolipídeo total em plasma de animais reinfectados por Schistosoma mansoni, em comparação com os mesmos animais antes da infecção e após uma infecção. Este estudo mostra que uma segunda infecção por Schistosoma mansoni causa alterações lipídicas plasmáticas significativamente mais acentuadas que as decorrentes de uma única infecção.

Aspectos da transmissão focal de malária na Ilha de São Luis, Maranhão

O estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de caracterizar um foco de transmissão de malária em Guarapiranga, município de São José de Ribamar, MA. A unidade de estudo foi o grupo familiar, aplicando-se questionário sobre identificação, situação econômica, hábitos dos moradores e características dos domicílios. Foram visitadas 54 famílias, totalizando 207 habitantes, sendo 113 do sexo masculino e 95, do feminino. 95 pessoas tinham de 5 a 24 anos. Agricultura e pesca são a base da economia local, com 64,8% das famílias auferindo renda mensal menor que um salário mínimo. A maioria das casas é construída de taipa, coberta de palha, tem piso de chão batido e não tem instalações sanitárias. Em relação à entrada de mosquitos, 62,2% são parcialmente protegidas. A água para consumo provém de cacimbas ou poços rasos em 78,8%, e o lixo é deixado a céu aberto em 53,7% dos domicílios. Foram registrados 106 casos de malária por Plasmodium vivax. O provável transmissor foi o Anopheles (N) aquasalis e o tratamento com cloroquina associado à primaquina teve bons resultados.

Comportamento de amostras ambientais e clínicas de Cryptococcus neoformans frente a fungicidas de uso agronômico e ao fluconazol

Avaliou-se a atividade de fungicidas azólicos de uso agronômico (epoxiconazol, difenoconazol e ciproconazol) em comparação ao antifúngico de uso terapêutico fluconazol sobre 23 amostras ambientais de Cryptococcus neoformans var neoformans isoladas de fezes de pombos, as quais foram coletadas em fazendas com práticas agrícolas empregando compostos azólicos e 11 amostras clínicas isoladas de pacientes portadores de criptococose. Os testes de sensibilidade foram realizados pela técnica de diluição em agar. A concentração inibitória mínima capaz de inibir 50% dos isolados ambientais (CIM 50) foi de 6,0µg/mL para epoxiconazol, 1,0µg/mL para difenoconazol, 2,0µg/mL para ciproconazol e 64,0µg/mL para fluconazol. Entre os isolados clínicos os valores de CIM 50 foram 2,0µg/mL, 0,38µg/mL, 1,0µg/mL e 16,0µg/mL para epoxiconazol, difenoconazol, ciproconazol e fluconazol, respectivamente. Os valores de CIM 50 em relação aos isolados de origem ambiental foram maiores do que os valores para os isolados de origem clínica. Em nosso estudo, frente ao mesmo antifúngico, as amostras ambientais apresentaram comportamento significativamente diferente em relação às amostras clínicas (p < 0,05). Diferenças (p<0,05) também foram observadas entre os valores de concentração inibitória apresentados pelo fluconazol e os outros antifúngicos de uso agronômico tanto no grupo dos isolados ambientais quanto clínicos.

Acidente vascular cerebral hemorrágico associado à acidente ofídico por serpente do gênero bothrops: relato de caso

Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de acidente vascular cerebral hemorrágico, associado à acidente ofídico por serpente do gênero bothrops e hipertensão arterial sistêmica grave. Apesar do ofidismo botrópico ser frequente no Estado do Pará, tais associações são incomuns, necessitando de uma abordagem especializada e precoce, visando menores complicações.

Actinomicose pulmonar simulando tumor de Tobias-Pancoast

A actinomicose é uma infecção rara que pode envolver diversos órgãos. O envolvimento torácico é incomum (10-20%). No presente trabalho, é descrito o caso de um paciente de 33 anos, HIV negativo, com dor torácica posterior à esquerda em queimação com irradiação para membro superior esquerdo e diminuição da força com parestesias. A tomografia computadorizada evidenciou uma massa em contato com a parede torácica. Após realização de toracotomia foi visualizada lesão pulmonar sólida vascularizada aderida no lobo superior esquerdo, infiltrando a parede torácica posterior e ápice da cavidade. A biopsia incisional da lesão e o estudo microbiológico evidenciaram actinomicose.

Hepatitis B and C virus infection among Brazilian Amazon riparians

INTRODUCTION: Viral hepatitis is a major public health concern in Brazil. There are few past studies on this issue, especially among riparian communities. This study aims at determining the seroprevalence of viral hepatitis B and C in the riparian community of Pacuí Island, within the Cametá municipality of Pará State, Brazil. Moreover, this study aims to investigate the principal risk factors that this community is exposed to. METHODS: The current study has accessed blood samples from 181 volunteers who have answered an epidemiological questionnaire. Analyses on serological markers have been tested with commercial ELISA kits for detecting HBsAg, total anti-HBc, anti-HBs, and anti-HCV. Within seroreactive patients for HCV, RT-PCR and line probe assay have been performed to identify the viral genotype. RESULTS: In the serological marker analysis for hepatitis B, no reactivity for HBsAg, rate of 1.1% for total anti-HBc, and rate of 19.3% for anti-HBs have been observed. On hepatitis C, 8.8% seroprevalence has been found, in which 62.5% have gotten viral RNA. Among the risk factors studied, the following have been highlighted: non-use of condoms, sharing of cutting instruments, use of illicit drugs, and reports of family disease with HBV or HCV. CONCLUSIONS: The vaccination coverage against HBV is low, and the high prevalence of HCV within this community has been observed.

Characterization of Leishmania infantum species in dogs from the urban area of Cuiabá, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis presents urban behavior in some Brazilian cities, with domestic dogs as the main infection source. In Cuiabá, MT, canine visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed and characterized as recommended by the Ministry of Health. METHODS: Biological samples from suspected canine carriers were analyzed by the isoenzyme electrophoresis technique. The 6PGDH enzyme and reference strain IOC/L0566 (MHOM/BR/1975/M2903) of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum was used as one of the controls. RESULTS: Electrophoresis analysis revealed that the canine isolates belonged to the species L. (L.) infantum. CONCLUSIONS: The authors emphasize the importance of species characterization, particularly in areas of mixed infection like Cuiabá.

Epidemiologic aspects of toxoplasmosis and evaluation of its seroprevalence in pregnant women

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to analyze the exposure to risk factors for toxoplasmosis disease and the level of knowledge in pregnant women who were treated by the Public Health Care System (SUS) from October 2007 to September 2008 in Divinópolis City, Brazil. METHODS: We analyzed 2,136 prenatal exams of pregnant women that were treated from October 2007 to September 2008. RESULTS: Out of the 2,136 pregnant women evaluated, 200 answered a quantitative questionnaire; 49.5% were seropositive for immunoglobulin (Ig) G and 3.6% for IgM. Comparative analysis of congenital toxoplasmosis cases were evaluated in 11 regions and showed an irregular distribution (p < 0.01). This difference was also observed among the pregnant women observed in each location. The results from the questionnaire show that 93% of the pregnant women had no knowledge about toxoplasmosis, and 24% presented with positive serology, but no clinical manifestation. Analysis for pregnant IgG-positive women and the presence of pets showed a statistically significant correlation (p < 0.05), suggesting that the transmission of this disease might occur in the domestic environment. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest the implementation of a triage program for pregnant women and health education to encourage their use of SUS services.

Spontaneous reporting of adverse events following pandemic influenza A (H1N1) immunization in a reference center in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Introduction This paper describes adverse events (AEs) temporally associated to the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) vaccine observed in a reference center in São Paulo, Brazil, during a 2010 mass vaccination campaign. Methods A retrospective study involving persons who sought medical care for AEs following influenza vaccination. Data were retrieved from medical records, vaccine AE notification forms, and a computerized system for immunobiological registration. Results Sixty-six vaccinees sought medical care for AEs after immunization. The most frequent AEs were fever, headache, myalgia, and pain at the injection site. No serious AEs were reported. Conclusions Few vaccinees spontaneously reported AEs to influenza A (H1N1) vaccine at this center.

Differences in virulence markers between Helicobacter pylori strains from the Brazilian Amazon region

Introduction This study compares virulence markers of Helicobacter pylori isolated from patients in 2 cities in the Brazilian Amazon. Methods The study analyzed 168 patients with chronic gastritis from Belém and 151 from Bragança, State of Pará, Brazil. Levels of bacterial DNA associated with cagA and vacA alleles were checked by PCR, and hematoxylin-eosin staining was used for histologic diagnosis. Results In Bragança 87% of patients were genotype s1m1 cagA-positive (s1m1 cagA+), compared with 76% in Belém. In samples from patients in both cities, there was an association between s1m1 cagA+ strains and gastric mucosal damage. Conclusions Both cities have a high frequency of s1m1 cagA+ strains of H. pylori.

An optimized one-tube, semi-nested PCR assay for Paracoccidioides brasiliensis detection

Introduction Herein, we report a one-tube, semi-nested-polymerase chain reaction (OTsn-PCR) assay for the detection of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Methods We developed the OTsn-PCR assay for the detection of P. brasiliensis in clinical specimens and compared it with other PCR methods. Results The OTsn-PCR assay was positive for all clinical samples, and the detection limit was better or equivalent to the other nested or semi-nested PCR methods for P. brasiliensis detection. Conclusions The OTsn-PCR assay described in this paper has a detection limit similar to other reactions for the molecular detection of P. brasiliensis, but this approach is faster and less prone to contamination than other conventional nested or semi-nested PCR assays.

Association between histological findings, aminotransferase levels and viral genotype in chronic hepatitis C infection

Introduction: The genomic heterogeneity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) influences liver disorders. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HCV genotypes and to investigate the influence of these genotypes on disease progression. Methods: Blood samples and liver biopsies were collected from HCV-seropositive patients for serological analysis, biochemical marker measurements, HCV genotyping and histopathological evaluation. Results: Hepatitis C virus-ribonucleic acid (HCV-RNA) was detected in 107 patients (90.6% with genotype 1 and 9.4% with genotype 3). Patients infected with genotype 1 exhibited higher mean necroinflammatory activity and fibrosis. Conclusions: HCV genotype 1 was the most prevalent and was associated with greater liver dysfunction.

The epidemiological scenario of feline sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Introduction Sporotrichosis is a mycosis affecting both humans and animals. Within the context of the ongoing sporotrichosis epidemic in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, sick cats plays an important role in the zoonotic transmission. The aim of this study was to update the number of feline cases diagnosed at the Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (2005-2011). Methods The medical records of the cats followed were reviewed; the inclusion criterion was the isolation of Sporothrix spp. in culture. Results In total, 2,301 feline cases were identified. Conclusions These results should alert sanitary authorities to the difficulties associated with sporotrichosis control.

Two decades of tuberculosis in a city in Northeastern Brazil: advances and challenges in time and space

Abstract: INTRODUCTION This study presents two decades of epidemiological data on tuberculosis (TB), in order to understanding the disease profile and its spatiotemporal dynamics. METHODS This descriptive study was performed in the City of Olinda/Pernambuco, Brazil, from 1991-2010, and it analyzed new patients with TB living in the city. We used the χ²-test with a p-value <0.05 to identify differences in trends. Incidence and cluster distribution were identified using spatial scan statistics. RESULTS In total, 6202 new cases were recorded during the two decades. The highest incidence occurred in 1995 (110 cases/100,000 inhabitants), and the lowest occurred in 2009 (65 cases/100,000 inhabitants) (β=-1.44; R²=0.43; p=0.0018). The highest mortality occurred in 1998 (16 deaths/100,000 inhabitants), and the lowest occurred in 2008 (5 deaths/100,000 inhabitants) (β=-0.19; R²=0.17; p=0.07). There was a male predominance (65%), and ages ranged from 20-49 years (65%). There was a substantial increase in the number of patients that were cured after treatment (60% to 67%; p<0.001) as well as those tested for HIV (1.9% to 58.5%; p<0.001). During the first decade, clusters with p-values <0.05 included 29% of the total notified cases, and in the second decade, that percentage was 12%. CONCLUSIONS We observed a decreasing trend in incidence, which was significant, and mortality rates, which was not significant. The increased number of laboratory tests performed reflects advances in surveillance, and a reduction in the proportion of cases in primary clusters suggests, among other things, that the disease is spreading across the region.